Religious Practices in Egypt

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Religious Practices in Egypt Circulation 8,000 October 2000 4 0 p a g e s N e w s l e t t e r 6 postal address t e l e p h o n e e - m a i l P.O. Box 11 0 8 9 +31-(0)71-527 79 05 i s i m @ r u l l e t . l e i d e n u n i v . n l 2301 EB Leiden t e l e f a x w w w The Netherlands +31-(0)71-527 79 06 h t t p : / / i s i m . l e i d e n u n i v . n l 7 1 3 2 5 3 3 Hakan Yavuz Shahram Khosravi Lisa Wedeen Pedro Brieger Beinb Modern in the Nurcu Way www.iranian.com: An Online Diaspora Ambiguities after Asad Muslims in A r g e n t i n a Copious studies on Islamic resurgence throughout the Muslim world deal with new veiling, a socio-reli- gious practice which has been explained as a form of both resistance and submission to patriarchy, an as- sertion of cultural authenticity, a reaction against D o w n v e i l i n g : Western imperialism and local secular regimes, a genuine desire by women to live more piously, and a practice born out of economic necessity. While there is a degree of plausibility in each of these theories, especially when taken in tandem, another Shifting Socio- dimension should be added to the debate on new veiling, and that is a subtle and seemingly growing tendency among many urban Egyptian women to- wards what can be called 'downveiling'. Religious Practices Middle East LINDA HERRERA in Egypt Downveiling refers to the shift by Muslim even necessarily the most commonplace rity forces were dispatched to schools first to downveil. Backed by the law, the women to less concealing and conservative arenas Ð of downveiling, they provide a throughout the country; guards stood out- overwhelming majority of girls immediately forms of Islamic dress Ð or to changing em- compelling social context in which to trace side school gates to inspect students' attire substituted their uniform k h i m a r for a sim- bodied religious practices Ð and is indicative this practice which is increasingly observ- and to prohibit anyone in defiance of the ple headscarf and, in an act of defiance A class of of the complexity and dynamism with able throughout urban Egyptian society. regulation from entering their school. Many against school policy, decided among first graders which socio-religious change occurs in con- school communities reacted to the state's themselves to replace the regulation grey at a private temporary societies. It points to a transfor- Schools as contested cultural actions with outrage and some unveiled smock uniform, which they described as Islamic school. mation in Egypt's Islamist trend. s p a c e s students even took on the veil in protest. 'ugly' and 'old-fashioned', for a more 'nor- The past two decades have witnessed the However, over the longer term, the new reg- mal' and attractive uniform of a tailored increased Islamization of public spaces and ulation served as a catalyst for many who long grey skirt and white blouse. Thereafter, social institutions, one manifestation of had been wanting to downveil, as will be il- members of the school staff also began which has been the Islamization of the na- lustrated in the case of a private Islamic downveiling. Two senior administrators Ð tion's schools. Numerous government and school in Cairo. school disciplinarians and tacit role models private schools have institutionalized Islam- Ð gradually substituted their dark ankle- ic practices, such as enforcing an Islamic The state as a catalyst for length skirts for shin-length cotton skirts, uniform (zayy Islammy). Schools often re- shifting socio-religious and, in gradations, replaced their thick quire female students, staff and sometimes practices nylon k h i m a rs that extended down to their even students' mothers to don a head cover. Since its establishment in 1981, the thighs, with shoulder-length scarves. They Veiling has multiple gradations and ranges school uniform for girls from first grade at a had both begun sporting the k h i m a r j u s t from a h i j a b, a scarf that covers the hair and 'private Islamic school' in Cairo, a fee-pay- prior to being employed at the school in the is pinned under the chin, to a k h i m a r, a sub- ing general school that incorporates Islamic early 1980s, in part to show their commit- stantially longer nylon scarf that drapes rituals and symbols into its daily life, con- ment to working in an Islamic environment, over the torso and arms, to a n i q a b, a face sisted of a long blue-grey smock, pants and but also because they could not justify veil with ankle-length dress. a mini-k h i m a r. The school's founder and di- wearing a lesser degree of clothing than the The Ministry of Education (MOE), in its at- rector, Sheikh Mohammed, selected this children under their authority. When the tempt to curb the Islamization of schools uniform so that the female child would get primary school children ceased wearing the and as part of a larger state strategy to con- used to comporting herself according to k h i m a r and the preparatory girls down- trol and monitor the Islamization of public the teachings of her religion because, as he veiled at their own initiative, the need to spaces, politicized the issue of Islamic uni- proclaims 'in Islam there is no grey, every- dress religiously on par with the students forms. In 1994, the MOE enacted a minister- thing