Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

Avifaunal Biodiversity in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh

Kavita Dwivedi 1, Amit Tiwari 2, Kamini Parmar 3, Mahendra Kumar Mishra 4* & Ruchita Triapthi 3*

1 Department of Zoology, Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Government T. R. S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India 3Department of Biotechnology, Government T. R. S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India 4Department of Botany, Government College Rehti, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author(s):

1. Dr. Mahendra Kumar Mishra Department of Botany Government College Rehti, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India

2. Dr. Ruchita Tripathi Department of Biotechnology Government T. R. S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Birds are excellent predictors of environmental change. Given the importance of in conservation plans and environmental evaluations, a greater ecological understanding of avian population structure is needed. The relationship between tropical birds and their environment, food habits, and diversity in Chhattisgarh Plain regions is poorly studied in Madhya Pradesh. In this study, 79 avian species from 41 families and 16 orders were reported.

Key Words: Climatical Zones, Madhya Pradesh, Avian diversity, Environment, Chhattisgarh Plain, Biodiversity.

I. INTRODUCTION

Today, the biodiversity discovered on earth comprises several millions of various biological organisms that result from about 3.5 billion years of evolution. For the last 3.5 billion years, many plants and have come into being, flourished, and then disappeared for different causes. India is the twelfth mega biodiversity country with the most incredible floristic diversity and is host to several plants and animals. Himalaya and Western Ghat are the two hottest hot spots in India. Awareness of forest structure and floristics is vital for analyzing forest dynamics, plant- interactions, and nutrient cycling [1]. Therefore, it is crucial to know the different species of plants and animals that inhibit any particular area during that specific period [2]. Madhya Pradesh comprises India's heartland. The state is presently split into Madhya Pradesh (21°-25° N & 74°-84°E) and Chhattisgarh. Together, these states form the core unit of Central India. Geologically, the Central Indian Plateau is a feature of the Plate of Gondwana. The present Madhya Pradesh can be divided into eleven agroclimatic zones. Names are Jhabua Hills, Gird Region, Nimar Plains, Bundelkhand, Malwa Plateau, Satpura Plateau, Vindhya Plateau, Chhattisgarh Plains, Central Narmada Velly, North Hills of Chhattisgarh and Kymore Plateau, and Satpura Hills [3] Fig 1 . The climate of Madhya Pradesh is tropical. Location and physiographical factors significantly impact the State's climatic charatersicts and fauna and flora habitat. The State is away from oceans. Temperature fluctuation is relatively high. The presence of different mountain and plateau surfaces have a moderate impact on temperature

