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Avifaunal Biodiversity in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh

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Avifaunal Biodiversity in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Avifaunal Biodiversity in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh Kavita Dwivedi 1, Amit Tiwari 2, Kamini Parmar 3, Mahendra Kumar Mishra 4* & Ruchita Triapthi 3* 1 Department of Zoology, Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Government T. R. S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India 3Department of Biotechnology, Government T. R. S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India 4Department of Botany, Government College Rehti, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author(s): 1. Dr. Mahendra Kumar Mishra Department of Botany Government College Rehti, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India 2. Dr. Ruchita Tripathi Department of Biotechnology Government T. R. S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract Birds are excellent predictors of environmental change. Given the importance of birds in conservation plans and environmental evaluations, a greater ecological understanding of avian population structure is needed. The relationship between tropical birds and their environment, food habits, and diversity in Chhattisgarh Plain regions is poorly studied in Madhya Pradesh. In this study, 79 avian species from 41 families and 16 orders were reported. Key Words: Climatical Zones, Madhya Pradesh, Avian diversity, Environment, Chhattisgarh Plain, Biodiversity. I. INTRODUCTION Today, the biodiversity discovered on earth comprises several millions of various biological organisms that result from about 3.5 billion years of evolution. For the last 3.5 billion years, many plants and animals have come into being, flourished, and then disappeared for different causes. India is the twelfth mega biodiversity country with the most incredible floristic diversity and is host to several plants and animals. Himalaya and Western Ghat are the two hottest hot spots in India. Awareness of forest structure and floristics is vital for analyzing forest dynamics, plant-animal interactions, and nutrient cycling [1]. Therefore, it is crucial to know the different species of plants and animals that inhibit any particular area during that specific period [2]. Madhya Pradesh comprises India's heartland. The state is presently split into Madhya Pradesh (21°-25° N & 74°-84°E) and Chhattisgarh. Together, these states form the core unit of Central India. Geologically, the Central Indian Plateau is a feature of the Plate of Gondwana. The present Madhya Pradesh can be divided into eleven agroclimatic zones. Names are Jhabua Hills, Gird Region, Nimar Plains, Bundelkhand, Malwa Plateau, Satpura Plateau, Vindhya Plateau, Chhattisgarh Plains, Central Narmada Velly, North Hills of Chhattisgarh and Kymore Plateau, and Satpura Hills [3] Fig 1 . The climate of Madhya Pradesh is tropical. Location and physiographical factors significantly impact the State's climatic charatersicts and fauna and flora habitat. The State is away from oceans. Temperature fluctuation is relatively high. The presence of different mountain and plateau surfaces have a moderate impact on temperature Volume X Issue IV APRIL 2021 Page No : 131 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 conditions. The low-lying valleys of Chambal's, Mahanadi, and Narmada are hot, dry, and uncomfortable in Summer. However, the plateau of Malwa and Satpura-Maikal ranges are reasonably pleasant in summer. December and January are the coldest months, and the typical minimum temperatures varying from 10°C to 7°C in the northwest to 14° C in the south. The average land rainfall is 700 mm Northwestern to 160 mm in the southern region. Maximum precipitation is received during the southwest monsoon [4]. Madhya Pradesh state has reported the extent of recorded forest area (RFA) 94,689 sq km, which is 30.72% of its geographical regions, including 9 national parks, 6 tiger reserve parks, 25 wildlife sanctuaries, and 10862 sq km protected areas. The analysis of avifaunal diversity is an essential ecological tool which acts as a crucial indicator for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of different habitat[5]. Unfortunately, global bird diversity is slowly diminishing, mostly due to anthropogenic threats [6] and climate change [7-8]. No wonder that the IUCN Red List of Endangered Birds has now recognized 1226 bird species as globally endangered, and India is classified 7th with 88 endangered bird species [9]. According to Hughes et al. (1997) [10], a total of 1800 populations per hour were killed in tropical forests, thus 16 million per year. Gaston and Blackburn (2003) estimate that after pre-agricultural amounts of the global bird population has decreased by one-fifth to one-quarter due to shifts in land-use trends on their own [11]. Birds have been studied in different central Indian regions before independence; thus, no comprehensive work is available on either Madhya Pradesh or Chhattisgarh. In this view, the Zoological Survey of India undertook to present the current status of Madhya Pradesh. However, some researchers have been reported and published locally from time to time. Each climatical zones has its own