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Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines Human Enhancement and Technologies Our Merger with Machines Human • Woodrow Barfield and Blodgett-Ford Sayoko Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines Edited by Woodrow Barfield and Sayoko Blodgett-Ford Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Philosophies www.mdpi.com/journal/philosophies Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines Editors Woodrow Barfield Sayoko Blodgett-Ford MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Woodrow Barfield Sayoko Blodgett-Ford Visiting Professor, University of Turin Boston College Law School Affiliate, Whitaker Institute, NUI, Galway USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Philosophies (ISSN 2409-9287) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/philosophies/special issues/human enhancement technologies). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0904-4 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0905-1 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of N. M. Ford. © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editors .............................................. vii Preface to ”Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines” ........ ix Woodrow Barfield and Sayoko Blodgett-Ford Introduction to Special Issue “Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines” Reprinted from: Philosophies 2021, 6, 9, doi:10.3390/philosophies6010009 .............. 1 Woodrow Barfield and Alexander Williams Cyborgs and Enhancement Technology Reprinted from: Philosophies 2017, 2, 4, doi:10.3390/philosophies2010004 .............. 5 Woodrow Barfield The Process of Evolution, Human Enhancement Technology, and Cyborgs Reprinted from: Philosophies 2019, 4, 10, doi:10.3390/philosophies4010010 ............. 25 Fiorella Battaglia Agency, Responsibility, Selves, and the Mechanical Mind Reprinted from: Philosophies 2021, 6, 7, doi:10.3390/philosophies6010007 .............. 39 Allen Coin, Megan Mulder and Veljko Dubljevi´c Ethical Aspects of BCI Technology: What Is the State of the Art? Reprinted from: Philosophies 2020, 5, 31, doi:10.3390/philosophies5040031 ............. 51 Marcelo de Araujo The Ethics of Genetic Cognitive Enhancement: Gene Editing or Embryo Selection? Reprinted from: Philosophies 2020, 5, 20, doi:10.3390/philosophies5030020 ............. 61 Chia Wei Fahn Marketing the Prosthesis: Supercrip and Superhuman Narratives in Contemporary Cultural Representations Reprinted from: Philosophies 2020, 5, 11, doi:10.3390/philosophies5030011 ............. 81 Jake Dunagan, Jairus Grove and Debora Halbert The Neuropolitics of Brain Science and Its Implications for Human Enhancement and Intellectual Property Law Reprinted from: Philosophies 2020, 5, 33, doi:10.3390/philosophies5040033 ............. 99 Woodrow Barfield and Alexander Williams Law, Cyborgs, and Technologically Enhanced Brains Reprinted from: Philosophies 2017, 2, 6, doi:10.3390/philosophies2010006 ..............115 Sahar Latheef and Adam Henschke Can a Soldier Say No to an Enhancing Intervention? Reprinted from: Philosophies 2020, 5, 13, doi:10.3390/philosophies5030013 .............133 Kevin Warwick Superhuman Enhancements via Implants: Beyond the Human Mind Reprinted from: Philosophies 2020, 5, 14, doi:10.3390/philosophies5030014 .............151 v Kevin Warwick Homo Technologicus: Threat or Opportunity? Reprinted from: Philosophies 2016, 1, 199, doi:10.3390/philosophies1030199 .............161 S. J. Blodgett-Ford Human Enhancements and Voting: Towards a Declaration of Rights and Responsibilities of Beings Reprinted from: Philosophies 2021, 6, 5, doi:10.3390/philosophies6010005 ..............171 vi About the Editors Woodrow Barfield (currently, Visiting Professor of Law, University of Turin, Italy; affiliate, Whitaker Institute, NUI, Galway): Woodrow (Woody) Barfield, Ph.D., J.D., LLM is a speaker, lecturer, and author who served as a Professor of Engineering at the University of Washington where he received the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award and where he directed the Sensory Engineering Laboratory. His research revolves around the design and use of wearable computers, augmented and virtual reality systems, and law and technology. He served as the Senior Editor of Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments and recently published “Musings on Presence Twenty-Five Years after ‘Being There’” about his work on Presence within virtual