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conditions. The low-lying valleys of Chambal's, Mahanadi, and Narmada are hot, dry, and uncomfortable in Summer. However, the plateau of Malwa and Satpura-Maikal ranges are reasonably pleasant in summer. December and January are the coldest months, and the typical minimum temperatures varying from 10°C to 7°C in the northwest to 14° C in the south. The average land rainfall is 700 mm Northwestern to 160 mm in the southern region. Maximum precipitation is received during the southwest monsoon [4]. Madhya Pradesh state has reported the extent of recorded forest area (RFA) 94,689 sq km, which is 30.72% of its geographical regions, including 9 national parks, 6 tiger reserve parks, 25 wildlife sanctuaries, and 10862 sq km protected areas. The analysis of avifaunal diversity is an essential ecological tool which acts as a crucial indicator for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of different habitat[5]. Unfortunately, global diversity is slowly diminishing, mostly due to anthropogenic threats [6] and climate change [7-8]. No wonder that the IUCN Red List of Endangered Birds has now recognized 1226 bird species as globally endangered, and India is classified 7th with 88 endangered bird species [9]. According to Hughes et al. (1997) [10], a total of 1800 populations per hour were killed in tropical forests, thus 16 million per year. Gaston and Blackburn (2003) estimate that after pre-agricultural amounts of the global bird population has decreased by one-fifth to one-quarter due to shifts in land-use trends on their own [11]. Birds have been studied in different central Indian regions before independence; thus, no comprehensive work is available on either Madhya Pradesh or Chhattisgarh. In this view, the Zoological Survey of India undertook to present the current status of Madhya Pradesh. However, some researchers have been reported and published locally from time to time. Each climatical zones has its own collection of natural resources as well as restrictions. Rice-based cropping systems distinguish the eastern part of the state, light alfisols with low water holding capacity and prone to erosion, primarily due to higher and often high-intensity rainfall. Rainfall in this region of the state averages around 1500 mm per year, with the majority falling during the southwest monsoon season. The state's central and western regions rely on a soybean-based cropping system, while pulses and oilseeds play an important role in the region. The Balaghat District lies in the Southern part of Madhya Pradesh state between the parallels of latitude 21 °30 ′ to 22 °30 ′ and 80 °00 ′ to 81 °00 ′ East Longitude. It is bounded by the district Mandla in North, Rajnandgaon & Durg districts in the east and south, and Seoni district in the west. The district is divided into 10 Tehsils and 10 Blocks. There are 1400 Villages. Three types of soils broadly cover the district, Black cotton soils, Sandy loam & lateritic soil. Wain Ganga, Bagh, Banjar, Shisire, Sod, Tumnar, and their tributaries form WainGanga & Narmada river basins. The pattern of drainage, on the whole, is dendritic. The Climate of Balaghat District, M. P. is sub-tropical characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except during the southwest monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season, December to February, is followed by the hot season from March to about June. The period from the middle of June to September in the southwest monsoon. October and November form the post-monsoon or transition period. The average maximum temperature recorded during May is 43 ° C, and the minimum during December is 8 °C. The average annual means maximum and minimum Balaghat district temperatures are 32 °C & 8 °C respectively. During the southwest monsoon season, the relative humidity ranges between 70-75%. In the rest of the year, it is drier. The year's driest part is the summer season when relative humidity is less than 34%. May is the driest month of the year. Due to such high variability in Chhattisgarh Plain region of Madhya Pradesh climatic conditions, it is necessary to document the avifaunas. We have documented the reported avifauns and their food habit, habitat, resident and IUCN status in the present review.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials Publication regarding avifaunal diversity in each district of Madhya Pradesh was extracted in the database such as Nature, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Wiley, Scopus, Springer. Keywords used in this study included “Avifaunal Diversity”, “Name of District of Madhya Pradesh”. Out of the 20 collected articles, 18 were excluded due to non-relevance or lack of access to the original article. The chronological filter was also applied for this study articles published 2005 onward was considered for this review.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria The search was restricted to english language articles. All studies found during the search were independently evaluated for competence and inclusion by different authors. After compliance with inclusion criteria, the

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articles were arranged chronologically, and the same species were extracted and tabulated once. A separate table of each climatical zone was tabulated.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Features of Resources and Climatical Zones There is tremendous variation among the state's physiographic provinces' regions: they vary from low altitude regions (less than 50 meters) to higher elevations (1200 meters). The state is drained by the rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Narmada, Mahanadi, and Godavari. The state was divided into five physiographic regions and eleven agro-climatic zones based on broad land features and various soil and rainfall patterns ( Fig. 1 & Table 1 ).

Fig 1: Agroclimatic Zones of Madhya Pradesh.

