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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara the Public History of A UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara The Public History of a Concentration Camp: Historical Tales of Tragedy and Hope at the National Stadium of Chile A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Zachary D. McKiernan Committee in charge: Professor Randolph Bergstrom, Chair Professor Harold Marcuse Professor Cecilia Méndez Professor John Foran September 2014 The dissertation of Zachary D. McKiernan is approved. _____________________________________________ John Foran _____________________________________________ Cecilia Méndez _____________________________________________ Harold Marcuse _____________________________________________ Randolph Bergstrom, Committee Chair July 2014 VITA OF ZACHARY D. MCKIERNAN July 2014 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in History, Loyola University Chicago, May 2006 (summa cum laude) Masters of Arts in Latin American and Iberian Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2008 Doctor of Philosophy in Public History, University of California, Santa Barbara, July 2014 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 1996-2002: Second Class Petty Officer, United States Navy 2006-2008: Street Outreach Worker, Noah’s Achorage, Santa Barbara, CA Spring 2007: Instructor of Spanish, University of California, Santa Barbara Fall 2007: Instructor of Spanish, University of California, Santa Barbara Summer 2008: Instructor of Spanish, University of California, Santa Barbara 2009: Interpretive Ranger, National Park Service, Katmai, AK Fall 2009: Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara Fall 2010: Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara Summer 2011: Lecturer, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara Summer 2012: Lecturer, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara Winter 2013: Internship, International Coalition of Sites of Conscience, New York, NY Spring 2013: Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara PUBLICATIONS “The Meeting of Two Marxists on the 40th Anniversary of the Chilean Coup,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, Sept. 11, 2013. Internet. “Public Memorials as Popular Narratives: Activist History in Post-Dictatorship Chile,” eds., Trevor Getz and Thomas Padilla, Subjecting History: Building a Relationship between History and its Alternatives (Ohio University Press, 2014). Print. “Subjecting History: Launching a Digital Open Review Process,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, Mar. 13, 2013. Internet. “The Utility of an International Vision of Public History,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, Feb. 4, 2013. Internet. iii “Letters from Chile: A Dead Dictator’s Homage, a Public History Movement,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, June 25, 2012. Internet. “National Stadium, National Memory: A Personal Letter,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, June 6, 2012. Internet. “History on a Shoestring at Nido 20: A Memory Site in its Infancy,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, April 16, 2012. Internet. “Memorial Paine’s Everyday Lives: Local Stories with Universal Lessons,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, Apr. 5, 2012. Internet. “Bougainvillea and Bitter Memories: Villa Grimaldi Park for Peace,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, Mar. 30, 2012. Internet. “Letters from Chile: The Working of History at Six Sites of Memory,” History@Work, National Council on Public History, Mar. 21, 2012. Internet. “An Urgent Call to Action in Aysén, Chile: Casa Memoria José Domingo Cañas 1367. History@Work, National Council on Public History, Mar. 14, 2012. Internet. “Get in the Spirit at St. Michael’s Cemetery,” Review, The Publican Historian, Vol. 33, No.4, Fall 2011, pp. 72-75. Print . “Human Rights Lessons: The Letelier-Moffitt Monument and an International Terrorist Attack,” Off The Wall, National Council on Public History, May 24, 2011. Internet. “Chile’s Complicated Commemoration of 1973,” Off The Wall, National Council on Public History, Oct. 10, 2010. Internet AWARDS Michael Bransfield Prize 2014 UCSB Graduate Division Central Dissertation Fellowship 2013 Robert L. Kelley Fellowship 2012 Ford Dissertation Fellowship, Hon. Mention 2012 UCSB Graduate Opportunity Fellowship 2011 Fulbright Dissertation (Finalist) 2011 Ken Moure and Sarah Morquay Graduate Student Award 2010 Loyola University Chicago, Magna Cum Laude 2006 Loyola University Presidential Scholarship 2003/06 iv FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Public History Studies in Public History with Professor Randy Bergstrom Studies in Memory Studies with Professor Harold Marcuse Studies in Latin American History