Misir'da Insan Haklari

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Misir'da Insan Haklari RAPOR RAPOR DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE MISIR’DA İNSAN HAKLARI DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE YAVUZ GÜÇTÜRK MISIR’DA Arap dünyasının en kalabalık ülkesi olan Mısır’daki siyasi, sosyal, dini ve ben zeri alanlardaki her türlü gelişme hem diğer Arap halklarını hem de Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’yı temelden etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle Tunus’ta İNSAN başlayan Arap Baharı’nın en önemli ayağı doğal olarak Mısır oldu. Otokratik liderlerin yö netiminde, demokrasinin askıya alındığı, hukuk devletinin en temel gereklerinin ihlal edildiği bu coğrafyada Mısır, yeni başlangıçlar yap­ maları için halklara ilham verecek bir model olma umudu taşımıştı. Ancak DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE MISIR’DA İNSAN HAKLARI İNSAN MISIR’DA DARBEYE DEVRİMDEN HAKLARI devrimle başlayan üç yıllık süreç içerisinde iki anayasa, bir darbe ve iki cum­ hurbaşkanı gören Mısır’da başa dönüldü. Askeri vesayet gücünü korurken, yeni bir halk ayaklanmasından endişele­ nen darbeciler muhalif hareketlerin direncini kırmak için baskı ve şiddet kul­ lanmaktan çekinmediler. Devrim sürecinde, başta yaşam hakkı olmak üzere YAVUZ GÜÇTÜRK gerçekleşen insan hakları ihlallerinin üzerine gidilmediği gibi darbe sonrası bunlara yenileri eklendi ve insanlığa karşı büyük suçlar işlendi. Bu rapor, Mısır’da 2011 yılından itibaren yaşanan ihlalleri “insan hakları” perspektifinden değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede ilk olarak Mısır’ın siyasi tarihine kısaca değinilmiş ve yirminci yüzyıl boyunca Mısır’da insan hakları, sivil toplum, basın ve yargı alanında yaşanan gelişmeler hak­ kında bilgi verilmiştir. Ardından 25 Ocak devrimine giden süreçten başlaya­ rak Yüksek Askeri Konsey (YAK) dönemi, Mursi dönemi ve 3 Temmuz darbesi kronolojik olarak ele alınmıştır. ANKARA • İSTANBUL • WASHINGTON D.C. • KAHİRE 9 786054 023653 DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE MISIR’DA İNSAN HAKLARI COPYRIGHT © 2016 Bu yayının tüm hakları SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı’na aittir. SETA’nın izni olmaksızın yayının tümünün veya bir kısmının elektronik veya mekanik (fotokopi, kayıt ve bilgi depolama, vd.) yollarla basımı, yayını, çoğaltılması veya dağıtımı yapılamaz. Kaynak göstermek suretiyle alıntı yapılabilir. SETA Yayınları 59 I. Baskı: 2016 ISBN: 978-605-4023-65-3 Uygulama: Ahmet Özil Kapak Fotoğrafı: EPA Baskı: Turkuvaz Matbaacılık Yayıncılık A.Ş., İstanbul SETA | SİYASET, EKONOMİ VE TOPLUM ARAŞTIRMALARI VAKFI Nenehatun Caddesi No: 66 GOP Çankaya 06700 Ankara TÜRKİYE Tel: +90 312 551 21 00 | Faks: +90 312 551 21 90 www.setav.org | [email protected] | @setavakfi SETA | İstanbul Defterdar Mh. Savaklar Cd. Ayvansaray Kavşağı No: 41-43 Eyüp İstanbul TÜRKİYE Tel: +90 212 395 11 00 | Faks: +90 212 395 11 11 SETA | Washington D.C. 1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 1106 Washington, D.C., 20036 USA Tel: 202-223-9885 | Faks: 202-223-6099 www.setadc.org | [email protected] | @setadc SETA | Kahire 21 Fahmi Street Bab al Luq Abdeen Flat No 19 Cairo MISIR Tel: 00202 279 56866 | 00202 279 56985 | @setakahire DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE MISIR’DA İNSAN HAKLARI Yavuz Güçtürk İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ | 7 MISIR YAKIN SİYASİ TARİHİNDE İNSAN HAKLARININ GELİŞİMİ | 9 Siyasal ve Sivil Oluşumlar | 12 Siyasal Hareketler | 12 Sivil Toplum | 14 Ordu | 16 Yargı | 18 Medya | 19 İnsan Haklarının Gelişimi | 21 Devrim Yaklaşırken | 24 25 OCAK DEVRİMİ | 27 Devrim Sırasında Gerçekleşen İhlaller | 28 Yüksek Askeri Konsey Dönemi ve Parlamento Seçimleri | 35 Mübarek’in Yargılanması | 48 Mursi Dönemi | 49 2012 Anayasası | 53 Kasım 2012 Gösterileri | 54 Darbe Yaklaşırken Mısır | 56 3 TEMMUZ DARBESİ | 61 Darbe | 59 2014 Anayasası | 62 2014 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri | 64 Uluslararası Toplumun Tepkisi | 64 Darbe Sonrası İnsan Hakları İhlalleri | 67 Yaşam Hakkı İhlalleri | 68 Gözaltı ve Tutuklamalar | 75 Cezaevleri | 78 Sistematik İşkence | 81 Yargılamalar | 86 Medya Mensupları | 92 Din ve Mezhep Alanında Yaşanan İhlaller | 95 SONUÇ | 97 GİRİŞ Arap dünyasının en kalabalık ülkesi olan Mısır’daki siyasi, sosyal, dini ve ben- zeri alanlardaki her türlü gelişme hem diğer Arap halklarını hem de Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’yı temelden etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle Tunus’ta başlayan Arap Baharı’nın en önemli ayağı doğal olarak Mısır olmuştur. Otokratik liderlerin yö- netiminde, demokrasinin askıya alındığı, hukuk devletinin en temel gereklerinin ihlal edildiği bu coğrafyada Mısır yeni başlangıçlar yapmaları için halklara ilham verecek bir model olabilir miydi? Devrimle başlayan üç yıllık süreç içerisinde iki anayasa, bir darbe ve iki cumhurbaşkanı gören Mısır’da başa dönüldü. Askeri vesayet gücünü korurken, yeni bir halk ayaklanmasından endişelenen darbeciler muhalif hareketlerin di- rencini kırmak için baskı ve şiddet kullanmaktan çekinmemektedirler. Devrim sürecinde, başta yaşam hakkı olmak üzere gerçekleşen insan hakları ihlalleri- nin üzerine gidilmediği gibi darbe sonrası bunlara yenileri de eklendi ve insan- lığa karşı büyük suçlar işlendi. Bu rapor, Mısır’da 2011 yılından itibaren yaşa- nan ihlalleri “insan hakları” perspektifinden değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede ilk olarak Mısır’ın siyasi tarihine kısaca değinilecek ve yirminci yüzyıl boyunca Mısır’da insan hakları, sivil toplum, basın ve yargı alanında yaşanan gelişmeler hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Ardından 25 Ocak devrimine giden süreçten başlayarak Yüksek Askeri Konsey (YAK) dönemi, Mursi döne- mi ve 3 Temmuz darbesi kronolojik olarak ele alınacaktır. 7 DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE MISIR’DA İNSAN HAKLARI Bu rapor SETA’nın Mısır üzerine yaptığı çalışmalar ile Birleşmiş Milletler, uluslararası insan hakları örgütleri ve Mısır’daki ulusal insan hakları örgütleri- nin raporları ve verileri temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Ancak kapsam itibarıyla bu çalışma bir insan hakları izleme raporu değildir ve bu nedenle Mısır’da son yıllarda yaşanan ihlallerin tümünü içermemektedir. Rapor, söz konusu dönem- de Mısır’ın hukuk ve insan hakları açısından seyrettiği inişli çıkışlı yolun bir resmini sunmaya çalışmaktadır. 8 MISIR YAKIN SİYASİ TARİHİNDE İNSAN HAKLARININ GELİŞİMİ On altıncı yüzyılın başında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarafından fethedilen Mısır, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın başında Osmanlı Devleti’nin bir eyaleti iken modernleş- me çalışmasını başlatan Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa döneminde Sudan’ı da içine alan bir Hidivliğe dönüşerek özerk bir konuma geldi. 