1. Gwalior, Bhind, and Morena districts are part of the northern low lying plains, which stretch to Bundelkhand up to the west of the Panna range and exclude Rewa district areas between the Panna and Kaymore hills of Baghelkhand. 2. Vidisha, Shivpuri, Datia, Guna, Ujjain, and Mandsour districts, as well as portions of Sehore, Raisen, and Dewas districts, make up the Malwa and Vindhyan Plateau. Wide undulating plains of black cotton soil scattered with flat-topped hills make up the landscape. It also has the hilly Vindhyan Plateau to the north of the Narmada Valley and the south of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand's low-lying areas. It ran from the east of the Malwa plateau to the Satpura range's Maikal and Dorea hills. 3. From Jabalpur in the east to Barwani in the west, the Narmada Valley stretches. It is approximately 560 kilometers long and 48 kilometers high, with the Vindhyan range to the north and the Satpura range to the south. It involves Jabalpur, Nasinghpur, Hoshangabad, Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani, and Dhar districts and portions of Raisen, Sehore, and Dewas districts. 4. The Satpura range stretches for around 640 kilometers from west to east across the districts of Khandwa, Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni, and Mandla. Its northern spurs go through the districts of Hoshangabad and Nasinghpur, while a 160-kilometer spur in the south encompasses the whole Balaghat region. 5. Madhya Pradesh also includes the districts of Balaghat and Shahdol in the Chhattisgarh Plains and the Northern Hills in the Chhattisgarh zone. Gujarat borders the state on the west, Rajasthan on the northwest, Uttar Pradesh on the northeast, Chhattisgarh on the east, and Maharashtra on the south.

Land Use Pattern of Chhattisgarh Plain region of Madhya Pradesh The gross geographical area of Chhattisgarh Plain is 9.25 lakh ha, with 32.76 per cent net area sown, 54.59 per cent forest, 5.12 per cent non-cultivable property, 3.03 per cent other agricultural lands except wasteland, Land used for miscellaneous tree crops and groves (0.076 per cent), area sown more than once (7.37 per cent), land used for non-agricultural purposes (5.12 per cent), current fellow (1.45 per cent), old fellow (1.72 per cent), while garaging land (3.34 per cent), cultivable waste land (3.03 per cent). Madhya Pradesh's cropping intensity is 125 per cent [12].

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Table 1: Agro-Climatic Regions and Covered Districts /Tehsils in Madhya Pradesh

S.N. Agro-Climatic Regions Districts /Tehsils Geographical Area (Area in Lakh ha.) 1 Chhattisgarh Plain Balaghat district 9.25 (3.00) 2 Northern Hill Region of Shahdol, Umariya Mandla, Dindori, Anupur 28.17 Chhattisgarh district & Singrauli tehsil of Sidhi district (9.16) 3 Kymore Plateau & Jabalpur, Katni, Rewa, Panna, Satna, Sidhi, 49.97 Satpura Hills Seoni and Gopadbanas & Deosar tehsils of (16.25) Sidhi district 4 Central Narmada Valley Hoshangabad (Seoni-Malwa, Hoshangabad, 17.45 Sohagpur tehsils), Harda, Nasinghpur (5.67) districts, Budhani and Barelli tehsil of Sehore and Raisen districts respectively 5 Vindhya Plateau Bhopal, Vidisha, Sehore (Sehore, Ashta, 42.59 Ichhawar, Narsullaganj tehsils) Raisen (13.85) (Raisen, Gairatganj, Begamganj, Silwani, Goharganj, Udaipura tehsils), Damoh, Guna (Chachora & Raghogarh tehsils) & Sagar districts 6 Gird Region Gwalior, Bhind, Morena, Sheopur-Kala, Guna 31.85 (Mungawali and Ashoknagar tehsils), (10.36) Shivpuri (Shivpuri, Kalaras, Pohari tehsils) 7 Bundelkhand Region Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Datia districts, 22.82 Karela, Pachore tehsil of Shivpuri and Guna (7.42) tehsil of Guna district 8 Satpura Plateau Betul, Chhindwara districts 21.93 (7.13) 9 Malwa Plateau Indore, Dhar, (Dhar, Badnawar, Sardarpur 51.47 tehsils) Shajapur, Mandsour, Nimuch, Ratlam, (16.74) Ujjain, Dewas Rajgarh districts and Petlawad tehsil of Jhabua district 10 Nimar Plains Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani district, 25.17 Manawar tehsil of Dhar district and Harda (8.18) district 11 Jhabua Hills Jhabua, Jobat, Alirajpur tehsils of Jhabua 6.88 district & kukshi tehsil of Dhar district (2.24) Madhya Pradesh 307.55 (100.00)