is black or white. The h i j a b is a re- no longer existed. A number of their col- ial order prohibiting girls from wearing the quirement, not a choice.' leagues, over time, also modified their dress h i j a b to school at the primary stage (grades In 1994, the sheikh initially resisted imple- to less concealing and more functional 1-5), requiring that students at the prepara- menting the new uniform regulation, con- forms of Islamic dress. tory level (grades 6-8) provide written per- vinced that he, not the government, was re- The general tendency among the staff to- mission by their guardian if they wear the ligiously in the right. However, when faced wards downveiling has had the effect of h i j a b (thereby giving the parents rather with the possibility of the MOE taking over hindering others from upveiling or adapt- than the school authority over the girl's reli- his school's administration, he eventually ing 'higher', more concealing and virtuous gious attire), and forbidding teachers and eliminated the headscarf for girls at the pri- forms of Islamic dress. One senior teacher in The same class in A fourteen-year resident of Cairo, I first students from wearing the n i q a b on the mary level. Nevertheless, with the parents' her mid-40s has been expressing a desire to the third grade became aware of downveiling in the mid- grounds that it presents a security risk by cooperation, the veil remained mandatory upveil from her current k h i m a r to the n i q a b, following the 1990s when a number of acquaintances concealing the wearer's identity and pre- for girls at the preparatory stage. Despite a a form of dress which she believes to be a h i j a b ban by the from diverse social and professional back- vents teachers from effectively teaching pervasive sense among staff, parents and religious obligation. However, with her Ministry of grounds began shifting to lesser degrees of since it covers the face. students, that the government was unjustly peers substituting their k h i m a r s for simpler E d u c a t i o n . veiling, and even sometimes 'unveiled' or The new uniform regulation was strongly interfering in the school's internal policy and shorter headscarves, she is not encour- eliminated their head covers altogether. My contested in the press and courts, but was and in their private lives, an unexpected aged to upveil and is not only putting it off, understanding of this practice was anecdo- ultimately ruled constitutional in a case that shift occurred among a number of them: but is even practising her own downveiling. tal until I began conducting research in reached the Supreme Constitutional Court, they began modifying their own style of She recently began wearing loose-fitting schools on the Islamization of education. and was therefore enforceable. To ensure its dress by downveiling. pants instead of a skirt under her k h i m a r, While schools are by no means the only Ð or compliance, MOE inspectors and state secu- The older students (ages 11-14) were the Continued on page 32 2 ISIM I S I M NEWSLETTER 6 / 0 0 The question of whether political Islam should be interpreted as a One of the main effects of the emergence of political Islam is that, truly successful movement in the Muslim world has been matter of in effect, religion was reinstated as a key instrument of political debate for nearly a decade (See 'Vingt Ans Après…' conference in action. As an instrument, it also now serves groups which are not Paris p.
Recommended publications
  • N. W.Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Vol-XVI, Uttar Pradesh
    CENSUS OF INDIA, 1_901_. VOLUME XVI. N W PROVINCES AN D OUDH. PART I. REPORT BY R. BURN, I.e.s., SUPERINTENDENT, CENSUS OPERA TIONS. ALLAHABAD: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS. 1902. PREFACE. AT a time when official reports are being subjected to a rigorous pruning the production of a report extending to nearly 300 pages may be deemed to require some apology. My obje<>t in the following pages has been two-fold. In the first place, an attempt has been made to describe some general features ()f what may be considered the bewildering jungle of figures contained in the Imperial Tables, for, as the proverb says, it is often hard to see the wood for the trees. Secondly, the extent to which the results of the census are fairly reliable, and the methods of obtaining them, have been indicated as briefly as possible. Enumeration throws much extra work on district office:rs and their subordinates, and to them thanks are due for the successful manner in which it was carried out. The abstraction and tabulation were completed in seven central offices, each in charge of a Deputy Collector, and .six ofthese-Pandit Janardan Joshi, B. Pridamna Krishna, M. Lutf Husain, B. Tulshi Rama, B. Siva Prasada, and Qazi Khaliluddin Ahmad-completed their very trying work with a high standard of excellency. 'rhe heaviest . share fell to B. Pridamna Krishna, who dealt with it admirably, while Pandit Janardan Joshi and B. Siva Prasada ex:celled in devising methods of checking the work apart from those prescribed in the r.ules.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 22 - Comoros
