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Investigative Journalism and the South African Government: Publishing Strategies of Newspaper Editors from Muldergate to the Present

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Investigative Journalism and the South African Government: Publishing Strategies of Newspaper Editors from Muldergate to the Present Investigative journalism and the South African government: publishing strategies of newspaper editors from Muldergate to the present. Nantie Steyn Student number 411839 Supervisor: Lesley Cowling A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism and Media Studies 15 February 2012 1. ABSTRACT The relationship between governments and the media has historically been an antagonistic one, and investigative journalism – the material manifestation of the role of the press as fourth estate – is central to this antagonism. In their capacity as the fourth estate, those newspapers that pursue and publish investigative journalism stand in opposition to government. Governments have responded to this opposition in a variety of ways; mostly, however, by way of legislated censorship of the press. In South Africa, the legislation that regulated what newspapers could print under apartheid was unusually vast. In spite of this, major exposés of government corruption – and worse – were seen on the front pages of those publications that pursue investigations into political malfeasance. In South Africa’s post-apartheid democracy, with constitutional protection of the freedom of expression, there has been increasing evidence of what Jackson has called the “embedded qualities of intolerance and secrecy” (1993: 164) in the state’s response to revelations of corruption in the press, culminating in the Protection of State Information Bill that was passed in Parliament in November 2011. The passing of the Bill has resulted in wide- spread concern about the possibility of legislated, apartheid-style censorship of the media and freedom of expression. I interviewed five editors who were part of exposing state corruption during and after apartheid, in order to establish what motivates their decisions to keep on printing stories that brings them into conflict with the political powers of the day, in spite of the financial consequences for their publications. Regardless of the different political landscapes, the strategies that they followed in order to keep on publishing were remarkably similar, as is their reason for continuing to publish investigative stories: they believe it embodies the role of the press in a democracy. Indicators are that editors will keep on publishing, in spite of attempts by the government to gag the press. 2 DECLARATION I declare that this research report is my own unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Masters of Arts by coursework and research report in the Department of Journalism, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination at any other university. ________________________________ _________________ of ____________ 3 CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................................2 2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6 3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..............................................................................................................7 3.1 Main question ................................................................................................................................7 3.2 Secondary questions .....................................................................................................................7 4. RATIONALE ......................................................................................................................................8 5. CONTEXT AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 10 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10 5.2 Media and government ............................................................................................................ 11 5.3 A South African perspective.................................................................................................... 13 5.3.1 Investigation 1: Muldergate ............................................................................................ 18 5.3.2 Investigation 2: Vlakplaas ................................................................................................ 20 5.3.3 Investigation 3: Oilgate .................................................................................................... 22 6. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 23 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 23 6.2 Normative theory ...................................................................................................................... 23 6.2.1 Libertarian or free press theory ...................................................................................... 26 6.2.3 Social responsibility theory ............................................................................................. 28 6.3 Working theory ......................................................................................................................... 30 6.3.1 Gatekeepers and organisational culture ....................................................................... 30 6.3.2 Journalistic professional practice: the role of journalists in society ....................... 32 7. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 33 7.1 Interviewees ................................................................................................................................ 34 7.1.1 Allister Sparks .................................................................................................................... 34 7.1.2 Rex Gibson .......................................................................................................................... 35 7.1.3 Max du Preez ...................................................................................................................... 35 7.1.4 Anton Harber ...................................................................................................................... 35 7.1.5 Ferial Haffajee ..................................................................................................................... 36 4 7.2 Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 36 8. FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................ 37 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 37 8.2 The role of the press in society .............................................................................................. 38 8.3 The role of the editors of newspapers ................................................................................... 40 8.3.1 Constraints on decision making ..................................................................................... 41 8.3.2 Legacy ................................................................................................................................... 47 8.4 Strategy, sources and secrecy ................................................................................................. 49 8.5 The PSIB and the new press code ......................................................................................... 54 9. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 56 9.1 Normative theory ...................................................................................................................... 57 9.2 Values ........................................................................................................................................... 58 9.3 Legacy .......................................................................................................................................... 59 9.4 Strategy ........................................................................................................................................ 60 9.5 Last thoughts .............................................................................................................................. 61 10. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 63 Appendix A: Publications funded by the Department of Information ..................................... 66 5 2. INTRODUCTION In the introduction to his book, Tell Me No Lies , multi-award-winning journalist 1 John Pilger writes, “One of the noblest human struggles is against power and its grip on historical memory” (2005: xiv). The book contains the accounts of the journalists who exposed the meaning of Hiroshima – the effects of radiation poisoning long denied by the occupation authorities; the genocide of Jewish people in the Second World War; the massacre
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