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N. W.Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Vol-XVI, Uttar Pradesh

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N. W.Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Vol-XVI, Uttar Pradesh CENSUS OF INDIA, 1_901_. VOLUME XVI. N W PROVINCES AN D OUDH. PART I. REPORT BY R. BURN, I.e.s., SUPERINTENDENT, CENSUS OPERA TIONS. ALLAHABAD: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS. 1902. PREFACE. AT a time when official reports are being subjected to a rigorous pruning the production of a report extending to nearly 300 pages may be deemed to require some apology. My obje<>t in the following pages has been two-fold. In the first place, an attempt has been made to describe some general features ()f what may be considered the bewildering jungle of figures contained in the Imperial Tables, for, as the proverb says, it is often hard to see the wood for the trees. Secondly, the extent to which the results of the census are fairly reliable, and the methods of obtaining them, have been indicated as briefly as possible. Enumeration throws much extra work on district office:rs and their subordinates, and to them thanks are due for the successful manner in which it was carried out. The abstraction and tabulation were completed in seven central offices, each in charge of a Deputy Collector, and .six ofthese-Pandit Janardan Joshi, B. Pridamna Krishna, M. Lutf Husain, B. Tulshi Rama, B. Siva Prasada, and Qazi Khaliluddin Ahmad-completed their very trying work with a high standard of excellency. 'rhe heaviest . share fell to B. Pridamna Krishna, who dealt with it admirably, while Pandit Janardan Joshi and B. Siva Prasada ex:celled in devising methods of checking the work apart from those prescribed in the r.ules. Three of the head clerks in these offices-B. Chhattar Singh, Pandit Shimbhu N ath Sukul and Pandit Jai Dat Tiwari-have also done especially good work. In the preparation of the report help has been received from many 'sources, official and otherwise. The material in Chapter VI, Language, has been supplied almost entirely by Dr. G. A. Grierson, and without it the -chapter could not have been written. For most of the material in Chapter III I am indebted to a large number of correspondents, and throughout the report I have used facts obtained from many- sources. To all those who have thus aided me my thanks are due. The report has been printed at the Government Press, Allahabad, and with very small exceptions, the whole of the forms were printed, and the slips for abstraction, numbering nearly 100 millions, ()ut at the same place. Special acknowledgments are due to Mr. Luker, the Superintendent, for the promptitude with which the work was carried out. My head clerk, Pandit Chandr Dat, Pande, has been of the greatest assist­ ance to me. There have been cases in which statements made in reports like the present have been treated by the public as official pronouncements by Govern­ ment 011 the ma-bters to which they referred, and it therefore seems necessary to point out that the report is in no way intended to express the opinion of the Government, especially on such matters as those dealt with in the chapters on religion, education, language and caste,. about which there is much differ­ -ence of opinion. Having regard to the controversial nature of some parts ·of the report, and the extent to which it has been necessary for me to trespass ,.ou the time and labour of others, I should be glad to feel with the poet :- ..::....... ",; ~)I)T I':>'" )'6 , 1.:)... ; IrS olio I.:!--._", =-)~ ~ J.,) y. 1.:).... ; &:S r.,)t~ • TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PARA. PAGn. 1 Date of present Censns and previons enumerations 1 2: Rules 'b. 3 Division into charges .. b. 4 Divi~ion into blocks and circles ib. 5 Further operations in enumeration 2 6 Exceptional arrangements ib. 7 Fa.ir at Ajndhia 3· 8 Enumeration of miscellaneous items ib. 9 Working of the Census Act ib. 10 General remarks on enumera.tion 4 11 Abstraction and tabulation 5 12 Comparison with the system in 1891 6 13 The mechanical system io. 14 Cost of the Cellslls .... S Chapter I.-DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION. 15 Topography 9 16 Himalaya, West 'b. 17 Sub· Himalaya, West 10 18 Indo-Gangetic Plain, West ';'b. 19 Indo·Gliugetic Plai.n, Centra.l ib. 20 Central India Plateau 11 21 East Satpllras ib. 22 Sub.Him"layu., Ea.st ib. 23 Inuo Gangetic Plain, East ib. 24 Cultivation ib. 25 Irrigation 12 26 Rainfall 13 27 n. ...nwIloYs 'b. 28 Density of the people 14 29 Vadatiolls in density during the last thirty years .. b. SO Density in oities 15 31 Urban and Rural popul... tion 16 3:& I-{ouse~room 18 Chapter Il.