DOCSLIB.ORG

The Global Dimensions of Britain and France's Crimean War Naval Campaigns Against Russia, 1854-1856

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Global Dimensions of Britain and France's Crimean War Naval Campaigns Against Russia, 1854-1856 The Global Dimensions of Britain and France’s Crimean War Naval Campaigns against Russia, 1854-1856. Andrew C. Rath Department of History McGill University, Montreal November 2011 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. © Andrew C. Rath, 2011 I Abstract The Crimean War was fought far outside its namesake peninsula in the Black Sea Region. Between 1854 and 1856, Anglo-French naval forces attacked the Russian Empire in the Baltic, White Sea, and Pacific. These campaigns receive little attention from modern historians, and much of the work that does exist relies on a limited number of English-language sources. This dissertation, on the other hand, is a comprehensive examination of these campaigns built on a foundation of primary documents written in English, French, and Russian. It also synthesizes relevant secondary scholarship in order to provide a comprehensive background for the three major European belligerents and to consider the perspectives of the other polities impacted by the conflict, specifically Sweden-Norway, Denmark, China, and Japan. This work’s approach yields a more complete understanding of the worldwide context in which the Crimean War occurred. Ultimately, the wide-ranging imperial conflict that emerges starkly contrasts with customary depictions of the conflict as a petty, regionalized example noteworthy only as a cautionary tale of failed diplomacy and generalship or as a venue for advances is battlefield medicine, journalism, and photography. La Guerre de Crimée se déroula aussi hors de sa péninsule éponyme dans la région de la Mer Noire. Entre 1854 et 1856, des forces franco-britanniques attaquèrent l’Empire Russe dans la Mer Baltique, la Mer Blanche, ainsi que dans l’Océan Pacifique. Ces campagnes ont reçu peu d’attention de la part des historiens des temps modernes, et la majorité de ces effort se basent seulement sur des sources anglaises. Au contraire, ce mémoire contient une analyse exhaustive de ces campagnes se basant sur des documents originaux anglais, français et russes. Il synthétise les études modernes dans le but d’offrir un arrière-plan complet pour les trois grandes puissances européennes, ainsi que dans le but de considérer les perspectives des autres puissances impactées par le conflit, en particulier la Suède-Norvège, le Danemark, la Chine et le Japon. L’approche de cette étude offre une compréhension exhaustive du contexte mondial dans lequel la Guerre de Crimée se déroula. Finalement, le conflit impérial de grande envergure qui émerge s’oppose aux présentations usuelles du conflit comme étant un insignifiant exemple régional de note seulement comme un avertissement d’une diplomatie et d’une stratégie échouée, ou simplement comme une avenue pour des progrès dans la médecine de guerre, le journalisme ainsi que la photographie. II Acknowledgements This work is the product of the combined expertise and efforts of a large team. Special thanks are due to the author’s doctoral supervisor Professor Valentin Boss and his wife, Ms. Militsa Krivokapich-Boss. Their current and former colleagues in the Department of History at McGill University also gave generously of their time and expertise. In addition to recognizing Drs. Carman Miller and John Zucchi at McGill, the author especially wishes to acknowledge the assistance generously provided by Ms. Susanne Pastuschek and Dr. Craig Rath. Dr. Brian Farrell (National University of Singapore), Dr. Barry Gough (Wilfred Laurier University and the Royal Military College of Canada), Dr. David Goldfrank (Georgetown University), Dr. Ann Saab (University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Dr. Sarah