Biodiversity of Birds Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is a landlocked state in India's central zone. It is a bio-diverse area that straddles 11 agro- climatic zones and is renowned for its national reserves and sanctuaries. Forests cover a third of MP geographically. Its landscape is crisscrossed by ten major rivers, including the Narmada [13]. It is the sixth most populated state in the world, with 72 per cent of the population residing in rural areas. Madhya Pradesh, along with Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha, performs poorly on social metrics such as gender ratios, health care, schooling, jobs, and poverty alleviation, according to the Council for Social Development [14]. The Gross State Domestic Product of M.P. accounts for 3.6 per cent of the country's GDP. Agriculture and related services are the primary industry, and they employ the majority of the working population. However, development in this sector has slowed [15]. M. P., on the other hand, seems to have done well in recent years. The economy expanded by 10% in the 11th five-year plan, helped by expansion in the agricultural and industrial sectors [16]. MP is well known for its environmental legacy, including demonstrations against the Narmada valley dam and the consequences of the Bhopal gas disaster [17]. Reports also pointed to widespread deforestation and tribal relocation in the state [18]. Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh, near India's geographic centre, is famous for its abundance of flora and fauna varieties. Kanha Tiger Reserve is well known for its abundance of large mammals and attracts thousands of tourists worldwide.

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Although, there are some publications on wildlife of Madhya Pradesh and Kanha Tiger Reserve with mentioning of birds by Hewetson (1955)[19], Guntert and Hornberger (1973)[20], Panwar (1973-74 and 1978- 79)[21], Anderson (1979)[22], Moulton and Hulsey (1999)[23] and Pittie (2000)[24]; a comprehensive and elaborated list of 225 species of birds of Kanha Tiger Reserve was provided first time by Newton et al. (1986)[25]. Ghosal (1995)[26] added 5 species to this list and additional 35 species were added to avifauna of Kanha National Park by Eric D' Cunha and Ali (2001) [27]. Ranjit Singh (1983)[28], Kanoje (1997)[29-30] observed some birds from Kanha Tiger Reserve and nesting site of White-eyed Buzzard in Kanha National Park. ShafIq (2002)[31] has recorded 129 species of birds from Kanha National Park during 2001.

Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh In this region of the climatical zone of Madhya Pradesh, only the Balaghat district comes. It covers 9.25 lakh ha. area Kanha-Kisli national park situated here, and it is the largest national park of Madhya Pradesh. It is home to of thousands faunas and flora. Dookia and Gupta, 2008 [32] and Jayapal et al. 2005 [33]reported avian species found in this region are tabulated in Table 2. Graph 3, 4, 5 represent birds IUCN status; residential and Habitat structure are shown. A total of 79 avian species have been reported. Least concern (LC) birds consist 87.18%, Near threatened (NT) birds consist 3.85%, Vulnerable (VU) birds consist 5.13%, Endangered (EN) birds consist 1.28 %, while Critically endangered (CR) birds consist 2.56 % of the total birds population reported. Total Migrant (M) 12.82 %, Resident Migrant (RM) 7.69 % and Resident (R) 79.49 % of total population. While the habitat of reported birds is Aquatic (A) 5.13%, Grass and Arboreal (GA) 39.74 %, Near Aquatic (NA) 7.69 % and Terrestrial 47.44 % type.

Graph 3 IUCN Status of Birds Reported in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh

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Graph 4 Residential Status of Birds Reported in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh

Graph 5 Habitat Status of Birds Reported in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Madhya Pradesh

The complexity and function of ecosystems and microhabitats are essential factors in determining species composition and diversity in a given region. As a result, many bird species prefer to choose their own ideal environments to eat and breed. Highly dynamic ecosystems provide a diverse variety of possibilities to a greater variety of bird species. They are enriched with a diverse range of diets and other tools to support life. This

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parameter determines the difference in the morphology and diversity of avifaunal organisms on a wide scale. The abundance and relative abundance of bird species can be related to the environment's quality, the abundance of food, and the species breeding season [34].

