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The Press in South Africa The Press in South Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1972_18 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The Press in South Africa Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 24/72 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid; Ginwala, Frene Publisher Department of Political and Security Council Affairs Date 1972-11-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1972 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description This paper deals with the press in South Africa with special reference to apartheid. It shows how the South African government has banned, and prevented the re-emergence of, newspapers which reflect the views and aspirations of the oppressed majority of the African population, how it has persecured journalists opposed to apartheid and has limited the freedom of the newspapers. Format extent 33 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1972_18 http://www.aluka.org UNIT ON APARTHEID UNIT ON APARTHEID DEPARTMENT 0F POLITICAL AND SECURITY COUNCIL AFFAIRS NOTES ANO DVOCUM~EN, S* f November 1972 THE PRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA by Frene Ginwala Note: This paper, prepared for the Unit on Apartheid, deals with the press in South Africa with special reference to apartheid. It shows how the South African Goverment has banned, and prevented the re-emergence of, newspapers which reflect the views and aspirations of the oppressed majority of the African population, how it has persecuted journ lists opposed to apartheid and has limited even the freedom of the newspapers, which are controlled by members of the white political parties, financial interests and mining interests. Miss Ginwala is a South African barrister and journalist nw in exile in London. She was editor of Spearhead and the Standard and Sunday News in Tanzania, and is now a regular contributor to a number of East African and Asian newspapers. She participated in the special session of the Special Committee on Apartheid in London in June 1968. The views expressed are those of the author.j *AII material in these notes and documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. No. 24/T12 INTRODUCTION The South African press today is almost exclusively white-owned, whitecontrolled and it overwhelmingly reflects white attitudes. Such newspapers as were owned by Blacks or those which spoke up for Black aspirations have been forced out of Black-control by the economic pressures of apartheid or closed down by the repressive measures of the Government. The ownership and control of the press reflects the power structure in South African society, where all power is wielded by a white minority for the purpose of furthering its own narrow interests. Since this minority carefully controls all access to power, it follows that the Black majority could not be permitted so effective a weapon as a press. Thus the major part of the press supports the existing system in South Africa, whether or not it chooses to call it apartheid. It sees no oppression, misery or injustice in South African society and, by its own logic and values, considers itself a "free" press operating in a "democratic" society. Very fe, papers have tried to look below the surface. They have seen and exposed some of the iniquities of the system. However, they have tended to concentrate on the hardships caused to individuals and groups, and have called for some reform without questioning the basic structure itself. They have sought to put balm on the wounds caused by apartheid, but sought no cure for the disease. They have been inhibited by the nature of the groups who control them, and whose interests are their prime concern, from dealing with the fundamental question of Black participation in decision making, in which lies the only real solution to the hardships and misery of the South African people. For all the "threats" against the English language press made by the Nationalist party and South African Government Ministers, this basic attitude of the newspapers is recognized, and hence they are allowed a degree of latitude in their news and feature coluns. Those newspapers such as the Guardian and its successors,which challenged the basic assumption of a South Africa in which decision making was an exclusivelywhite prerogative were closed down by Government action. l' In an article on press freedom in the South African Sun dayTimes, the editor of the Sunday Times accepted the basis on which he was allowed any freedom but he blinded himself about its limits. He wrote: The Non-White papers cannot deal honestly with those political issues because if they did, they would pretty soon be regarded as "agitators" and "incitors" - and perhaps something a good deal worse... i , See below, p.21 If I were asked to say why the English language press flourishes and enjoys so much freedom, I would say that it is because we operate almost entirely Within a white framework. We share with most white people the attitude that whatever is decided about the future, it is going to be decided by 71hite people alone and nobody else. As long as we continue to operate within that framework - and I cannot see anyone wanting to make a change - the English newspapers will continue to enjoy first-class freedom... 2j Laws limiting press freedom Since there are more than twenty-five laws which infringe on press freedom in South Africa, it is incredible that the editor of the newspaper with the largest circulation in the country should still consider that he enjoys "so much freedom". The authoress, Nadine Gordimer, has referred to what she termed the "blunting of human faculties that control of communications is steadily achieving" in South Africa, / and the editor of the Sunday Times is not alone in his self-delusion. The insidious influence of apartheid, allied with the effort and money spent on propaganda, has resulted in a white society which in general considers and acts in the belief that South Africa is a free and democratic country. A free press cannot exist outside a free society, and South Africa is not free. Apart from the laws that directly affect what a newspaper may publish, the apparatus of a repressive state machinery that includes restrictions on freedom of movement, Y// that limits the right of specified people to gather and meet with whomsoever they wish, and that is armed with a veritable armoury of restrictive legislation on political activity, must inevitably affect the press. Not only is the gathering of news limited but such an atmosphere of fear and caution is infused that newspaper editors are intimidated into effectively censoring themselves. 2/ SundavTimes, Johannesburg, March 21, 1972 ' Article by Nadine Gordimer in Reality, cited in S unda Times, Johannesburg, November 11, 1970 4 An African reporter could not move freely because of the pass laws. An Indian South African requires a permit to cross any provincial boundary and would have difficulty trying to report a lengthy Supreme Court hearing in Bloemfontein. Non- Africans require permits to enter African reserves and urban townships. Journalists have been found guilty of infringing these laws in the course of their work. See Alex Hepple, Censorship and Press Control in South Africa (published by author, Johannesburg, 1960o)-, p.28. Uhen newspapers published reports of "Freedom Radio," a broadcast station operating underground in contravention of the Radio Act, a Minister took it upon himself to hint that their action might be construed as aiding and abetting the offenders. There follored an immediate discontinuance of these reports. 5/ The legislation which is aimed at controlling newspapers or indirectly affects what may and may not be published is often vague in its implications. But in the overall atmosphere of South Africa, it has a very limiting effect. In a recent discussion broadcast over the South African Broadcasting Corporation, Allister Sparks, Deputy Editor of the Rand Daily Hail said: Very frequently we have information which we suppress, in order to err on the side of caution because we are not quite sure how these vague laws are going to be put into effect. The Prisons Act / is a case in point. There is no newspaper in South Africa today that will publish any information about conditions in prisons unless it comes from the Department itself. 1/ The prohibitions under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950 81 are so widely phrased that, in the words of Mr. Alex Hepple "(they) endanger the right of every forthright critic of baaskap Nationalism, every advocate of a welfare state, every socialist, and every proponent of a non-racial democracy in South Africa, to freely publish their opinions".
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