Situation Assessment at Intersections for Driver Assistance and Automated Vehicle Control

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Situation Assessment at Intersections for Driver Assistance and Automated Vehicle Control Situation Assessment at Intersections for Driver Assistance and Automated Vehicle Control von der Fakult¨at fur¨ Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universit¨at Chemnitz genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Thomas Streubel, M.Sc. geboren am 6. Februar 1985 in Schlema eingereicht am 24.11.2015 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl Heinz Hoffmann Prof. Dr. Josef Krems Tag der Verteidigung: 20. Januar 2016 2 Bibliographische Beschreibung Streubel, Thomas Situation Assessment at Intersections for Driver Assistance and Automated Vehicle Control Dissertation (in englischer Sprache) Technische Universit¨at Chemnitz, Fakult¨at fur¨ Naturwissenschaften, 2015 120 Seiten mit 44 Abbildungen und 63 Literaturzitaten Referat Die Entwicklung von Fahrerassistenz und automatisiertem Fahren ist in vollem Gan- ge und entwickelt sich zunehmend in Richtung urbanen Verkehrsraum. Hier stellen besonders komplexe Verkehrssituationen sowohl fur¨ den Fahrer als auch fur¨ As- sistenzsysteme eine Herausforderung dar. Zur Bew¨altigung dieser Situationen sind neue Systemans¨atze notwendig, die eine Situationsanalyse und -bewertung beinhal- ten. Dieser Prozess der Situationseinsch¨atzung ist der Schlussel¨ zum Erkennen von kritischen Situationen und daraus abgeleiteten Warnungs- und Eingriffsstrategien. Diese Arbeit stellt einen Systemansatz vor, welcher den Prozess der Situationsein- sch¨atzung abbildet mit einem Fokus auf die Pr¨adiktion der Fahrerintention. Das Systemdesign basiert dabei auf dem Situation Awareness Model von Endsley. Der Pr¨adiktionsalgorithmus ist mit Hilfe von Hidden Markov Modellen umgesetzt. Zur Bestimmung der Modellparameter wurde eine existierende Datenbasis genutzt und zur Bestimmung von relevanten Variablen fur¨ die Pr¨adiktion der Fahrtrichtung w¨ah- rend der Kreuzungsann¨aherung analysiert. Dabei wurden Daten zur Fahrdynamik ausgew¨ahlt anstelle von Fahrereingaben um die Pr¨adiktion sp¨ater auf externe Fahr- zeuge mittels Sensorinformationen zu erweitern. Es wurden hohe Pr¨adiktionsraten bei zeitlichen Abst¨anden von mehreren Sekunden bis zum Kreuzungseintritt erzielt. Die Pr¨adiktion wurde in das System zur Situationseinsch¨atzung integriert. Weiterhin beinhaltet das System eine statische Kreuzungsmodellierung. Dabei werden digita- le Kartendaten genutzt um eine Repr¨asentation der Kreuzung und ihrer statischen Attribute zu erzeugen und die der Kreuzungsform entsprechenden Pr¨adiktionsmo- delle auszuw¨ahlen. Das Gesamtsystem ist als Matlab Tool mit einer Schnittstelle zum CAN Bus implementiert. Weiterhin wurde eine Fahrstudie zum naturlichen¨ Fahrverhalten durchgefuhrt¨ um m¨ogliche Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten bei der Ann¨aherung an Kreuzungen in Abh¨angigkeit der Form und Regulierung zu identifizieren. Hierbei wurde die Distanz zur Kreuzung und die Geschwindigkeit bei Fahrereingaben im Bezug zur folgenden Kreuzung gemessen (Gaspedalverlassen, Bremspedalbet¨atigung, Blinkeraktivierung). Die Ergebnisse der Studie wurden ge- nutzt um die Notwendigkeit verschiedener Pr¨adiktionsmodelle in Abh¨angigkeit von Form der Kreuzung zu bestimmen. Das System l¨auft in Echtzeit und wurde im realen Straßenverkehr getestet. Schlusselw¨ ¨orter: Situationsanalyse, Situationsbewertung an Kreuzungen, Kreu- zungsassistenz, Fahrverhaltenanalyse, Fahrerintentionserkennung, Fahrtrichtungs- pr¨adiktion, Realfahrstudie, Verkehrskreuzungen 3 Danksagung Ich danke Prof. Dr. Karl Heinz Hoffmann fur¨ seine Rolle als Doktorvater und als treuer Begleiter meines wissenschaftlichen Werdegangs. Unsere konstruktiven und offenen Diskussionen haben mir stets neue Perspektiven er¨offnet und mich motiviert eigene und andere Ergebnisse kritisch zu hinterfragen. Des Weiteren m¨ochte ich Prof. Dr. Josef Krems fur¨ seine Bereitschaft danken diese Arbeit begutachtet zu haben. Mein Dank gilt auch den Mitarbeitern der Abteilungen Advanced Technology und Active Safety Technology der Adam Opel AG, die mich auf dem Weg zu dieser Arbeit begleitet haben. Ich danke allen Kollegen, insbesondere Stefan Berger, Bernd Buchs,¨ Frank Bonarens, Gerald Schmidt, Marco Moebus, Uwe Hahne, Christian Jerusalem und Christoph Schmidt fur¨ ihre Unterstutzung¨ und die motivierenden Gespr¨ache. Weiterhin gilt mein Dank meinen Doktorandenkol- legen Hagen Stubing,¨ Jonas Firl, Rami Zarife, Lena Rittger, Robert Murmann, Falko Kuster,¨ Jens Heine, Carsten Buttner,¨ Tobias Ruckelt,¨ Jens Ferdinand, Tir- za Jung, Bernhard Wandtner und all den anderen die noch auf dem Weg sind - ihr packt das! Die Arbeit mit euch hat mir sehr viel Spaß gemacht. In den gemeinsamen Gespr¨achen erhielt ich immer wieder Impulse und konnte mich konstruktiv Austauschen. Besonders die Bereitschaft einander zu unterstutzen¨ u.a. bei Probandenversuchen war eine große Hilfe und nicht selbstverst¨andlich. Hier sei besonders Lena fur¨ die gute Zusammenarbeit und die Erkenntnisse in der Verkehrspsychologie sowie Falko fur¨ den intensiven Austausch bei technischen und individuellen Belangen gedankt. Neben der gemeinsamen Arbeit sind auch einige Freundschaften entstanden, die meine Doktorandenzeit bereichert haben und hoffentlich auch bei r¨aumlicher Trennung die Zukunft uberdauern.