IV. CONCLUSION

Birds are a group of faunal species that are influenced by human attention. As a result of anthropogenic disturbances, some scenarios result in decreased insectivore bird and total bird richness. Less development- sensitive bird populations can be found in more human-modified urban land uses, while there are more individuals of birds in recreational paths in woodland and grassland habitats. Reducing and controlling human- modified land uses within a greener environment would improve conditions for endangered organisms exposed to large-scale disruptions from rapid growth activities. Vegetation and trees are cleared and excluded from building and production sites, resulting in canopy holes. This reduces and divides ecosystem cohesion, leaving more fragile organisms susceptible and reducing population size. During the alteration of available land uses, conservation and management activities should be geared toward securing biodiversity and services for development-sensitive animals such as migrants, insectivores, and woodland specialists. The majority of the birds that live in these areas are susceptible to habitat loss due to gaps in current legal security. Furthermore, community awareness improvements can be improved in order to ensure the long-term survival of bird populations whilst preserving their ecological relationships. Long-term research on migratory seasons and the development of replicable systems and habitats within forest grounds are proposed in the future.

V. References [1] S. Reddy and C. Patinaik, “An assesement of Floristic diversity of Gandharmardan Hill ranges, Orissa, India”, Bangaladesh Journal of Plant , Vol 16(1), pp 29-35, 2009.

[2] P. Joshi, H. C. Pande and P. C. Pande, “Flora of Mandla and adjoining localities in Chaoli district of Garhwal Himalaya”, Indian Journal of Forestry , Vol 27, pp 397-403, 2004.

[3] A. Bijalwan, P. Verma , M. J. R. Dobriyal, A. K. Patil, T. K. Thakur and C. M. Sharma, “Trends and insights of agroforestry practices in Madhya Pradesh, India”, Current Science , Vol 117(4), 2019.

[4] K. Chandra and R.K. Singh, “Avifauna Of Madhya Pradesh And Chhattisgarh”, Zoos' Print Journal , Vol 19(7), pp 1534-1539, 2004.

[5] K.S. Bilgrami, “Concept and Conservation of Biodiversity”, CBS Publishers and distributors , Delhi, 1995.

[6] E.H. Rapoport, “The process of plant colonization in small settlements and large cities”, In: Mac Donell, M.J. and Pickett, S. (Eds), Humans as components of ecosystems, Springer–Verlag , New York, pp190–207, 1993.

[7] I. C. Chen, J. K. Hill, R. Ohlemüller, D. B. Roy and C.D. Thomas, “Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming”, Science , Vol 333, pp 1024–1026, 2011.

[8] C. H. Sekercioglu, R. B. Primack and J. Wormworth, “The effects of climate change on tropical birds”, Biological Conservation , Vol 148, pp 1–18, 2012.

[9] Bird Life International, IUCN Red List for birds, 2010. http://www.birdlife.org/ .

[10] J. B. Hughes, G. C Daily and P. R. Ehrlich, “Population diversity: its extent and extinction”, Science , Vol 278, pp 689–692, 1997.

[11] K.J.Gaston and T.M. Blackburn, “Macroecology and conservation biology”, in Macroecology: concepts and consequences, Oxford: Blackwell Science , pp 345– 367, 2003.

[12] https://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/MP26_Balaghat_20.05.2013.pdf

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[13] Housing and Environment Department, Government of MP, “Madhya Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change,” (Bhopal: GoMP), p. 11, 2012. (http://envfor.nic.in/downloads/public- information/MPSAPCC.pdf ).

[14] Planning Commission of India, “Madhya Pradesh Development Report,” Academic Foundation (New Delhi: Government of India, 2011). (http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr/sdr_mp1909.pdf ).