    Marubeni Research Institute 2016/09/02 Sub -Saharan Report Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the focal regions of Global Challenge 2015. These reports are by Mr. Kenshi Tsunemine, an expatriate employee working in Johannesburg with a view across the region. Vol. 22 - Comoros June 10, 2016 It was well known that Marilyn Monroe wore Chanel No. 5 perfume when she went to bed. Did you know that Chanel No. 5’s essence (essential oils) comes from the flower called ylang-ylang, which is found in the African country of Comoros? Comoros is also where the so-called “living fossils”, a rare pre-historic species of fish called coelacanths, discovered in 1938 in South Africa after having thought to be extinct, are mostly found. So this time I would like to introduce the country of Comoros, fascinating like Marilyn Monroe and a little mysterious like the coelacanths. Table 1: Comoros Country Information The Union of the Comoros is an archipelago island nation located off the coast of East Africa east of Mozambique and northwest from Madagascar. 4 main islands make up the Comoros archipelago, Grande Comore, Moheli, Anjouan and Mayotte, with Grande Comore, Moheli, and Anjouan forming the Union of Comoros and Mayotte falling under French jurisdiction as an ‘overseas department” or region. The population of the 3 islands making up the Union of the Comoros is about 800,000, while their total land area comes to 2,236 square kilometers, about the same land size as Tokyo, which makes it quite a small country. Nominal GDP is roughly $600 million, which is second from the bottom among the 45 sub-Saharan African countries, just above Sao Tome and Principe, and its population is the 5th lowest (note 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Formal Name: Union of the Comoros Short Name: Comoros Adjective: Comoran Capital: Moroni Government: Republic LAS Member Since: November 20Th, 1993
    Formal Name: Union of the Comoros Short Name: Comoros Adjective: Comoran Capital: Moroni Government: Republic LAS Member since: November 20th, 1993 DEMOGRAPHICS Ethnicity Groups: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Independence Day: Oimatsaha, Sakalava July 6, 1975 Religions: Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2% Total Area: Languages: Arabic (official), French (official), 2,235 km² Shikomoro Population: Life Expectancy: 63.48 years 766,865 Median Age: 19.2 years Sex Ratio: 0.94 male/female Gross Domestic Product: Literacy Rate: 75.5% $911 million Military Spending: ECONOMY NA% of GDP Labor Force: 233,500 Unemployment Rate: 20% Poverty Rate: 60% Inflation: 2.5% Exports: $19.7 million (vanilla, ylang -ylang, cloves, copra) Imports: $208.8 million (rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, cement, transport equipment) 1912 Comoros becomes a French colony 1947 Comoros given representation in the French parliament 1961 Comoros given autonomy from France 1974 3 islands vote for independence; Mayotte votes to stay with France 1975 Comoros unilaterally declares independence, with Ahmed Abdallah as President Abdallah replaced by Prince Sai Mohammed Jaffar through coup 1976 Ali Soilih takes power, pushing for a secular, socialist republic 1978 Soilih toppled, Abdallah is restored to power 1990 Said Mohamed Djohar elected President 1996 Mohamed Abdulkarim Taki elected President; drafts a constitution establishing Islam as the basis of law 1997 The islands of Anjouan and Moheli declare independence from the Comoros 1998 Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a More United & Prosperous Union of Comoros
    TOWARDS A MORE UNITED & PROSPEROUS Public Disclosure Authorized UNION OF COMOROS Systematic Country Diagnostic Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS i CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CSOs Civil Society Organizations DeMPA Debt Management Performance Assessment DPO Development Policy Operation ECP Economic Citizenship Program EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income HCI Human Capital Index HDI Human Development Index ICT Information and Communication Technologies IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation IMF International Monetary Fund INRAPE National Institute for Research on Agriculture, Fisheries, and the Environment LICs Low-income Countries MDGs Millennium Development Goals MIDA Migration for Development in Africa MSME Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises NGOs Non-profit Organizations PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability PPP Public/Private Partnerships R&D Research and Development SADC Southern African Development Community SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SOEs State-Owned Enterprises SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TFP Total Factor Productivity WDI World Development Indicators WTTC World Travel & Tourism Council ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank members of the Comoros Country Team from all Global Practices of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, as well as the many stakeholders in Comoros (government authorities, think tanks, academia, and civil society organizations, other development partners), who have contributed to the preparation of this document in a strong collaborative process (see Annex 1). We are grateful for their inputs, knowledge and advice. This report has been prepared by a team led by Carolin Geginat (Program Leader EFI, AFSC2) and Jose Luis Diaz Sanchez (Country Economist, GMTA4).