¨ Besonders unsere Doktorandenstammtische waren kleine Highlights, die mir viel Freude und Kraft gegeben haben. Auch den ehemaligen Studenten Dennis Abel, Igor Achieser, Hussam Al Hussein und Sascha Gr¨oger, deren Betreuung ich ubernehmen¨ durfte, sei herzlich fur¨ ihre gute Arbeit gedankt. Weiterhin m¨ochte ich der Arbeitsgruppe am Lehrstuhl von Prof. Hoffmann dan- ken, insbesondere Janett Prehl, Kim Schmidt und Frank Boldt fur¨ den wissen- schaftlichen Austausch und die gemeinsame Lehre. Besonders die gegenseitige Unterstutzung¨ beim Korrekturlesen von Papern auch außerhalb der ublichen¨ Ar- beitszeiten war sehr hilfreich. Ein ganz besonderes Dankesch¨on geht an meine Familie und Freunde, die mich in meiner Arbeit unterstutzt¨ haben und mich stets ermutigten meine Ziele voller Tatendrang zu verfolgen und schließlich mit dieser Arbeit meine akademische Ausbildung zu kr¨onen. Hierfur¨ danke ich besonders meinen Eltern, meiner Oma und meinem Bruder Frank mit Familie, sowie meinem Freund Steffen besonders fur¨ die stets unkomplizierte Unterbringung in Chemnitz, Jutta fur¨ den Zuspruch diese Arbeit anzugehen und Sandra fur¨ den Glauben an meine F¨ahigkeiten. Special thanks go to my American brother Kyle and a very special friend Emily for the support, when I struggled with the English language. 4 Abstract The development of driver assistance and automated vehicle control is in process and finds its way more and more into urban traffic environments. Here, the complexity of traffic situations is highly challenging and requires system approaches to com- prehend such situations. The key element is the process of situation assessment to identify critical situations in advance and derive adequate warning and intervention strategies. This thesis introduces a system approach to establish a situation assessment process with the focus on the prediction of the driver intention. The system design is based on the Situation Awareness model by Endsley. Further, a prediction algorithm is created using Hidden Markov Models. To define the parameters of the models, an existing database is used and previously analyzed to identify reasonable variables that indicate an intended driving direction while approaching the intersection. Here, vehicle dynamics are used instead of driver inputs to enable a further extension of the prediction, i.e. to predict the driving intention of other vehicles detected by sensors. High prediction rates at temporal distances of several seconds before entering the intersection are accomplished. The prediction is integrated in a system for situation assessment including an inter- section model. A Matlab tool is created with an interface to the vehicle CAN bus and the intersection modeling which uses digital map data to establish a represen- tation of the intersection. To identify differences and similarities in the process of approaching an intersection dependent on the intersection shape and regulation, a naturalistic driving study is conducted. Here, the distance to the intersection and velocity is observed on driver inputs related to the upcoming intersection (leaving the gas pedal, pushing the brake, using the turn signal). The findings are used to determine separate prediction models dependent on shape and regulation of the upcoming intersection. The system runs in real-time and is tested in a real traffic environment. Keywords: situation assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for intersec- tions, driver intention estimation, prediction of driving direction, driving behavior analysis, naturalistic driving study, traffic intersections 5 6 Contents List of Figures9 Acronyms 11 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Motivation . 18 1.2 Outline .................................. 22 2 Fundamentals 23 2.1 Traffic Intersections . 23 2.2 Situation Assessment . 25 2.3 Prediction of Driver Intention . 28 2.3.1 Methods Overview . 29 2.3.2 Hidden Markov Models . 31 2.4 Localization . 34 3 Driving Behavior 39 3.1 Data Analysis . 39 3.1.1 Data selection and processing . 40 3.1.2 Results . 42 3.1.3 Conclusion . 53 3.2 Naturalistic Driving Study . 55 3.2.1 Background . 55 3.2.2 Methods . 56 3.2.3 Results . 60 3.2.4 Discussion and Conclusion . 71 4 Prediction Algorithm 75 4.1 Framework . 75 4.2 Input data . 79 4.3 Evaluation . 82 4.4 Validation . 90 4.5 Conclusion . 95 5 System Approach 97 5.1 Sensing . 97 5.2 Situation
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