[15] MP climate plan, p. 13.

[16] P. Thakur, “Madhya Pradesh topples Bihar, new No. 1 in economic growth,” The Times of India, March 30, 2013.(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/india/38145207_1_capitaincome-rs-other- backward-statess ).

[17] S. Tomar, Sravani Sarkar, and Ashutosh Shukla, “Bhopal gas tragedy: 28 yrs on, they are still victims,” Hindustan Times, December 2, 2012. (http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhopal/bhopal- gastragedy-28-yrs-on-they-are-still-victims/article1-967354.aspx ).

[18] Ama Marston, “No fairy tale: Singrauli, India sill suffering years after World Bank coal investments,” Bretton Woods project (London: Bretton Woods Project: November 18, 2011). (http://www.brettonwoodsproject. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/singrauli.pdf).

[19] C. E. Hewetson, “Observations on the bird life of Madhya Pradesh” J Bombay nat His Soc , Vol S3, pp 595-645, 1955.

[20] M. Guntert and D. Hornberger, “Die Vogel des Kanha-National Parks am Ende der Monsun- Regenzeit”, In Kurt , Vol F, pp 32-53, 1973.

[21] H. S. Panwar, (n.d.) “Management Plan for Kanha Tiger Reserve”, M.P. 1973-74 to 1978-79. M.P. Forest Dept. (Mineo).

[22] K. Anderson, “Jungles long ago. Rupa and Co”, Kolkata, 1979.

[23] C. Moulton and E. J. Hulsey, “Kahna Tiger Reserve, Portrait of an Indian National Park”, Vakils Sons. Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, 1999.

[24] A. Pittie, “Miscellaneous notes”, J Bombay nat Hist Soc , Vol 97(2), pp 283, 2000.

[25] N. Newton Paul, B. Stanly and J. G. Norman, “The birds of Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh India”, J Bombay nat Hist Soc , Vol 83(3), pp 477-498, 1986.

[26] D. K. Ghosal, “Aves”, In : Fauna of Kanha Tiger Reserve, Conservation Area Series No.7, 63-91, 1995. (Published by the Director, Zoo I. Surv. India, Kolkata).

[27] E. P. Eric D'Cunba and R. Ali, “Additional List of the Birds of Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh”, J Bombay nat Hist Soc , Vol 98(2), pp 283-287, 2001.

[28] M. K. Ranjit Singh, “Occurrence of Lesser Florican (Sypheatides indica) in Kanha National Park”, J Bombay nat Hist Soc , Vol 80(3), pp 641, 1983.

[29] R. Kanoje, “Common Pochard, Tufted Duck and Great Crested Grebe in Kanha Tiger Reserve”, Newsletter for Birdwatchers , Vol 37(2), pp 20, 1997.

[30] R. Kanoje, “Nesting. site of White-eyed Buzzar~l1n Kanha National Park”, Newsletter for Birdwatchers , Vol 37(5), pp 90, 1997.

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[31] T. Shafiq, “A Visit to Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India” Newsletter for Birdwatchers , Vol 42(2), pp 22-24, 2002.

[32] S. Dookia and R. P. Gupta, “Additions to the avifauna of Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh”, Indian Birds , Vol 4(2), 56-59, 2008.

[33] R. Jayapal , Q. Qureshi and R. Chellam, “Some significant records of birds from the central Indian highlands of Madhya Pradesh”, Indian Birds , Vol 1(5), pp 98-102, 2005.

[34] F. Bibi and Z. Ali, “Measurement of diversity indices of avian communities at Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakistan,” Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences , vol 23(2), pp 469–474, 2013.