1882 yılında başlayan İngiliz işgali ise Mısır’ı fiilen ortadan kaldırdı. Yirminci yüzyılın başında Mısır’da ortaya çıkan milliyetçi hareketler ile beraber ilk siyasi partiler kuruldu ve İngiliz işgali- ne karşı mücadele edilmeye başlandı. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası 1922 yılında, Britanya Krallığı güdümünde bir Mısır Krallığı ilan edilerek ülkedeki bağımsızlık yanlılarının önü alınmaya çalışıldı. Kralın yanında halk ve şura meclisleri oluşturularak kuvvetler ayrılığına gidilse de, kralın parlamentoyu feshetme yetkisinin olması ve seçimleri toprak ağaları ile işadamlarının etkin güçler olarak yönlendirmesi temsiliyetin zayıf kal- masına neden oldu. 30 yıl süren çalkantılı bir dönemin ardından 1952 yılında, Hür Subayların gerçekleştirdiği askeri darbeyle krallığa son verilerek cumhuriyet kuruldu. O güne kadar faaliyetlerini sürdüren tüm siyasi partiler kapatılarak “Sos- yalist Birlik” ismi altında tek partili bir siyasi döneme girildi. 1958 yılında “Bir- leşik Arap Cumhuriyeti” adı altında Suriye ile birleşen Mısır, 1961’de Suriye’nin ayrılmasıyla tekrar “Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti” adını aldı. Meşruti monarşiden cumhuriyete geçiş Mısır’a demokrasi alanında çok fazla bir katkı sağlamadı. Rejim demokrasi değil güvenlik ekseninde inşa edildi. 9 DEVRİMDEN DARBEYE MISIR’DA İNSAN HAKLARI Kral Faruk’un devrilmesinin ardından kurulan yeni rejimin ilk cumhurbaşkanı olan demokrasi yanlısı Muhammed Necib 1954 yılında Cemal Abdunnasır’ın gerçekleştirdiği bir darbe ile devrildi. Abdunnasır dönemi başta Müslüman Kar- deşler olmak üzere İslami kesim ve demokrasi yanlısı diğer siyasi grupların baskı altına alındığı bir dönem oldu. Cemal Abdunnasır’dan itibaren Mısır’ın tüm cumhurbaşkanları asker kökenli kişiler arasından seçilirken, vali ve kaymakamların çoğunluğu da polis veya asker emeklilerinden oluştu. Aynı şekilde istihbarat birimleri de askerlere teslim edildi ve atamalar ehliyet ve liyakate göre değil, “essika” yani güvenilirlik esasına göre yapıldı.1 Nasır’ın ölümünün ardından cumhurbaşkanlığına gelen Enver Sedat 1976 yılında ülkede çok partili hayata geçişi kısmen sağladı. Hukuki zeminde partileş- meleri yasaklanan, ama Mısır halkı üzerinde çok ciddi etkisi bulunan “Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı” ise sosyal, ekonomik, eğitim gibi alanlarda varlığını sürdürdü.2 1967 yılında başlayan olağanüstü hal uygulaması3 ile gösteriler yasaklandı, insanlar mahkeme önüne çıkarılmaksızın süresiz olarak alıkonuldu ve ülke ka- nun hükmünde kararnameler ile yönetildi. Bu durum, güvenlik politikalarının önde olduğu bir polis devletinin kökleşmesine, ülkede ağır insan hakları ihlalle- rinin sistematik bir biçimde sürmesine yol açtı. 1981 yılında Enver Sedat’ın bir suikast sonucu öldürülmesinden sonra yerine Hüsnü Mübarek geçti. Mübarek, suikast nedeniyle ilk adım olarak İslami hareketlere yönelik kitlesel tutukla- malara girişirken, Mısır onun döneminin tamamını olağanüstü hal uygulama- sı altında geçirdi. Enver Sedat sonrası Batı ile ilişkilerini geliştiren ve İsrail ile barış yapan Mısır’da demokrasinin eksik işleyişi Batı tarafından zamanla göz ardı edildi. Mübarek’in iktidara geldiği ilk yıl olan 1981 ile 2001 yılları karşı- laştırıldığında, Mısır’ın yirmi yıl sonra daha az demokratik bir devlet olduğu görülmekteydi. Hak ve özgürlükler alanında bir ilerleme olmazken devlet baş- kanlığı makamının yetkileri genişledi. Muhaliflerini askeri
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