Paine (United States Naval War College), and Dr. Ian Stone (Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge) all gave generously of their time as well. Assembling and interpreting a wide range of sources in English, French, Russian, German, and Swedish would not have been possible without the linguistic acumen of Sven Carlsson (Swedish); Natalia Goldchteine, Natalia Evdokimova, Ekaterina Filippova, Mark Conrad, Maria Hristova, and Darya Ivashniova (Russian); Johanna Beil (German); Daniel and Azusa Lachapelle Lemire (Japanese); and Celeste Lordet, and Sarah Limoges (French). The author is also grateful for the efforts of McGill’s Interlibrary Loan Service and Ms. Tatiana Bedjanian as well as the financial assistance provided by the United Kingdom Society for Nautical Research. The staffs of the United Kingdom National Maritime Museum and National Archives in Greater London and the Service Historique de la Défense at Vincinnes were extremely helpful. A great deal of credit is also due to Mr. Guy Hannaford of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Professor Andrew Lambert of King’s College (London), Dr. Ruslan Davydov of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Michèle Battesti of the French Institut de Recherche Stratégique de l'École Militaire, or IRSEM. The inevitable typographic errors are the sole responsibility of the author. Table of Contents Abstract I Acknowledgements II Introduction and Notes 2-8 Literature Review 9-24 1. Historical and Resource Background 25-43 2. Political Background 44-75 3. Strategy and Pre-War Planning 76-112 4. War in the Baltic, 1854 113-155 5. Campaigns in the White Sea, 1854-1855 156-188 6. The Crimean War in the Pacific, 1854 189-230 7. Campaigns in the Baltic and Pacific, 1855 231-264 Conclusion 265-273 References 274-294 2 Introduction More Than A Crimean War The Crimean War was fought far from its namesake peninsula in what is now Ukraine. Between 1854 and 1856, British and French forces attacked Czarist Russia in the Baltic, White Sea, and Pacific Ocean. The latter two campaigns receive little attention from modern historians, and much of the work that does exist relies primarily or even exclusively on British archival sources. When it comes to understanding a multifaceted conflict, such a concentration is “excessively partial and limited.”1 Fortunately, the pioneering works of area specialists and maritime historians have provided detailed analyses of the struggle for control of the Baltic between 1854 and 1856. Yet even those efforts have not adequately shaped our understanding of the conflict. As recently as 2004, the then-British Ambassador to Finland “pointed out that Finland was well over a thousand miles north of the Crimea” when the war’s sesquicentennial celebrations in Helsinki were first mentioned by a colleague.2 The Crimean War was not the type of ‘World War’ seen in the eighteenth, early nineteenth, or twentieth centuries. The Seven Years’ and Napoleonic Wars involved more extensive areas and many more belligerents in naval and land warfare “far more intense and prolonged” than anything seen between 1854 and 1856.3 Anglo-French campaigns against Russia in East Asia were not even the “First Pacific War” featured in the title of the only modern English-language monograph on the subject.4 The complexity of hostilities outside the Crimean Peninsula, though, illuminates the most appropriate method for examining the struggle. Considering the wide range of powers and issues ultimately demonstrates that the Crimean War was much more than a few battles and a siege in southern Ukraine. Events in the Baltic, White 1 Grainger, John D. The First Pacific War: Britain and Russia, 1854-1856. (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2008), IX. 2 Kirk, Matthew. “Crimea in Finland: Her Majesty's Ambassador to Finland, Matthew Kirk, Describes the Impact of the Crimean War on That Country and How It Is Being Commemorated.” History Today, Vol. 54, No. 8 (August, 2004). Pgs. 3-4. 