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Supplementary Data Table 2: List of Avifaunals reported in Chattishgardh Plain area of Madhya Pradesh

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Avifaunals of Chattishgardh Plain area of Madhya Pradesh [32,33] S.N. Order Family Scientific name Common Name IUCN Resident Food Habit Habitat

1 Accipitridae Aviceda jerdoni Asian Baza LC RM Carnivorous T

2 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite LC M Carnivorous GA

3 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Gyps bengalensis White-rumped vulture CR R Carnivorous T

4 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Circaetus gallicus Short-toed snake eagle LC R Carnivorous GA

5 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Aquila clanga Greater spotted eagle VU M Carnivorous T

6 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Nisaetus nipalensis Mountain hawk-eagle LC RM Carnivorous T

7 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Accipiter trivirgatus Crested goshawk LC R Carnivorous T

8 Anatidae Aythya nyroca Ferruginous duck NT R Omnivores A

9 Anseriformes Anatidae Aythya fuligula Tufted duck LC M Omnivores A

10 Apodiformes Apodidae Zoonavena sylvatica White-rumped Needletail LC R Insectivorous GA

Anthracoceros 11 Bucerotidae coronatus Malabar pied hornbill NT R Omnivores T

Caprimulgus 12 Caprimulgidae macrurus Large-tailed nightjar LC R Insectivorous GA

Herbivores/ 13 Turnicidae Turnix sylvatica Common buttonquail LC R Insectivorous GA

14 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail LC R Omnivores NA

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Carnivorous/ 15 Charadriiformes Laridae Sterna acuticauda Black-bellied tern EN R Piscivorous A

16 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern LC R Omnivores GA

17 Columbiformes Columba punicea Purple wood pigeon VU R Frugivorous T

18 Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia orientalis Oriental turtle dove LC M Granivorous GA

19 Columbiformes Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Common emerald dove LC R Herbivores T

Halcyon pileata RM Carnivorous/ NA 20 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Black-capped kingfisher LC Piscivorous

Nectarivorou GA s/ 21 Coraciiformes Meropidae Nyctyornis athertoni Blue-bearded bee-eater LC R Insectivorous

22 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Surniculus lugubris Drongo-cuckoo LC R Insectivorous T

23 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed malkoha LC R Insectivorous T

Herbivores/ GA 24 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Cuculus micropterus Indian cuckoo LC RM Insectivorous

25 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Cuculus canorus Common cuckoo LC M Insectivorous T

26 Falconiformes Accipitridae Gyps indicus Indian Vulture CR R Carnivorous T

Herbivores/ 27 Phasianidae Galloperdix lunulata Painted spurfowl LC R Insectivorous GA

28 Galliformes Phasianidae Gallus sonneratii Grey Junglefowl LC R T Herbivores/

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Insectivorous

Galloperdix spadicea R Herbivores/ T 29 Galliformes Phasianidae Red Spurfowl LC Insectivorous

Gallus gallus R Herbivores/ T 30 Galliformes Phasianidae Red Junglefowl LC Insectivorous

31 Gruidae Antigone antigone Sarus crane VU R Omnivores NA

32 Gruiformes Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen LC R Omnivores NA

33 Passeriformes Alaudidae Mirafra erythroptera Indian Bushlark LC R Omnivores GA

34 Passeriformes Alaudidae Galerida deva Sykes's crested- LC R Granivorous T

35 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Riparia paludicola Plain Martin LC R Insectivorous GA

Ptyonoprogne 36 Passeriformes Hirundinidae concolor Dusky crag martin LC R Insectivorous GA

37 Passeriformes Motacillidae Anthus trivialis Tree pipit LC M Insectivorous GA

38 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Myophonus horsfieldii Malabar whistling thrush LC R Omnivores GA

Copsychus GA 39 Passeriformes Muscicapidae malabaricus White-rumped shama LC R Omnivores

40 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Saxicola jerdoni Jerdon's Bushchat LC R Insectivorous T

41 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Prinia buchanani Rufous-fronted Prinia LC R Insectivorous T

