PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING FACILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA; CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

BY

SAJINYAN, OLANREWAJU OLAKUNLE

18/ENG05/055

SUBMITTED TO MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONICS DEPARTMENT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ABUAD

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ENG 384: ENGINEERING LAW

2ND MAY, 2021 ABSTRACT With time, technology and engineering keep progressing across the world. In ancient times, it started with only civil engineering which involved the building of structures like houses for shelter or tools to make farming easier. Now there’s a wide range of individual engineering studies one can dive into inside this modern age. Some examples being Electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer engineering, even software engineering. Some of these modern age engineering programs can be further divided into other engineering categories Mechatronics engineering included. Other engineering disciplines from these categories include: Bio-Medical engineering, Structural engineering, Aeronautical Engineering. In this paper, planning and construction of Mechatronics engineering structures and facilities for sustainable development in Nigeria; its challenges as well as its way forward will be treated. INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING Mechatronics, also called mechatronics engineering, is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that focuses on the engineering of electronic, electrical and mechanical engineering systems, and also includes a combination of robotics, electronics, computer, telecommunications, systems, control, and product engineering. As technology advances over time, various subfields of engineering have succeeded in both adapting and multiplying. The intention of mechatronics is to produce a design solution that unifies each of these various subfields. Originally, the field of mechatronics was intended to be nothing more than a combination of mechanics and electronics, hence the name being a portmanteau of mechanics and electronics; however, as the complexity of technical systems continued to evolve, the definition had been broadened to include more technical areas. The word mechatronics originated in Japanese-English and was created by Tetsuro Mori, an engineer of Yaskawa Electric Corporation. The word mechatronics was registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the registration number of "46-32714" in 1971. However, the company later released the right to use the word to public, where upon the word began being used across the world. Nowadays, the word is translated into many languages and is considered an essential term for advanced automated industry. Many people treat mechatronics as a modern buzzword synonymous with automation, robotics and electromechanical engineering. French standard NF E 01-010 gives the following definition: "approach aiming at the synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics, control theory, and computer science within product design and manufacturing, in order to improve and/or optimize its functionality". Description A mechatronics engineer unites the principles of mechanics, electronics, and computing to generate a simpler, more economical and reliable system. The term "mechatronics" was coined by Tetsuro Mori, the senior engineer of the Japanese company Yaskawa in 1969. An industrial robot is a prime example of a mechatronics system; it includes aspects of electronics, mechanics, and computing to do its day-to-day jobs. Engineering cybernetics deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. It is used to control or regulate such a system . Through collaboration, the mechatronic modules perform the production goals and inherit flexible and agile manufacturing properties in the production scheme. Modern production equipment consists of mechatronic modules that are integrated according to a control architecture. The most known architectures involve hierarchy, polyarchy, heterarchy, and hybrid. The methods for achieving a technical effect are described by control algorithms, which might or might not utilize formal methods in their design. Hybrid systems important to mechatronics include production systems, synergy drives, planetary exploration rovers, automotive subsystems such as anti-lock braking systems and spin-assist, and everyday equipment such as autofocus cameras, video, hard disks, CD players and phones. Course Structure: Mechatronics students take courses in various fields: Mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering Electronics engineering Electrical engineering Computer engineering Computer science Systems engineering Control engineering Optical engineering Telecommunications Applications Machine vision Automation and robotics Servo-mechanics Sensing and control systems Automotive engineering, automotive equipment in the design of subsystems such as anti-lock braking systems Building automation / Home automation Computer-machine controls, such as computer driven machines like CNC milling machines, CNC waterjets, and CNC plasma cutters Expert systems Industrial goods Consumer products Mechatronics systems Medical mechatronics, medical imaging systems Structural dynamic systems Transportation and vehicular systems Mechatronics as the new language of the automobile Computer aided and integrated manufacturing systems Computer-aided design Engineering and manufacturing systems Packaging Microcontrollers / PLCs Microprocessors Physical implementations Mechanical modeling calls for modeling and simulating physical complex phenomena in the scope of a multi-scale and multi-physical approach. This implies to implement and to manage modeling and optimization methods and tools, which are integrated in a systemic approach. The specialty is aimed for students in mechanics who want to open their mind to systems engineering, and able to integrate different physics or technologies, as well as students in mechatronics who want to increase their knowledge in optimization and multidisciplinary simulation techniques. The speciality educates students in robust and/or optimized conception methods for structures or many technological systems, and to the main modeling and simulation tools used in R&D. Special courses are also proposed for original applications to prepare the students to the coming breakthrough in the domains covering the materials and the systems. For some mechatronic systems, the main issue is no longer how to implement a control system, but how to implement actuators. Within the mechatronic field, mainly two technologies are used to produce movement/motion. Variant of the field An emerging variant of this field is biomechatronics, whose purpose is to integrate mechanical parts with a human being, usually in the form of removable gadgets such as an exoskeleton. This is the "real-life" version of cyberware. Another variant that we can consider is Motion control for Advanced Mechatronics, which presently is recognized as a key technology in mechatronics. The robustness of motion control will be represented as a function of stiffness and a basis for practical realization. Target of motion is parameterized by control stiffness which could be variable according to the task reference. However, the system robustness of motion always requires very high stiffness in the controller. Avionics is also considered a variant of mechatronics as it combines several fields such as electronics and telecom with Aerospace engineering. Internet of things The Internet of things is the inter-networking of physical devices, embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT and mechatronics are complementary. Many of the smart components associated with the Internet of Things will be essentially mechatronic. The development of the IoT is forcing mechatronics engineers, designers, practitioners and educators to research the ways in which mechatronic systems and components are perceived, designed and manufactured. This allows them to face up to new issues such as data security, machine ethics and the human-machine interface. See also Cybernetics Control theory Ecomechatronics Electromechanics Materials engineering Mechanical engineering technology Robotics Systems engineering References Sources Bradley, Dawson et al., Mechatronics, Electronics in products and processes, Chapman and Hall Verlag, London, 1991. Karnopp, Dean C., Donald L. Margolis, Ronald C. Rosenberg, System Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems, 4th Edition, Wiley, 2006. Bestselling system dynamics book using bond graph approach. Cetinkunt, Sabri, Mechatronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007 Zhang, Jianhua . Mechatronics and Automation Engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation Engineering . Xiamen, China, 2016. Further reading Robert Munnig Schmidt, Georg Schitter, Adrian Rankers and Jan van Eijk, . IOS Press, 2014. Bishop, Robert H., . CRC Press, 2006. De Silva, Clarence W., . CRC Press, 2005 Onwubolu, Godfrey C., . Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. Rankers, Adrian M., . University Twente, 1997 External links – Elsevier List of publications concerning examples NF E 01-010 2008 – AFNOR XP E 01-013 2009 – AFNOR