environments. He is currently Associate Editor of the Virtual Reality Journal and is the Senior Editor of the first and second editions of Fundamentals of Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality. His book “Cyber Humans: Our Future with Machines” talks about the possibility of a future in which humans may eventually merge with the technology/machines we are creating, including artificial intelligence. He edited “The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms”, co-edited “The Research Handbook on Law and AI” (with Ugo Pagallo), co-authored “Advanced Introduction to Law and Artificial Intelligence” (with Ugo Pagallo), and co-edited “Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design”, “Human Factors in Intelligent Transportation Systems”, and the “Research Handbook on the Law of Virtual and Augmented Reality” (with Marc Blitz). Woody earned his PhD in Engineering from Purdue University and his JD degree and LLM in intellectual property law and policy, serving as an editor of the Journal of Law, Technology & Arts. He has authored numerous publications and presented at national and international conferences, including keynote addresses and articles in engineering and law review journals. Sayoko Blodgett-Ford (Adjunct Professor, Boston College Law School, Newton Centre, MA 02459, USA, and Principal, GTC Law Group PC & Affiliates, Westwood, MA 02090, USA): Sayoko’s practice focuses on intellectual property, contracts and privacy/data protection in mergers and acquisitions. She has extensive expertise in connection with technology M&A transactions. Sayoko is an Adjunct at Boston College Law School, where she teaches Artificial Intelligence and the Law and Mobile Apps & Big Data-Legal Contributions. She has also taught Privacy Law (2017–2019). She has also served as Lecturer in Law at the University of Hawai’i Law School, where she has taught Internet Law & Policy, Intellectual Property, Contracts Drafting, High-Growth Entrepreneurship and Administrative Law, among other subjects. She served as a Court Appointed Arbitrator for the Hawai’i State District Court—First Circuit. She previously served as acting general counsel of Tetris Online, Inc. and as Senior Manager of the Intellectual Property Group at Nintendo of America Inc. in Redmond, Washington. At Nintendo, Sayoko was responsible for domestic and international intellectual property clearance, defense, registration, and enforcement. Her particular areas of focus included patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret and advertising, as well as privacy law compliance and video game ratings compliance. Sayoko has also taught advertising law in the University of Washington IP LLM program. Prior to Nintendo, Sayoko practiced at Foley Hoag LLP and was a law clerk for Judge Douglas P. Woodlock, U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Sayoko holds a B.S. in Physics from the College of William and Mary, an M.S. in Physics from the University of Maryland, and a J.D. from Yale Law School. Her publications include Human Enhancements and Voting: Towards a Declaration of Rights and vii Responsibilities of Beings, in Philosophies https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6010005; A Real Right to Privacy for Artificial Intelligence (book chapter) in Research Handbook on the Law of Artificial Intelligence (Publisher: Edward Elgar) (Woodrow Barfield and Ugo Pagallo, editors) (2018) https:// www.e-elgar.com/shop/research-handbook-on-the-law-of-artificial-intelligence; Advertising Legal Issues in Virtual and Augmented Reality (book chapter) in Research Handbook on the Law of Virtual and Augmented Reality (Publisher: Edward Elgar) (Woodrow Barfield and Marc Blitz, editors) (2018) (co-authors: Woodrow Barfield and Alexander Williams); and Data Privacy Legal Issues in Virtual and Augmented Reality (book chapter) in Research Handbook on the Law of Virtual and Augmented Reality (Publisher: Edward Elgar) (Woodrow Barfield and Marc Blitz, editors) (2018) (co-author Mirjam Supponen) https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/ research-handbook-on-the-law-of-virtual-and-augmented-reality. viii Preface to ”Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines” This book represents a collection of papers that comprised two Special Issues which were published in the online journal Philosophies. Eight of the papers are from the Special Issue on “Human Enhancement Technologies and Our Merger with Machines”, which was
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