42 Passeriformes Acrocephalus Clamorous Reed Warbler LC M Omnivores GA

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stentoreus

43 Passeriformes Certhiidae spilonota Indian spotted creeper LC R Insectivorous T

Nectarivorou T 44 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Leptocoma zeylonica Purple-rumped sunbird LC R s

Nectarivorou T 45 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Aethopyga siparaja Crimson sunbird LC R s

46 Passeriformes Estrildidae Amandava formosa Green munia VU R Insectivorous GA

47 Passeriformes Alaudinae Mirafra cantillans Singing Bushlark LC R Omnivores GA

48 Passeriformes Alaudinae Calandrella raytal Sand Lark LC R Omnivores NA

Pericrocotus T 49 Passeriformes Campephagidae flammeus scarlet minivet LC R Insectivorous

bar-winged flycatcher- T 50 Passeriformes Vangidae Hemipus picatus shrike LC R Insectivorous

Pycnonotus R Herbivores/ T 51 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae melanicterus Black-capped Bulbul LC Insectivorous

52 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered bulbul LC R Frugivorous T

53 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus luteolus white-browed bulbul LC R Herbivores T

54 Passeriformes Turdidae Geokichla citrina Orange-headed thrush LC R Insectivorous GA

55 Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus simillimus Indian blackbird LC RM Insectivorous T

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56 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Oenanthe fusca Brown Rock Chat LC R Insectivorous GA

57 Passeriformes Pellorneidae Pellorneum ruficeps Spotted babbler LC R Insectivorous GA

Pomatorhinus T 58 Passeriformes Timaliidae horsfieldii Indian scimitar babbler LC R Insectivorous

59 Passeriformes Timaliinae Turdoides caudatus Common Babbler LC R Insectivorous GA

60 Passeriformes Alcippeidae Alcippe poioicephala Brown-cheeked Fulvetta LC R Insectivorous T

61 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia LC R Insectivorous GA

62 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher LC M Insectivorous GA

63 Passeriformes Rhipiduridae Rhipidura albicollis White-throated fantail LC R Insectivorous T

64 Passeriformes Sturnidae Sturnia malabarica Grey-headed starling LC R Omnivores GA

65 Passeriformes Sturnidae Acridotheres fuscus Jungle Myna LC R Omnivores GA

66 Passeriformes Dicruridae Dicrurus leucophaeus ashy drongo LC M Insectivorous T

67 Passeriformes Locustellidae Megalurus palustris Striated Marsh Warbler LC R Insectivorous GA

Little Scaly-bellied T 68 Picidae Picus xanthopygaeus Green Woodpecker LC R Insectivorous

69 Piciformes Picidae Northern Wryneck Jynx torquilla LC M Insectivorous GA

Chrysocolaptes 70 Piciformes Picidae lucidus - - - -

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Micropternus R NA 71 Piciformes Picidae brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker LC Insectivorous

72 Piciformes Picidae Picus chlorolophus Lesser yellownape LC R Insectivorous T

73 Strigiformes Tytonidae Tyto capensis Grass LC R Carnivorous GA

74 Strigiformes Strigidae Bubo coromandus Dusky eagle-owl LC R Omnivores T

75 Strigiformes Strigidae Strix ocellata Mottled wood owl LC R Carnivorous T

76 Strigiformes Strigidae Otus sunia Oriental scops owl LC R Insectivorous GA

77 Strigiformes Strigidae Bubo nipalensis forest eagle-owl LC R Carnivorous T

78 Strigiformes Strigidae Ninox scutulata Brown Hawk Owl LC R Carnivorous T

Anhinga melanogaster RM Carnivorous/ A 79 Anhingidae Oriental Darter NT Piscivorous

IUCN Categories : LC- Least concern, CR- Critically endangered, VU- Vulnerable, NT- Near threatened, EN- Endangered; Resident Status : R- Resident, M- Migrant, RM- Resident Migrant; Habitat : A - Aquatic, NA - Near Aquatic, GA - Grass and Arborial, T- Terrestrial.

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