collection of natural resources as well as restrictions. Rice-based cropping systems distinguish the eastern part of the state, light alfisols with low water holding capacity and prone to erosion, primarily due to higher and often high-intensity rainfall. Rainfall in this region of the state averages around 1500 mm per year, with the majority falling during the southwest monsoon season. The state's central and western regions rely on a soybean-based cropping system, while pulses and oilseeds play an important role in the region. The Balaghat District lies in the Southern part of Madhya Pradesh state between the parallels of latitude 21 °30 ′ to 22 °30 ′ and 80 °00 ′ to 81 °00 ′ East Longitude. It is bounded by the district Mandla in North, Rajnandgaon & Durg districts in the east and south, and Seoni district in the west. The district is divided into 10 Tehsils and 10 Blocks. There are 1400 Villages. Three types of soils broadly cover the district, Black cotton soils, Sandy loam & lateritic soil. Wain Ganga, Bagh, Banjar, Shisire, Sod, Tumnar, and their tributaries form WainGanga & Narmada river basins. The pattern of drainage, on the whole, is dendritic. The Climate of Balaghat District, M. P. is sub-tropical characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except during the southwest monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season, December to February, is followed by the hot season from March to about June. The period from the middle of June to September in the southwest monsoon. October and November form the post-monsoon or transition period. The average maximum temperature recorded during May is 43 ° C, and the minimum during December is 8 °C. The average annual means maximum and minimum Balaghat district temperatures are 32 °C & 8 °C respectively. During the southwest monsoon season, the relative humidity ranges between 70-75%. In the rest of the year, it is drier. The year's driest part is the summer season when relative humidity is less than 34%. May is the driest month of the year. Due to such high variability in Chhattisgarh Plain region of Madhya Pradesh climatic conditions, it is necessary to document the avifaunas. We have documented the reported avifauns and their food habit, habitat, resident and IUCN status in the present review. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Publication regarding avifaunal diversity in each district of Madhya Pradesh was extracted in the database such as Nature, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Wiley, Scopus, Springer. Keywords used in this study included “Avifaunal Diversity”, “Name of District of Madhya Pradesh”. Out of the 20 collected articles, 18 were excluded due to non-relevance or lack of access to the original article. The chronological filter was also applied for this study articles published 2005 onward was considered for this review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria The search was restricted to english language articles. All studies found during the search were independently evaluated for competence and inclusion by different authors. After compliance with inclusion criteria, the Volume X Issue IV APRIL 2021 Page No : 132 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 articles were arranged chronologically, and the same species were extracted and tabulated once. A separate table of each climatical zone was tabulated. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Features of Resources and Climatical Zones There is tremendous variation among the state's physiographic provinces' regions: they vary from low altitude regions (less than 50 meters) to higher elevations (1200 meters). The state is drained by the rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Narmada, Mahanadi, and Godavari. The state was divided into five physiographic regions and eleven agro-climatic zones based on broad land features and various soil and rainfall patterns ( Fig. 1 & Table 1 ). Fig 1: Agroclimatic Zones of Madhya Pradesh. 1. Gwalior, Bhind, and Morena districts are part of the northern low lying plains, which stretch to Bundelkhand up to the west of the Panna range and exclude Rewa district areas between the Panna and Kaymore hills of Baghelkhand. 2. Vidisha, Shivpuri, Datia, Guna, Ujjain, and Mandsour districts, as well as portions of Sehore, Raisen, and Dewas districts, make up the Malwa and Vindhyan Plateau. Wide undulating plains of black cotton soil scattered with flat-topped hills make up the landscape. It also has the hilly Vindhyan Plateau to the north of the Narmada Valley and the south of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand's low-lying areas. It ran from the east of the Malwa plateau to the Satpura range's Maikal and Dorea hills. 3. From Jabalpur in the east to Barwani in the west, the Narmada Valley stretches. It is approximately 560 kilometers long and 48 kilometers high, with the Vindhyan range to the north and the Satpura range to the south. It involves Jabalpur, Nasinghpur, Hoshangabad, Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani, and Dhar districts and portions of Raisen, Sehore, and Dewas districts. 4. The Satpura range stretches for around 640 kilometers from west to east across the districts of Khandwa, Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni, and Mandla.
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