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University of Jyväskylä Tuntematon Sotilas and Its UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ TUNTEMATON SOTILAS AND ITS ENGLISH AND GERMAN TRANSLATIONS: A STUDY OF REALIA A Pro Gradu Thesis in English by Anna Naukkarinen Department of Languages 2006 HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA KIELTEN LAITOS Anna Naukkarinen TUNTEMATON SOTILAS AND ITS ENGLISH AND GERMAN TRANSLATIONS: A STUDY OF REALIA Pro gradu -tutkielma Englannin kieli Elokuu 2006 91 sivua + liitteet Vaikka kääntäminen on ikivanhaa, alkoi käännöstiede kehittyä omaksi tieteenalakseen vasta 1950-luvulla. Käännöstiede on kehittynyt alun lingvistisistä teorioista yhä kommunikatiivisempaan suuntaan ja uudemmat suuntaukset keskittyvät enenevässä määrin tulokieleen lähtökielen sijasta. Tämän tutkielman aiheena olivat realiat, eli kulttuurisesti muodostuneet sanat, joille ei ole vastinetta muissa kielissä. Realiat jaotellaan maantieteellisiin, historiallisiin, sosiaalisiin ja kulttuurisiin. Suomalaisia realioita ovat esimerkiksi rapakivi , kansalaissota , karjalanpiirakka sekä KELA . Vastineen puuttuessa realiat muodostavat käännösongelman, jonka kääntäjä ratkaisee käyttämällä käännösstrategiaa. Käännösstrategiat ovat kääntäjän tietoisia tai automatisoituneita ratkaisuja tekstissä tavattaviin ongelmiin. Laajemmin käännösstrategiat jaetaan kotouttavaan ja vieraannuttavaan strategiaan. Kotouttavassa käännöksessä vieraat ainekset on muokattu sopimaan kohdekielen kulttuuriin. Tällöin realiakäsitteiden käännösstrategioina voidaan käyttää etenkin yläkäsitteitä, kulttuurista adaptaatiota ja poistoja. Vieraannuttavassa käännöksessä tekstin vieraus säilytetään, realiat lainataan suoraan alkukielestä tai selitetään tekstissä tai alaviitteessä. Käännöksissä strategian valinta ei ole kuitenkaan näin yksiselitteinen, vaan kaikkia strategioita käytetään. Aiempi tutkimus osoittaa, että mitä suurempi kulttuurillinen ero lähtö- ja kohdekulttuurin välillä on, sitä suuremmalla todennäköisyydellä käännös on kotouttava. Tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin Väinö Linnan Tuntemattoman sotilaan englanninkielistä käännöstä Unknown soldier vuodelta 1986 sekä saksankielistä käännöstä Kreuze in Karelien vuodelta 1955. Tutkimuksessa realiat etsittiin alkuteoksesta sekä niiden vastineet käännöksistä ja ryhmiteltiin ne käännösstrategian mukaan yhdestä yhdeksään. Alkuperäisen seitsemän strategian lisäksi mukana jaottelussa olivat käännösvirhe sekä sanat, jotka ovat realioita vain toisessa vieraista kielistä tai joita ei muista syistä otettu mukaan tutkimukseen. Tulokset analysoitiin kvantitatiivisesti sekä realiatyypin että käännösstrategian näkökulmasta. Tutkielmassa ei arvioitu käännösten laatua. Tutkielman tulokset viittasivat siihen, että englanninkielisen käännöksen päästrategia oli kotouttaminen ja käännös oli tulotekstiin keskittynyt. Käännökseen oli mm. tehty paljon poistoja. Saksankielisen käännöksen päästrategiana oli vieraannuttaminen. Yleisin strategia oli käännöslaina ja poistoja oli hyvin vähän, joten käännös keskittyi lähtökieleen. Asiasanat: Translation Studies, translation strategy, culture-specific translating, realia 3 I INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 6 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................... 9 2.1 History of Translation Studies............................................................. 9 2.1.1 Development of translating........................................................... 9 2.1.2 Development of TS....................................................................... 10 2.2. Important concepts of TS.................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Equivalence................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Acceptability and adequacy ....................................................... 14 2.2.3. Interference ................................................................................. 15 2.2.4 Translation error ......................................................................... 16 2.3 Main theories....................................................................................... 16 2.3.1. Dividing theories of TS............................................................... 17 2.3.2 Linguistic theories........................................................................ 18 2.3.3 Communicative theories.............................................................. 18 2.3.4 Manipulation theory .................................................................... 19 2.3.5 Skopos theory ............................................................................... 21 2.3.6 Recent developments ................................................................... 23 2.4 Defining translation ............................................................................ 26 2.4.1 Definitions for translating........................................................... 26 2.4.2 Translation categories ................................................................. 28 2.4.3 Ideal translation ........................................................................... 30 2.4.4 Role of the translator................................................................... 31 2.5 Problems with translations................................................................. 32 2.5.1 Overview of translation problems .............................................. 32 2.5.2 Intralinguistic problems .............................................................. 33 2.5.3 Extralinguistic problems ............................................................. 34 2.5.4 Defining realia.............................................................................. 35 2.5.5 Classification of realia ................................................................. 37 2.6 Translation strategies ......................................................................... 39 2.6.1. Defining translation strategy ..................................................... 39 2.6.2. Broad division of strategies........................................................ 40 4 2.7 Realia translation strategies............................................................... 43 2.7.1 Direct transfer .............................................................................. 43 2.7.2 Calque ........................................................................................... 43 2.7.3 Cultural adaptation ..................................................................... 44 2.7.4 Superordinate term...................................................................... 45 2.7.5 Explicitation.................................................................................. 45 2.7.6 Addition ........................................................................................ 46 2.7.7 Omission........................................................................................ 47 2.7.8. Summarizing realia translation strategies................................ 47 3 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON REALIA ....................................................... 48 3.1 Translation problems.......................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Problem-solving strategies .......................................................... 48 3.1.2 Stylistic effect of realia translation............................................. 49 3.2. Studies on realia................................................................................. 50 3.2.1 Translatability of realia............................................................... 50 3.2.2 Influence of realia translation..................................................... 51 3.2.3. Realia translation strategies....................................................... 53 3.2.4 Realia in subtitling ....................................................................... 54 4 THE PRESENT STUDY ........................................................................... 56 4.1 Data ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Research questions.............................................................................. 56 4.3 Research design................................................................................... 57 4.3.1 Research data ............................................................................... 57 4.3.2 Methodology ................................................................................. 58 5 DATA ANALYSIS..................................................................................... 59 5.1 Realia types in TuSo ........................................................................... 59 5.1.1 Geographical realia in TuSo ....................................................... 60 5.1.2 Historical realia in TuSo ............................................................. 62 5.1.3 Social realia in TuSo.................................................................... 64 5.1.4 Cultural realia in TuSo................................................................ 68 5.2. Realia translation strategies.............................................................. 69 5.2.1 Realia translation strategies in KK ............................................ 70 5 5.2.2. Realia translation strategies in US ............................................ 81 6 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 88 7 APPENDIX................................................................................................. 92 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................
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