    [Show full text]
  • O)){|P in SOCIOLOGY
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION OF MUSLIMS IN LOCK AND LAC INDUSTRIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ALIGARH AND HYDERABAD ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF IBoctor of $i)tlos;o)){|p IN SOCIOLOGY BY SADAF NASIR UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. ARDUL MATIN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND ?50CIAL WORK ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2011 ABSTRACT The title of the thesis is 'Socio-Economic Deprivation of MusUms in Lock and Lac Industries: A Comparative Study of AUgarh and Hyderabad'. The focus of the study is to examine dispossession and loss of downtrodden Muslim workers of Aligarh lock industry and Hyderabad lac industry respectively. Deprivation of Muslim workers have been examined in terms of (a) material deprivation, (b) Social deprivation, (c) multiple deprivation viz. low income, poor housing and unemployment. The present study is primarily based on field work carried out during April 2009 to March 2010 in Aligarh (U.P.) and Hyderabad (A.P.). The objectives of this study are to explore the socio-economic deprivation of Muslims in Aligarh Lock Industry (Uttar Pradesh) and Hyderabad Lac Industry (Andhra Pradesh) within the fi-amework of relative deprivation. Important issues in this study are as follows: (1) Selected socio-economic indicators viz., family backgroimd, education, income, housing status, health and hygiene and political dimension of the respondents are to be assessed in Aligarh and Hyderabad. (2) To explore the causes and consequences of socio-economic deprivation of Muslims in the lock and Lac industries. (3) To examine, whether the Muslim children supplement to their family income? (3) To assess how and why the Muslims in lock and lac industry are socially and economically deprived.
    [Show full text]
  • In This Interview: Adam Tells Resurgence Azzam Al-Amriki June 25, 2015
    In this interview: Adam tells Resurgence Azzam al-Amriki June 25, 2015 [Please note: Images may have been removed from this document. Page numbers may have been added.] Targeting India will remain one of the Mujahideen’s priorities as long as it pursues its antagonistic policies and continues to engage in and condone the persecution, murder and rape of Muslims and occupation of their land The way forward for our persecuted brothers in Bangladesh is Da’wah and Jihad The Pakistani regime bears responsibility for the toppling of the Islamic Emirate and the occupation of Afghanistan, and its crimes are continuing unabated While in Pakistan, I and my brothers were blessed with numerous supporters who sheltered and took care of us despite the risk The Americans and their Pakistani agents almost captured me in Karachi on at least two occasions Shaykh Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi had the qualities of a great leader and a smile which could illuminate a city The Americans came close to martyring Shaykh Abu Mus’ab (may Allah have mercy on him) in Afghanistan, but Allah preserved him until he became America’s number one enemy in Iraq Shaykh Abu Mus’ab was a champion of unity who fought for the Ummah, and he should not be held responsible for the deviation today of some people who falsely claim to follow him and his methodology A Muslim’s blood is sacred, more sacred even than the Ka’aba, and spilling it without right is not only an act of oppression, it is the greatest sin after Kufr and Shirk The blessed raids of September 11th rubbed America’s nose in
    [Show full text]
  • Manchester Muslims: the Developing Role of Mosques, Imams and Committees with Particular Reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM
    Durham E-Theses Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. AHMED, FIAZ How to cite: AHMED, FIAZ (2014) Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10724/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 DURHAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. Fiaz Ahmed September 2013 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief it contains no material previously published or written by another person except where dueacknowledgement has been made in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Asian Connections
    Conference on Inter-Asian Connections Detail of migration map of Asia: courtesy UNHCR Conference Proceedings February 21-23, 2008 Dubai, United Arab Emirates Co-Organized by the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and the Dubai School of Government (DSG) Funded by the Ford Foundation Sponsored by DSG, Zayed University, the University of Dubai, the National Bank of Dubai, and Dubai Properties INTRODUCTION This international conference brought together over one hundred fifty leading scholars from renowned universities to explore an exciting new frontier of “Inter-Asian” research. The conference was organized around eleven concurrent workshops featuring innovative research from the social sciences and related disciplines on themes of particular relevance across Asia. Workshop themes, directors, and participants were selected by an SSRC committee in a highly competitive process: the conference organizers received 105 applications for workshop directors and 582 applications for workshop participants. In addition to the eleven workshops, the conference also showcased the work of the South Asia Regional Fellowship Program (SARFP), bringing together fellows who had been awarded collaborative grants to work on inter-country projects in the South Asia region. The structure and schedule of the conference were designed to enable intensive working group interactions on a specific research theme, as well as broader interactions on topics of mutual interest and concern to all participants. Accordingly, a public keynote panel and plenaries addressing different aspects of Inter-Asian research were open to all participants as well as the general public. The concluding day of the conference brought all the workshops together in a public presentation and exchange of research agendas that emerged over the course of the deliberations in Dubai.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix I: Acronyms