with Professor Cecilia Méndez Studies in Historical-Sociology with Professor John Foran v ABSTRACT The Public History of a Concentration Camp: Historical Tales of Tragedy and Hope at the National Stadium of Chile by Zachary D. McKiernan. On September 11, 1973, forces of evil converted the National Stadium of Chile into a concentration camp. That day, the nation’s military and security forces overthrew the constitutionally elected government of President Salvador Allende Gossens. For the next fifty-eight days thousands of Chileans and hundreds of foreigners experienced violations of human dignity, physical integrity, and political consciousness. The stadium became the physical and figurative starting point for seventeen years of state-sponsored terrorism under the regime of Augusto Pinochet. Today, though, this is hardly a secret, as stories of the stadium-as-concentration camp have circulated since 1973 to the present in testimonies and memoirs, truth commissions and international reports, newspaper and media accounts, documentaries and movies, and ephemeral commemorations and permanent memorials. At different times, in different ways, and for different reasons, former stadium prisoners, human rights activists, journalists, judges, state officials, and scholars have sounded off, sometimes in a complementary fashion, other times to clash. Despite the volumes of searchable material (books, memoirs, testimonies) and less tangible but equally telling commemorative events vi (vigils, theatre productions, public art) that continue at the stadium, no single work has attempted to synthesize, organize, and analyze this historic corpus. The Public History of a Concentration Camp: Historical Tales of Tragedy and Hope at the National Stadium of Chile does this and, in doing so, contributes to the stadium camp’s history in unique ways. A public history lens provides fresh perspectives on the production of historic work at and memories of the National Stadium-as-concentratin camp over forty years (1973-2013). Its focus on popularly constructed narratives’ interaction with official silences and versions demonstrates both how and why stadium stakeholders—especially from the residual—have constructed the tales of tragedy and hope. As it focuses on this popular historical work The Public History of a Concentration Camp has focused, too, on the formative power of the specific place in the formation of public memory. Rather than begin with selected processes or events and look for places where they unfolded and happened, this study gains insight from joining public and popular practitioners who begin at a specific place and ask: what happened here?1 The unique public and place-based approach also joins recent conversations concerning historic sites of conscience not only in Chile but worldwide. Framing the popular historical work at the stadium generally and its complicated human rights museum ‘National Stadium, National Memory’ specifically against the backdrop of the sites of memory in Chile offers context for local interpretation of human rights as much as the reciprocal relationship between these organic understandings and international conventions. The Public History of a Concentration: Historical Tales of Tragedy and Hope at the National Stadium of Chile continues this important historical trajectory in the form of a scholarly monograph, only made possible through the popular work that has preceded it. 1 David Glassberg, Sense of History: The Place of the Past in American Life (Amherst, University of Massachusetts, 2001), 111 vii Table of Contents I. Prologue…………………………………………………………………………...1 II. Introduction………………………………………………………………………15 The first human rights memorial. Campo de detenidos del estadio nacional. Centro de concentración. Liberation and democracy. 58 tragic days. National Stadium narratives. Place- memory, public history. Emblematic memory knots. National patrimony. International echoes. Chapter summaries. III. The First 58 Days………………………………………………………………...49 A revolution without arms; its death by dictatorship. The truth of Chilean society. Prisoners and repressors. The torture begins. Strength and solidarity. Calm amidst chaos. The torture continues. Outside the stadium’s walls. Starting the seeds of a human rights movement. IV. The Stadium-as-Concentration, 1973-1998……………………………………...75 World Cup controversy. Official versions at home. Testimony and denunciation in exile. Journalists, lawyers, and a film-maker. Political openings in the 1980s. Bracing for democracy. Democracy’s consensus and silence. Popular candles and commemorations. Pinochet’s arrest and emblematic anniversaries change the game. V. The Stadium-as-Concentration Camp, 1998-2003……………………………..118 The first commemorative plaque. New forms of memorialization and mobilization
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