RACISM IN AMERICA This page intentionally left blank Racism in America A Reader foreword by ANNETTE GORDON-REED Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England Copyright © 2020 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Cover design and lettering by Cymone Wilder. ISBN 978-0-674-25166-3 (EPUB) ISBN 978-0-674-25167-0 (MOBI) ISBN 978-0-674-25165-6 (PDF) The Credits constitute an extension of the copyright page. contents List of Contributors ix A Note on Language xv Foreword by Annette Gordon-Reed xvii Excerpts Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992) 1 toni morrison Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market (2000) 10 walter johnson Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West (2006) 22 ned blackhawk Southern Horrors: W omen and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (2009) 31 crystal n. feimster Freedom Strug gles: African Americans and World War I (2009) 43 adriane lentz-smith The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban Amer ica (2010) 56 khalil gibran muhammad Seeing Patients: Unconscious Bias in Health Care (2011) 70 augustus a. white iii, md v vi Contents Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America (2013) 78 vivek bald Lines of Descent: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity (2014) 89 kwame anthony appiah From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in Amer ica (2016) 98 elizabeth hinton Dark Ghettos: Injustice, Dissent, and Reform (2016) 107 tommie shelby Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century (2017) 117 tera w. hunter The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation (2017) 130 stuart hall The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap (2017) 142 mehrsa baradaran The Chinese Must Go: Violence , Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America (2018) 153 beth lew-williams The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (2018) 163 monica muoz martinez The Privileged Poor: How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students (2019) 170 anthony abraham jack Hattiesburg: An American City in Black and White (2019) 179 william sturkey Contents vii Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration (2020) 194 nicole r. feetwood Being Property Once Myself: Blackness and the End of Man (2020) 209 joshua bennett Notes 221 Credits 275 This page intentionally left blank contributors Foreword Annette Gordon-Reed is the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. She is Charles Warren Professor of American Legal History at Harvard Law School and Professor of History at Harvard University. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination Toni Morrison (1931–2019) was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, a National Book Critics Circle Award, and a Pulitzer Prize. The author of numerous critically acclaimed works of fction and nonfction, she was the Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Humanities, Emeritus, at Princeton University. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market Walter Johnson is Winthrop Professor of History and Professor of African and African American Studies at Harvard University. He is the author of River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom and, most recently, The Broken Heart of America: St. Louis and the Violent History of the United States. Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West Ned Blackhawk (Western Shoshone) is Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University. The Native American and Indigenous Studies ix x Contributors Association awarded Violence over the Land its Book of the Decade Award as “one of the ten most infuential books in Native American and Indigenous Studies in the frst decade of the twenty-frst century.” Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching Crystal N. Feimster is Associate Professor of African American Studies, History, and American Studies at Yale University, where she received the prestigious Yale Provost Teaching Prize for 2013–2014. Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I Adriane Lentz-Smith is Associate Professor of History at Duke University and senior fellow at the Kenan Institute for Ethics, hosting its community conversations series, “The Ethics of Now.” She served as consultant to the PBS documentary The Jazz Ambassadors and can be seen on American Experience’s “The Great War.” The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America Khalil Gibran Muhammad is Professor of History, Race, and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School and Suzanne Young Murray Professor at the Radclife Institute for Advanced Study. He was formerly Director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, a division of the New York Public Library and the world’s leading library and archive of global Black history. Seeing Patients: Unconscious Bias in Health Care Augustus A. White III, MD, is Professor of Medical Education and Orthopaedic Surgery at Harvard Medical School and the frst African American department chief at Harvard’s teaching hospitals. Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America Vivek Bald is Associate Professor of Comparative Media Studies and Writing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the director of the documentary flms Taxi-vala / Auto-biography and Mutiny: Asians Storm British Music, and is working on a flm based on Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America. Contributors xi Lines of Descent: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity Kwame Anthony Appiah writes the Ethicist column for the New York Times Magazine. A professor of philosophy and law at New York University, he is the best-selling, award-winning author of The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity; Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers; The Ethics of Identity; and The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America Elizabeth Hinton is Associate Professor of History and African American Studies at Yale University and Professor of Law at Yale Law School. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime received widespread acclaim and was named a New York Times Notable Book and one of Oprah Magazine’s “Books to Better Understand the History of Racism in America.” Dark Ghettos: Injustice, Dissent, and Reform Tommie Shelby is Caldwell Titcomb Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard University. In addition to Dark Ghettos he is the author of We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity and coeditor with Brandon M. Terry of To Shape a New World: Essays on the Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century Tera W. Hunter is Edwards Professor of American History and Professor of African American Studies at Princeton University. Bound in Wedlock won the inaugural Stone Book Award from the Museum of African American History in addition to four other book awards. Hunter’s previous book was To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War. The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation Stuart Hall was an infuential Jamaican-born British sociologist and cultural theorist. He was Professor of Sociology at the Open University, the founding editor of New Left Review, and Director of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. xii Contributors The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap Mehrsa Baradaran is Professor of Law at UC Irvine Law and a celebrated authority on banking law. In addition to the prizewinning The Color of Money, she is author of How the Other Half Banks: Exclusion, Exploitation, and the Threat to Democracy. She has advised US senators and representatives on policy and spoken at national and international forums including the World Bank. The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America Beth Lew-Williams is a historian of race and migration in the United States. She is Associate Professor of History at Princeton University. The Chinese Must Go won fve book awards, including the Ray Allen Billington Prize and the Ellis W. Hawley Prize from the Organization of American Historians and the Caroline Bancroft History Prize. The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas Monica Muoz Martinez is Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas, Austin. She is cofounder of the nonproft organization Refusing to Forget, which calls for a public reckoning with racial violence in Texas. In addition to winning six book prizes, The Injustice Never Leaves You in 2019 was named a Five Books Best Book on White Supremacy and Texas Observer Best Texas Book of the Decade. The Privileged Poor: How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students Anthony Abraham Jack is Assistant Professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and Shutzer Assistant Professor at the Radclife Institute for Advanced Study. He has written for the New York Times and the Washington Post, and his research has been featured on The Open Mind, All Things Considered, and CNN. The Privileged Poor was named an NPR Books Best Book of 2019. Hattiesburg: An American City in Black and White William Sturkey is Assistant Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he teaches courses on African American history and the history of the American South. Hattiesburg won the 2020 Zócalo Book Prize. Contributors xiii Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration Nicole R. Fleetwood is Professor of American Studies and Art History at Rutgers University.