    Appendix I: Acronyms AAF-SAP African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes AAPC All-African Peoples Conference AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization ACP Group African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group ADB African Development Bank ADP agricultural development program AEF Afrique Equatoriale Fran~aise (French Equatorial Africa) AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC African National Congress AOF Afrique Occidentale Fran~aise (French West Africa) APEC Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation AZAPO Azanian Peoples' Organization AZASO Azanian Students' Organization BCM Black Consciousness Movement BOSS Bureau of State Security CC Chama Cha Mapinduzi CEAO Economic Community of West Africa CFA African Financial Community CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIAS Conference of Independent African States CIEC Conference on International Economic Cooperation CODES A Convention for a Democratic South Africa COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COSAG Concerned South Africans Group 499 500 Acronyms COSAS Congress of South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CPP Convention People's party CUSA Council of Unions of South Africa DAC Development Assistance Committee DFI direct foreign investment DROC Democratic Republic of Congo, typically referred to as Congo, or Congo-Kinshasa EAC East African Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EDF European Development
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Modern Gujarat
    A probing took beyond Hindutva to get to the heart of Gujarat THE SHAPING OF MODERN Many aspects of mortem Gujarati society and polity appear pulling. A society which for centuries absorbed diverse people today appears insular and patochiai, and while it is one of the most prosperous slates in India, a fifth of its population lives below the poverty line. J Drawing on academic and scholarly sources, autobiographies, G U ARAT letters, literature and folksongs, Achyut Yagnik and Such Lira Strath attempt to Understand and explain these paradoxes, t hey trace the 2 a 6 :E e o n d i n a U t V a n y history of Gujarat from the time of the Indus Valley civilization, when Gujarati society came to be a synthesis of diverse peoples and cultures, to the state's encounters with the Turks, Marathas and the Portuguese t which sowed the seeds ol communal disharmony. Taking a closer look at the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the authors explore the political tensions, social dynamics and economic forces thal contributed to making the state what it is today, the impact of the British policies; the process of industrialization and urbanization^ and the rise of the middle class; the emergence of the idea of '5wadeshi“; the coming £ G and hr and his attempts to transform society and politics by bringing together diverse Gujarati cultural sources; and the series of communal riots that rocked Gujarat even as the state was consumed by nationalist fervour. With Independence and statehood, the government encouraged a new model of development, which marginalized Dai its, Adivasis and minorities even further.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity and Difference in a Muslim Community in Central Gujarat, India Following the 2002 Communal Violence
    Identity and difference in a Muslim community in central Gujarat, India following the 2002 communal violence Carolyn M. Heitmeyer London School of Economics and Political Science PhD 1 UMI Number: U615304 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615304 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party.
    [Show full text]
  • “Reimagining 'Good Muslim, Bad Muslim': Public Theologies of Citizenship and Belonging in the Republic of India” Meghan
    “Reimagining ‘Good Muslim, Bad Muslim’: Public Theologies of Citizenship and Belonging in the Republic of India” Meghan Koushik April 2013 Advisor: Dr. Nukhet Ahu Sandal, Post-Doctoral Fellow in International Studies, The Watson Institute, Brown University Second Reader: Dr. Anthony Watson, Associate Director, Department of Middle East Studies, Brown University Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Middle East Studies, Brown University Koushik Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Chapter 1: The Substantive Dimension 19 Chapter 2: The Spatial Dimension 39 Chapter 3: The Spiritual Dimension 59 Chapter 4: The Temporal Dimension 81 Conclusion: 104 Bibliography 109 2 Koushik Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help of several people. Primarily, I am grateful to my thesis advisors, Dr. Nukhet Sandal and Dr. Anthony Watson, for their extensive feedback on earlier drafts, and for the many hours they have both spent on providing me with advice and insights into formulating this thesis. I am also grateful to my professors Lina Fruzzetti and Vazira Zamindar for their invaluable feedback on portions of this thesis. Meera S. and Renita Mendonca, who were my former history and civics teachers at the National Academy for Learning, Bangalore, were invaluable in providing firsthand insight into citizenship education in India. They are also responsible for inspiring my interest in the politics and history of my homeland. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Ravi and Sarita Koushik, and my friends for their continued support and encouragement through the process. I could not have done this without them.
    [Show full text]