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Proceedings of the American Journalism Historians' Association Conference (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994)

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Proceedings of the American Journalism Historians' Association Conference (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994) DOCUMENT RESUME ED 379 670 CS 214 741 TITLE Proceedings of the American Journalism Historians' Association Conference (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994). Part II. INSTITUTION American Journalism Historians' Association. PUB DATE Oct 94 NOTE 603p.; For 1993 Proceedings, see ED 367 975-977. For part I of the 1994 Proceedings, see CS 214 740. Mary M. Cronin's paper is missing page 29 (part of the reference list) . PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE HF03/PC25 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Codes of Ethics; *Colonial History (United States); 'Films; Foreign Countries; Freedom of Speech; *International Communication; *Journalism History; *Newspapers; Periodicals; Policy Formation; Propaganda; Vietnam War; World War II IDENTIFIERS Black Press; Fairness Doctrine; Foreign Language Press; Internal Revenue Service; *Media History; *Womens Suffrage ABSTRACT The second part of the proceedings of this conference of journalism historians contains the following 21 papers: "The First Information Revolution" (Irving Fang); "The 'Andromeda Strain' Phenomenon: Mutating Systems and International Communication Policy" (Eliza Tanner); "Guns or Butter?: Black Press Editorial Policy toward the Vietnam War" (William J. Leonhirth); "Print Journalism in Mexico: From Printing Pressto Revolutionary Press. 1536-1821" (Victoria Goff); "Combatting Economics and the Print Advertising Trend during World War II: IRS Tax Rulings and the War Bond Drives" (Edward E. Adams and Rajiv Sekhri); "Justice, Progress, and a Preserved Republic: Benjamin Orange.Flower and the Arena" (Mary H. Cronin); "Mark Fowler and the Fairness Doctrine: An Analysis of Speeches and Articles 1981-1987" (Jan H. Samoriski); "American Film Propaganda in Revolutionary Russia" (James D. Startt); "Milton Caniff: A Summing Up" (Lucy Shelton Caswell); "Campbell's 'Boston News-Letter': Some Not-So-Boring Sheets of News" (Alan Neckowitz); "Defining the American Heroine Women of Godey's 'Lady's Book'" (Janice Hume); "Cultural Politics and the Press in the Third Republic" (Andre Spies); "The General Circulation Press as a Tool for Propaganda: The Wisconsin Suffrage Movement, 1910-1919" (Elizabeth V. Burt); "Women in the News: A Look at the Presentation of American Women in News Magazines from 1945 to 1963" (Karla K. Gower); "Negotiating Class and Ethnicity: The Polish- and Yiddish-Language Press in Chicago" (Jon Bekken); "The Role of Government in Global. Media Flows: The Commerce Department and Hollywood Exports, 1921-33" (Ulf Jonas Bjork); "Uncovering a Mid-Nineteenth Century Press Association Code of Ethics" (Stephen A. Banning); "Women's Pages or People's Pages: The Production of News for Women in the 'Washington Post' in the 1950s" (Mei ling Yang); "A Revolutionist Must Have His Say in Court Even-If It Kills Him: Benjamin Gitlow, His Conviction for Criminal Anarchy, and What It Meant for Freedom of Speech" (TJ Hemlinger); "The Misconduct of the 'New England Courant'" (David Phillip Moore); and "'The Suffragist': The National Woman's Party Wields the Power of the Press" (Linda Lumsden). (RS) PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1994 CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN JOURNALISM HISTORIANS ASSOCIATION Part II (Roanoke, Virginia, Octclier 6-8, 1994) U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Onenttaixahnnali-tesnanhanci,,,tvnvonwsi EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION "PERMISSION T" REPRODUCE THIS CENTER IFRICI MATERIAL HAS SEEN GRANTED BY )4% This ar. mirent hasbeen roprodured do ieseived limn the person or oryanyabon originating it BEST COPYAVAILABLE Minor change,, have been made to improve repoductIon quality Points of view or opinions stated in this document it, on? nur ostailly represent utter nil OE RI position or policy TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENT ER (ERICI 2 I The First Information Revolution Irving Fang ?rofessor School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Minnesota 206Church St., S.E. Minneapolis, MN55455 Phone: 612-625-5868 Internet: [email protected] Abstract (The First Information Revolution) The first information revolution may be characterized as the Writing Revolution. Written symbols to objectify speech and codify information aided peoples to govern themselves, to trade, and to express a religious faith. By making the spoken word permanent, it changed the human condition. The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Phoenicians introduced writing into the Hellenic world. The Greeks improved this gift by adding vowel sounds and both expanding and contracting it to create the uniquely Greek