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Cognitive Training Transfer Using a Personal Computer-Based Game:A Close Quarters Battle Case Study

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Cognitive Training Transfer Using a Personal Computer-Based Game:A Close Quarters Battle Case Study University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Cognitive Training Transfer Using A Personal Computer-based Game:a Close Quarters Battle Case Study Michael Woodman University of Central Florida Part of the Engineering Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Woodman, Michael, "Cognitive Training Transfer Using A Personal Computer-based Game:a Close Quarters Battle Case Study" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1054. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1054 COGNITIVE TRAINING TRANSFER USING A PERSONAL COMPUTER-BASED GAME: A CLOSE QUARTERS BATTLE CASE STUDY by MICHAEL D. WOODMAN B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1978 M.A. Webster University, 1993 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2006 Major Professor: Michael D. Proctor © 2006 Michael D. Woodman ii ABSTRACT Developers of Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) gaming software are making remarkable strides in increasing the realism of their software. This realism has caught the attention of the training community, which has traditionally sought system and operational replication in training systems such as flight simulators. Since games are designed and marketed for entertainment and not designed for training of tasks, questions exist about the effectiveness of games as a training system in achieving the desired transfer of skills to the actual environment. Numerous studies over the past ten years have documented that PC-based simulation training environments can offer effective training for certain types of training, especially aircraft piloting tasks. Desktop games have been evaluated from a case study approach for use in aviation training (Proctor, et al., 2004) and education planning and evaluating small unit tactics) (Proctor, et al., 2002) with positive results. Based on the review of selected studies in this area, PC-based simulator platforms have been found to have a positive training impact on cognitive skills (as opposed to psycho-motor skills). Specifically, the literature review has identified that skill sets involved in team resource management, intra- and inter-team coordination, and tactical team maneuvers have been shown to benefit from the use of PC-based simulation training. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the training transfer associated with a Tactical Decision-making game, using Close Combat: First to Fight as a case study. The null hypothesis tested was that traditional field training is equivalent to virtual training combined with field training. Measurements of the subjects’ performance in live training were recorded. Additionally, self assessment questionnaires were administered. iii This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Michele, and my daughters, Shawna, Danielle, Kristen, and Kimberly. Thanks for your patience, support, and understanding! iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any effort of this magnitude is impossible without extraordinary support. For that, I wish to thank my entire committee, Dr. Linda Malone, Dr. Peter Kincaid, Dr. Charles Reilly, Dr. Elizabeth Biddle, and particularly my advisor and advocate, Dr. Michael Proctor. I must also acknowledge the assistance of the students and instructors at the Marine Corps Security Force Training Company in Chesapeake, Virginia. Without their “gung ho” attitude, flexibility, and dedication, this experiment could never have been accomplished. Thanks in particular to Captain Peter Young, USMC for your support. Semper Fidelis! v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................ 9 Taxonomies............................................................................................................................... 15 Team Competencies.................................................................................................................. 20 Training Teams in Virtual Environments ................................................................................. 22 Objective Based Training ......................................................................................................... 29 Events Based Approach to Training ......................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 34 Approach................................................................................................................................... 34 Design of the Experiment ......................................................................................................... 39 Assessment................................................................................................................................ 40 Applying EBAT to the Development of a PC Game-Based Training Application .................. 40 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS.................................................................................................... 44 The Set-Up................................................................................................................................ 44 The experiment ......................................................................................................................... 46 The Demographics.................................................................................................................... 49 vi The Tactical Evaluation ............................................................................................................ 49 The Numbers............................................................................................................................. 52 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 78 Summary................................................................................................................................... 78 Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 78 Lessons Learned........................................................................................................................ 82 Recommendations for Further Research................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX A: PROJECT METROPOLIS.................................................................................. 87 APPENDIX B: INFORMED CONSENT..................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX C: DEMOGRAPHICS QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................ 95 APPENDIX D: SIMULATOR SICKNESS QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................ 97 APPENDIX E: BASELINE (PRE) EXPOSURE SYMPTOM CHECKLIST ............................. 99 APPENDIX F: POST 00 MINUTES EXPOSURE SYMPTOM CHECKLIST ........................ 101 APPENDIX G: POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONNAIRE ..................................................... 103 APPENDIX H: SUMMARY OF THE SURVEY OF PARTICIPANT DEMOGRAPHICS.... 105 APPENDIX I: TACTICAL EVALUATION SCORES ............................................................ 107 LIST OF REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 112 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Composition of a Marine Corps Rifle Squad ................................................................ 18 Figure 2: Systematic Approach to Training developed by Fowlkes, Lane, Salas, Franz, and Oser (1994).................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3: Close Combat: First to Fight™ .................................................................................... 34 Figure 4: CQB Course Timeline................................................................................................... 38 Figure 5: CQB
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