Université De Montréal BIOHACKING and CODE CONVERGENCE : A

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Université De Montréal BIOHACKING and CODE CONVERGENCE : A Université de Montréal BIOHACKING AND CODE CONVERGENCE : A TRANSDUCTIVE ETHNOGRAPHY par Sarah Choukah Département de communication Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph.D.) en Communication janvier 2020 ⃝c Sarah Choukah, 2019 Université de Montréal Département de Communication, Faculté des Arts et Sciences Cette thèse intitulée Biohacking and Code Convergence: A Transductive Ethnography Présentée par Sarah Choukah A été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Brian Massumi Président-rapporteur Bardini Thierry Directeur de recherche Kathy High Membre du jury Christopher Kelty Examinateur externe François-Joseph Lapointe Représentant du Doyen Sommaire Cette thèse se déploie dans un espace de discours et de pratiques revendicatrices, à l’inter- section des cultures amateures informatiques et biotechniques, euro-américaines contempo- raines. La problématique se dessinant dans ce croisement culturel examine des métaphores et analogies au coeur d’un traffic intense, au milieu de voies de commmunications imposantes, reliant les technologies informatiques et biotechniques comme lieux d’expression médiatique. L’examen retrace les lignes de force, les médiations expressives en ces lieux à travers leurs manifestations en tant que codes —à la fois informatiques et génétiques— et reconnaît les caractères analogiques d’expressivité des codes en tant que processus de convergence. Émergeant lentement, à partir des années 40 et 50, les visions convergentes des codes ont facilité l’entrée des ordinateurs personnels dans les marchés, ainsi que dans les garages de hackers, alors que des bricoleurs de l’informatique s’en réclamaient comme espace de liberté d’information —et surtout d’innovation. Plus de cinquante ans plus tard, l’analogie entre codes informatiques et génétiques sert de moteur aux revendications de liberté, informant cette fois les nouvelles applications de la biotechnologie de marché, ainsi que l’activité des biohackers, ces bricoleurs de garage en biologie synthétique. Les pratiques du biohacking sont ainsi comprises comme des individuations : des tentatives continues de résoudre des frictions, des tensions travaillant les revendications des cultures amateures informatiques et biotechniques. Une des manières de moduler ces tensions s’incarne dans un processus connu sous le nom de forking, entrevu ici comme l’expérience d’une bifurcation. Autrement dit, le forking est ici définit comme passage vers un seuil critique, déclinant la technologie et la biologie sur plusieurs modes. Le forking informe —c’est-à-dire permet et contraint— différentes vi- sions collectives de l’ouverture informationnelle. Le forking intervient aussi sur les plans des iii semio-matérialités et pouvoirs d’action investis dans les pratiques biotechniques et informa- tiques. Pris comme processus de co-constitution et de différentiation de l’action collective, les mouvements de bifurcation invitent les trois questions suivantes : 1) Comment le forking catalyse-t-il la solution des tensions participant aux revendications des pratiques du bioha- cking ? 2) Dans ce processus de solution, de quelles manières les revendications changent de phase, bifurquent et se transforment, parfois au point d’altérer radicalement ces pratiques ? 3) Quels nouveaux problèmes émergent de ces solutions ? L’effort de recherche a trouvé ces questions, ainsi que les plans correspondants d’action sémio-matérielle et collective, incarnées dans trois expériences ethnographiques réparties sur trois ans (2012-2015) : la première dans un laboratoire de biotechnologie communautaire new- yorkais, la seconde dans l’émergence d’un groupe de biotechnologie amateure à Montréal, et la troisième à Cork, en Irlande, au sein du premier accélérateur d’entreprises en biologie synthétique au monde. La logique de l’enquête n’est ni strictement inductive ou déductive, mais transductive. Elle emprunte à la philosophie de la communication et de l’information de Gilbert Simondon et découvre l’épistémologie en tant qu’acte de création opérant en milieux relationnels. L’heuristique transductive offre des rencontres inusitées entre les métaphores et les analogies des codes. Ces rencontres étonnantes ont aménagé l’expérience de la conver- gence des codes sous forme de jeux d’écritures. Elles se sont retrouvées dans la recherche ethnographique en tant que processus transductifs. Mots clés : biohacking, biotechnologies, code, convergence, individuation, transduction, écriture. iv Summary This dissertation examines creative practices and discourses intersecting computer and biotech cultures. It queries influential metaphors and analogies on both sides of the inter- section, and their positioning of biotech and information technologies as expression media. It follows mediations across their incarnations as codes, both computational and biological, and situates their analogical expressivity and programmability as a process of code conver- gence. Converging visions of technological freedom facilitated the entrance of computers in 1960’s Western hobbyist hacker circles, as well as in consumer markets. Almost fifty years later, the analogy drives claims to freedom of information —and freedom of innovation— from biohacker hobbyist groups to new biotech consumer markets. Such biohacking practices are understood as individuations: as ongoing attempts to resolve frictions, tensions working through claims to freedom and openness animating software and biotech cultures. Tensions get modulated in many ways. One of them, otherwise known as “forking,” refers here to a critical bifurcation allowing for differing iterations of biotechnical and computa- tional configurations. Forking informs —that is, simultaneously affords and constrains— differing collective visions of openness. Forking also operates on the materiality and agency invested in biotechnical and computational practices. Taken as a significant process of co- constitution and differentiation in collective action, bifurcation invites the following three questions: 1) How does forking solve tensions working through claims to biotech freedom? 2) In this solving process, how can claims bifurcate and transform to the point of radically altering biotech practices? 3) what new problems do these solutions call into existence? This research found these questions, and both scales of material action and agency, in- carnated in three extensive ethnographical journeys spanning three years (2012-2015): the first in a Brooklyn-based biotech community laboratory, the second in the early days of a biotech community group in Montreal, and the third in the world’s first synthetic biology v startup accelerator in Cork, Ireland. The inquiry’s guiding empirical logic is neither solely deductive or inductive, but transductive. It borrows from Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of communication and information to experience epistemology as an act of analogical creation involving the radical, irreversible transformation of knower and known. Transductive heuris- tics offer unconvential encounters with practices, metaphors and analogies of code. In the end, transductive methods acknowledge code convergence as a metastable writing games, and ethnographical research itself as a transductive process. keywords: biohacking, biotechnology, code, convergence, transduction, individuation, writing. vi Contents Sommaire ................................................................. iii Summary ................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................. xi Chapter 1. Modulation I ................................................. 1 1.1. Preamble .................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Clickbait.................................................................. 1 1.1.2. Weirdo ................................................................... 5 1.2. Introduction ................................................................. 11 1.2.1. Open Source Biology...................................................... 11 1.2.2. Free Software ............................................................. 13 1.2.3. Academic literature: an overview of themes and approaches . 16 1.2.4. Forking Problematics ..................................................... 21 1.2.5. Transductive Ethnography ................................................ 28 1.3. The iHospital ................................................................ 32 1.4. First Workshops at Genspace ................................................ 35 1.5. The “Hello World” of Biohacking: Pipetting.................................. 37 1.5.1. Expression media ......................................................... 40 1.6. Biotech Crash Course ........................................................ 45 1.7. Excerpt of “Task List” ....................................................... 48 1.7.1. Ventriloqual arts .......................................................... 51 vii 1.7.2. Interface work ............................................................ 54 Chapter 2. Modulation II ................................................ 57 2.1. NYC Resistor ................................................................ 57 2.1.1. High Hackerspaces ........................................................ 60 2.1.2. Negative Spaces........................................................... 63 2.1.3. Nonaxioms of Nonsense ..................................................
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