-THE MOVEMENT OF POPULATION. 33 Rainfall 28- 34 Trade 29 35 Di:::Jea!o:le 30 36 Movoment of population in distriots a,. 37 Excessi ve R.ainfall 31 38 Deficient Rainfall 32 39 Himalaya, Wost ib. iii ", INDEX TO PART I-(continucd). PABA. PAGB. 40 Sub· Himalaya, West 32 41 Indo·Gangetic pla.in. West 33 42 Indo·Ga.ngetic Plain, Central 84 43 Central Iodia Plateau 35 44 East Satpuras 86 45 Sub·Hima.laya, East i". 46 Indo·Gangetic Plain, East 36 47 Summary 8'1 48 Towns .. ". 49 Immigration 38 50 Immigra.tion in cities 40 .51 Emigratign in India 41 53 Vari... tion in intern... l Migration ib. ·63 Migration to Feuda.tory States 43 54 Variation in Migration to other par.ts of India ib. 5::> Emigration outside India 44 56 Vital statistics 45 .57 Vital statistics in Rllra.1 areas .. ". .58 Check on vit.. lst .. tisti1J8 4'1 59 Vital statistics in Urban areas i". ··60 Com pita tion of vital statistics 4S 61 Effects of famine 49 62 Comparison between the J!l)sults of 1891 and 1901 ,"0. ~3 Hill stations 51 £4 Hill dis tricts ,52 Chapter III.-RELIGION. 65 Enumeration 63 66 General results ..b. ·61 Variations.-Hindns and Masalmans ib. ,68 Sikbs sa,' 66 ,69 Jains .. b. 70 Buddh.ists 67 71 .. ?ar8is, Jews and Brahmos ib. 72 Christians ib. 73 Native Christians 68 74 .Aryas 69 ''15 Hinduism 70 76 A.nimistic Hinduism 77 77 Hindu sectarian di visions ib. 73 The Radha Swami sect 78 .-79 Its relations to otber systems 80 80 Tendencies of Hinduism 81 ,81 The A.rya Samaj 82 ,82 It. Principles or Belief ib. ·83 Ritual of the Arya Samaj 83 ·84- Socia.l aima 84 85 Organisation Rnd Propaganda 86 .86 Differences between the Samaj and Hinduism , •• 87 .87 Position and prospects of the Samaj 88 iv INDEX TO PART .I-(continued). PARA. P.&GB. 88 The Arya Samaj as a political institution; !Jl 89 Islam 02 90 Affinities with Hinduism 95 91 Sectarian divisions 9ti 02 The Ahmadiya sect ;'6. 93 Present Tendencios 97 94 The futllre of Cbristi.. uity 98 \ Chapter IV.-AGE, SEX AND CIVl, 'NDITION. 95 Val ue of the data 105 96 Adjustment of the age tables ill. 97 Comparison of the results from 1881 to 1901 ••• 107 98 Ages iu selected districts 108 Moa.n age .... 10!) Ages iu cities ';b. Age by religion ib. B.-SEX. 102 Proportion of females to 1,000 males 110 103 Accuracy of the statistics ill. 104 Causes affecting a natural distribution 112 105 ·rheories rega.l·ding sex 113 106 Sex in rela.tion to ca.ste 115· C.-CIVIL CONDITION. 107 Meaning of the term married ib-. 108 Age at marriage 116 109 Prevalence of marriage 118 110 Variations since 1881 ... ill. III Remarriage of widows 119 112 Vivorce 120 113 Polygamy 121. 114 Polyandry ib. 115 Female infanticide 122' Chapter V.-EDUCATION. 116 Mea.ning of the term" literate" 152 11'7 General results il>. 118 Literacy in different districts il>. 119 Literacy by religion 153- 120 Female education 154> 121 English education 155 122 Literacy in selected castes ill. 123 Variations in literacy .. 7>. 124 IJiteracy in oi tics 156 125 Literacy in differeut chara.cters 157 126 Causes affecting progress of education 158· Chapter VI.-LANGUAGE. 127 EnUlneration alld tabulation 174 128 Classification 175- 129 Historical connections 17& v PARA. PAGE. 130 Western Hindi 178 131 Natural divisions in which western Hindi is spoken 180 132 Eastern Hindi ib. 133 Dialects of Eastern Hindi 181 134 Distribution of Eastern Hindi ib. 135 Bihar; 182 136 Dialect. of Bihari ib. 137 DIstribution of Bihui ib. 138 Hill dia.lects of Kumaun ib. 139 General distribution of langnages ... 183 140 Lines of development at the present day 185 Chapter VII.-INFIRMITIES. 141 Genet'al 195 142 Varia.tions since 1881 ib. A. -INS.ANITY. 14a Distriullthm ~b. LU InBauity in differpot castes 1~6 145 Distribution of insane persons by age aud sex ..• ih. 146 Variation" since lH81 in. 147 Causer:. ()f Ins:.\nity 197 B.-DB.AF-MUTISM. 148 Distriblltion 198 149 Deaf.mntes by ag" 31ld sex ..... in. 150 Variations since 1881 .... 19~ 151 Cat1:s.es affecttng dear-mutism 200 C.-BLINDNESS. 152 Diotr. hut;",> 201 153 Dliudne.s by age and se", ib. Variati')ns sifled 18~1 .•• 221 ,:;5 Cuase.s .affecting o~indllPs~ 202 D.- .LEPROSY. 1&6 Distrib11tion ib. 157 Lepl'Oby in. se;eo.:ted ca.stes 203 158 LeperB by n~e and sex ..• ib 150 Variations since 1881 in. 16,' Cundltions affecting lept"osy ib. Chapter VIII.-CASTE, TRIBE OR RACE. A. -Hr:-<Dtro. 161 Caste at the present time 201:{ 162 Caste ill rela.tion to socitt.l matters 212 163 The native thoory of c"'.te 214 J64 'l""'he schelne of socirl.l prceedentJo 216 165 Group 1. -Bl'aLm;ns 218 166 I L -Castes o.nicd to Bra.hmins 21~ lG7 I ll.-Kshattriya 221 J 168 IV .--CnBtcB allied tn Ksh.
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