Bibliography: Wikipedia @baygross

LITERATURE REVIEW Before Nigeria can thrive in the establishment of Mechatronics facilities, there are things to be considered. An example of those things is the establishment of Mechatronics courses to train undergraduates in both the theory and practical/applied aspect of of Mechatronics engineering. For Example, most schools in Nigeria can adopt an overseas method by hiring mechatronics technicians as course lecturers and overseers.

Mechatronics technicians are best qualified experts with deep knowledge in basic sciences. They have the competency to solve practically technical problems and thus take on a central function at the interface between planning and production. The technician education imparts a comprehensive knowledge of basics in natural and technical sciences, and practice oriented capabilities and skills. This education is based in general on a professional initial education, at times accompanied with employment of several years. The graduates are in a position to organize and to carry out complex tasks at their own responsibility. Often, they use computers as useful tools in solving engineering tasks related to their expertise.The training has a duration of two years, with a three months of project work at the training institution or industry. Each year is dividedintwo semesters with 18 – 20 weeks each. There are five working days in every week and each day has a six-eight hours of lectures and laboratory works. To effectively train competent mechatronics technicians who are capable of maintaining mechatronics equipment the following subjects should form the training foundation:  Mathematics  Physics  Mechanical Engineering/Mechanics  Electrical Engineering/Electronics  Computer Systems  Microcontroller/Microprocessor Systems  Material Technology  Sensors and Actuators  Mechatronics Systems  Automation and Control  Graphical Programming and Analysis Tools (e.g.Labiew, Flowcode, Matlab, etc.)  Laboratory experiments, and final project

One could say this forms the basic foundation in the success of establishing various mechatronics facilities. Nigeria is a rather “under developed” country to many nations because of our lack of technological advancement over the years. We possess an enormous amount of bad roads, unsteady structures, power failure cases etc, we even lack basic amenities basically needed to survive in the country. Solving these problems will take a lot of time and determination from a lot of Nigerians, sure there will be challenges but at the end of every dark tunnel, there will always be light and a way forward. METHODOLOGY Listed below are various methods that can be used to achieve our goal of building Mechatronics facilities in our country Nigeria.

1. HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR C APACITY is the ability of individuals, institutions and societies to perform functions, solve problems, and set and achieve objectives in a sustainable manner. Capacity Development (CD) is, therefore, the process through which the abilities to do so are obtained, strengthened, adapted and maintained over time [1] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, uses a slightly different definition: Capacity is the ability of people, organisations and society as a whole to manage their affairs successfully. Human Capacity Building is the “process of equipping individuals with the understanding, skills, and access to information, knowledge, and training that enables them to perform effectively” in an informed society [2]. Berg (1993) elaborates on this definition to highlight three main activities [3]: Organization strengthening: the process of institutional development Procedural improvements: general functional changes or system reforms Skill enhancement: general education, and professional deepening in crosscutting skills For socio-economic development of any country, a strong Industrial base is desirable. The natural resources need to be Williams S. Ebhota is with Department of Manufacturing and Production, National Engineering Design Development Institute (NEDDI), 1-3 Emma Biu Street, Okpuno-Egbu, Umudim, P. M. B. 5082, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria (Phone: +2348038010666, email: [email protected]). Ckikaodili Virginia Ugwu is with Technology Incubation Centre, ObaOkigwe Road, Nnewi, PMB 5081 Nnewi, Anambra, Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]). developed and utilized both as input to industrial production and as direct products for the social wellbeing of the citizenry. Since Nigeria’s Independence in 1960, industrialization has been recognized as one of the critical factors to the economic transformation of the country. To achieve the desired result, Government had, for the past two and half decades, focused on her industrial policy mainly on the promotion and establishment of large-scale industries (LSIs) in pursuance of import substitution process. The promotion of Small and Medium Industries (SMIs), on the other hand, received relatively low direct Government investment, and was left to the initiatives of the private entrepreneur [4] In Nigeria today, industries, particularly small and medium– sized manufacturing industries (SMIs), operate under various harsh conditions and constraints, which stand on the way to the achievement of organisational goals. There are, for example, high cost and shortage of raw materials, inadequate fund, inability to recruit competent staff etc. Ad hoc studies conducted during 1989 indicated that, on the average, there was little rise in productivity [5]. In Oshoba’s study (1989) on food and basic metal industries, only 30 per cent of respondents indicated they had rising productivity [6]. About 11 per cent recorded no growth, while more than half, 57%, recorded declining productivity levels. In the same vein, the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) confirmed that the general trend in productivity in industry was negative in 1989. Indications are that the situation has worsened since then [7]. Manufacturing as an important aspect of industrialization, deals with the process by which materials are transformed by means of specified skills and technology into the intermediate or final stage of development [8]. Manufacturability of a country is a measure of industralisaton of that country. In other words, Manufacturability of a country is directly proportional to the development of a given country. Manufacturing is the support that drives every other sector of the economy. It is therefore, a cornerstone of a healthy economy [9] Nigeria under development today is as a result of her inability to develop manufacturing sector to meet global standard. This negative development is anchored on: i. Manufacturing Infrastructural Development and ii. Human Capacity Development in Manufacturing These two critical factors must be developed simultaneously and consciously if the desired goal is to be achieved. Take a closer look at the developed countries of the world today, virtually everything can be manufactured. Again focus your attention on the under developed ones, it seems that nothing is possible. 2. THE INTRODUCTION OF ROBOTICS ENGINEERING IN THE BETTERMENT OF NIGERIA Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, and their design, manufacture, and application. Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics, and software other words, mechatronics. The word robot was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The first recorded use of the term was by Isaac Asimov in his 1941 science fiction short story Liar!" Attempts to create them have a long history, but fully autonomous machines only appeared in the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the “Unimate”, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die-casting machine and stack them. Today, the commercial and industrial sectors are in widespread use of robots, performing jobs cheaper or more accurately and reliably than humans do. They are also employed for jobs, which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing assembly, and packing; transport; earth and space exploration; surgery; weaponry; laboratory research; safety; and mass production of consumer and industrial goods. This is seen by some as the key technological area of mechatronic development and brings together a wide range of mechatronic technologies, including the 'hard' technologies of drives, actuators and sensors and the structural aspects of robotics together with artificial intelligence and software. However, by focusing on the specific area of application it is possible that consideration of the wider implications of mechatronics 171 are, if not ignored, given only a limited consideration within the course structure. 3. MEDICAL APPLICATION

Whereby room still exists for this section of mechatronics application to be incorporated in robotics, it is proper, however, to consider it separately because of the twin considerations that in itself it is not exclusively robotics and because of its scope. The foundations for the medical sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues. With modern technology and the backing of mechatronics, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. There are many different branches of medicine; health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dieticians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetics, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid. Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences. Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry. 174 Because of this broad cast of the medical field, the application of mechatronics have become primary to ensure that more lives are sustained and saved through state-of-the-art medical innovation and invention. These improvements come in the form of measures to facilitate prosthetics in the form of replacements of damaged body parts by electrochemical ones or in other cases, systems that improve health responses are implanted into the body. Cases also abound where preventive medicine has equally been enhanced by the modern sanitation systems . The ease of carrying out surgical operations in medicine has greatly improved overtime as well because of fine-tuning effects of medical mechatronics applications.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION As seen above, achieving the task will be extremely difficult and will require patience, hardwork and determination but the results will be worth it. When the aforementioned procedures have been put in place, a better, stronger and more powerful Nigeria will be kept in place for our children and those who come before us. These will make our day to day jobs easier and let people live easier lives. Completion of the ideas above give us the hope of one day experiencing a far better Nigeria in the nearest future. CONCLUSION As seen above, with enough labour and resources, establishment of successful mechatronics facilities in Nigeria doesn’t seem like an impossible goal. With assistance from the president and each state governor, nothing can hold us back from establishng a great Nigeria.