alphabet. The Writing Revol-lion proceeded Slowly, unfolding over five centuries from the Greek emergence out of their Dark Ages to the death of Alexander the Great. For the knowledge that it carried on papyrus and in the heac.s of travelers, the Mediterranean deserves to be recognized as the world's first information superhighway. During this period, approximately the 8th through the 4th centuries B.C., the world's first democracies formed in the Greek city-states. It had taken about five hundred years for literacy to suffuse the predominantly oral Greek society, roughly the length of time between the day that Moses brought the Laws from the hand of God and a time of widespread literacy among the Children of Israel. It is reasonable to assume that writing sped through society because it was a sensible way to communicate and archive information. Commerce beyond the village would come to rely heavily on its diffusion. And government officials surely learned early to love written documents, a love that has withstood the erosion of the centuries. Like our current 20th century information revolution, that earlier historical watershed in human affairs came about with a convergence of communication technologies in a location receptive to change. The technologies were the phonetic alphabet and papyrus, a suitable writing surface brought north from Egypt. They fell on fertile soil, for the Greeks, enmeshed in political and economic turmoil, were intelligent, curious, and relatively free. Above all, their focus was humanistic. Located beyond the peripheries of the vast Assyrian and Egyptian empires, yet trading with them, the Greeks created their own culture, borrowing from their neighbors to formulate what became uniquely their own. With the alphabet and papyrus the Greeks started an information revolution that embraced philosophy and metaphysics, science, mathematics, medicine, politics, and the arts. The Greek genius for abstract thinking, for logic, for analysis, for rationality, and for plain common sense would light up Western civilization. 4 The First InformationRevolution The wish to remember somethingby writing it down ledover the course of millennia to thestart of the first information revolution.It and the revolutions that followed wouldshape humankindmore than any wars or any kings ever did or could.Witha few scratches our inventive ancestors set in motion thenever ending story of information, the communication and storage of knowledgeoutside the brain.Here broke history's long dawn. Thousands of years wouldpass after those first scratches beforea remarkable people living in communitiesscattered around the Mediterranean Sea woulduse two tools of communication a kind of hardware imported from the south anda software brought from the east and modified to produce such content as the world hadnever known.In the hands of the Greeks the combiningof papyrus and the phonetic alphabet to produce simple, transportablewriting formedthe basis for an information revolution as powerfulas anything likely to appear in today's headlines.With a written culture, informationwould be shared without the constraints of time and distance.Knowledge would becomelimitless. Yet lost along the way would bethe old oral culture with itsown benefits. Defining an Information Revolution Whatwould constitute an information revolution?The word "revolution" implies a sudden and oftenviolent change, but revolutionscan be more subtle, evolvingover decades, even centuries.'In the general parlance, "revolution" isan overwrought description ofany societal developments. The word longago became a cliché.Consider it in thesense of profound changes, traceableto identifiable origins, which permanently affect entire societies, changes thathave shaken politicalstructures and influenced economic development,communal activity, and personal behavior.Unlike so many ofour wars and switching of rulers, information revolutions Create changes that stick.The new media of information become part of the changing society. BEST COPYAVAILABLE 5 Z. Ed 9t4V.4 9141/181 It appears evident that foran information revolution to succeed, media which will providenew means for communicationmust spread through societies already undergoingchange.Communication technologies by themselves are not enough.In a symbiotic exchange, thedissemination of the media both aids and is aided bywhatever has shaken the existing order, for those who seek change willgrasp whatever means will help them to achieve theirgoat: to get their message across, toget power, or to get rich. Effective political and social revolutions those which permanently influence the lives of most inhabitants do not emanate from royaledicts. They grow from disturbed soil,an openness to change, at least atsome societal levels.Media join the turbulence, fasteningmeans to purpose. The tools of communicationbecome weapons in some hands, whilein other hands they serve to extend mankind'sknowledge and the richnessof intelligent life.Turmoil leads to independence
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