3 Fletcher, Ian and Natalia Ishchenko. The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires. (Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 2004), XI. 4 Grainger, John D. The First Pacific War: Britain and Russia, 1854-1856. (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2008). A Russian work, Zavrazhnov, Yuri. [Russian-language]. Forget The Admiral: A Historical Reflection with Investigation. (Petropavlovsk, Russia: Novaia Kniga, 2005), also claims on its first page that the struggle “was the first world war.” 3 Sea, and Pacific instead mattered both in terms of understanding the conflict and its impact, which extended far beyond the narrow terms codified by the 1856 Treaty of Paris. The prevailing scholarly view that the Crimean Peninsula and Black Sea “was certainly the most important theatre of war where the military decision was to be forced” is not incorrect, but is rather incomplete.5 De facto chief Allied strategist Sir James Graham, for one, never intended the assault on Sevastopol to be a siege at all, and instead called for a grand raid to precede a “more important spring campaign in the Baltic.”6 As British Foreign Secretary Lord Clarendon put it, the “object of the expedition…should be…to finish the Eastern question in the Euxine (Black Sea) before the Baltic opens & we can pay a visit to Cronstadt.”7 Although a credible naval threat to the Russian Imperial Capital at St. Petersburg only materialized in 1856, by that point it was accompanied by mounting fiscal difficulties, a deteriorating diplomatic position, and an inadequate economic base. These reasons, rather than the loss of the peripheral Sevastopol fortress in September of 1855, prompted Czar Alexander II and his advisors to sue for peace. The multiplicity of factors contributing to the Russian Empire’s capitulation demands a comparative examination of all the Crimean conflict’s theaters, as well as the political and economic context that framed this imperial struggle. Mid-nineteenth century conflict among the French, British, and Czarist empires was a seminal moment in a protracted competition for influence in the Baltic Region. Relations among these belligerents were further complicated by the involvement of neutral Sweden-Norway and Denmark, as well as the dynamics of Russia’s relationship with subject groups including Finns and Lapps. The interests of other neutral powers including Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire also came into play, but are already discussed at length in other, diplomatic histories of the conflict.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Histoire Des Techniques
    Histoire des techniques L’histoire des techniques est l’étude de toutes les réalisations techniques de l’Homme, de leur contexte d’apparition comme de leur impact sur la société. Les techniques répondent à des intentions, des projets et leur histoire est intimement liée à l’évolution des sociétés humaines comme à leurs besoins. Elle a toujours précédé, et cela jusqu’à peu (vers le milieu du XIX siècle), l’histoire des sciences. Ce n’est que très récemment, que les sciences ont permis de faire progresser les techniques. Histoire de l’Energie A l’origine, la notion d'énergie était liée à celle de force agissante capable de modifier un état préexistant- la force qui permet de déplacer un poids vers le haut, de bander un arc, de tirer une charrue. Elle ne pouvait provenir que du muscle humain ou animal. Les peuples de la mer furent les premiers à utiliser l'énergie du vent pour mouvoir les navires et, plus tard, les ailes des moulins à vent. Puis, l'homme découvrit la force de l'eau des rivières pour faire fonctionner les moulins à eau. Ce furent là ses principales sources d'énergie motrice jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe s. Parallèlement, l'homme utilisait le feu et le bois pour se chauffer, travailler les métaux, etc., sans se rendre compte qu'il s'agissait là aussi d'énergie. Ce n'est qu'au début du XVIIIe s, avec l'apparition de la machine à vapeur, qu'on découvrit expérimentalement (Joule le prouvera 150 ans plus tard) que la chaleur peut produire de la force motrice, dans des quantités plus abondantes et à des coûts moindres que le muscle, le vent ou les chutes d'eau, et cela, malgré les faibles rendements (moins de 10 %) de la conversion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Navy Vol 69 No 3 Jul 2007
    JUL–SEP 2007 (including GST) www.netspace.net.au/~navyleag VOLUME 69 NO. 3 $5.45 The Battle of Britain – The AWD’s A Seapower Victory and Our Real Frontier The German Navy Today The 2007 Annual Halfway Creswell Around the Oration World in Eighty days Australia’s Leading Naval Magazine Since 1938 /"7"-/""777""-/&5803,4 /&58033,4 5)& %0.*/"/$&%0.*/"/$$& 0' $0..6/*$"5*0/4$0..6/*$""55*0/4 */ ."3*5*.& 01&3"5*0/4011&3""55*0/4 5IF 3PZBM 3PZBM"VTUSBMJBO "VTUSBMJBO /BWZµT/BWZµT 4FB 1PXFS 1PXFS$FOUSF $FOUSF ""VTUSBMJB VTUSBMJB XJUXJUIIU UIFIF BTBTTJTUBODFTTJTUBODF PG UUIFIF 4D4DIPPMIPPM PG )VNBOJUJFT BOE 4PDJ4PDJBMJBM 4DJFODFT 66OJWFSTJUZOJWFSTJUZ PG //FXFX4 4PVU4PVUI UI 88BMFTBMFTMU BU U UIFI"IF ""VTUSBMJBOVTUUSBMJBOMJ %%FG%FGFODF GFODF' 'PSDFPSDF ""DBEFNZ DBEFNZ JT IPTIPTUJOHUJOH U UIFIF ¾G¾GUIUI CJFOOJBM ,JOH)BMM //BWBMBWBM )JT)JTUPSZUPSZ $POG$POGFSFODF FSFODF +VM+VMZZ BOE +VM+VMZZ 5IJT XJMM CF B NBNBKPSKPS JJOUFSOBUJPOBMOUFSOBUJPOBM DPOGDPOGFSFODFFSFODF XJUXJUII EJTEJTUJOHVJTIFEUJOHVJTIFE TQFBLTQFBLFSTFFST GSGSPNPN ""VTUSBMJB VTUSBMJB $BOBEB UUIFIF 66OJUFEOJUFE ,JOHEPN BOE U UIFIF 66OJUFEOJUFE 44UBUFTUBUFT PG "NFS"NFSJDBJDB 5IF LLFZOPUFFZOPUF TQFBLFSTQFBLFS XJMM CF 1S1SPGFTTPSPGFTTPS //".". 33PEHFS PEHFS BVUBVUIPSIPS PG UUIFIF NVDNVDIIBBDDMBJNFE NVMUJWNVMUJWPMVNFPMVNF ""//BWBMBWWBBM )JT)JTUPSZUPSPSZZ PG #S#SJUBJOSJJUUBBJO 5IF DPOGDPOGFSFODFFSFODF QSQSPHSBNPHSBN XJMM BEESBEESFTTFTT UUIFIF TIJGTIJGUJOHUJOH EFNBOET GGBDJOHBDJOHH CPUCPUII OBUJPOBM BOE DPNCJOFE JOUJOUFSOBUJPOBMFSOBUJPOBM TFB QPQPXFS XFS UUPHFUIFSPHFUIFS XJUXJUII DBTF TTUVEJFTUVEJFT
    [Show full text]
  • ECE 3410: Introduction the History of Electronics
    ECE 3410: Introduction The History of Electronics Chris Winstead Utah State University Spring 2016 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Naval Academy 2009 Naval History Symposium 10-11 September 2009 Program of Events
    United States Naval Academy 2009 Naval History Symposium 10-11 September 2009 Program of Events Wednesday, 09 September 5:00 – 8:00 PM: Early registration – Doubletree Hotel Thursday, 10 September 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM: Registration – Main lobby, Alumni Hall 7:15 – 8:30 AM: Continental breakfast – Main lobby, Alumni Hall 8:30 – 9:00 AM: Plenary Session – Alumni Hall 9:15 – 11:15 AM: Session I – Sampson Hall ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF U.S. NAVY AIR POWER Hill Goodspeed, U.S. Naval Aviation Museum, “Advancements in Navy Aircraft Design, 1922-1945” Tim Jackson, U.S. Naval War College, “The Two-Ocean Navy Act of 1940: The Impact on American Preparedness for World War II” Douglas V. Smith, U.S. Naval War College, “Adm. Joseph Mason “Bull” Reeves (USNA Class of 1884), The Father of Navy Carrier Aviation” Barney Rubel, U.S. Naval War College, “From Propeller to Jet” Kevin Delamer, U.S. Naval War College, “History of Navy Helicopter Aviation” Chair: Thomas Cutler, U.S. Naval Institute Moderator: Stanley D.M. Carpenter, U.S. Naval War College ROUNDTABLE ON U.S. NAVY DOCUMENTARY EDITIONS Michael Crawford, Naval History and Heritage Command Rear Admiral Joseph Callo, USNR (Ret.), New York, New York. George C. Daughan, Portland, Maine James L. Nelson, Harpswell, Maine Chair: Rear Admiral Jay DeLoach, USN (Ret.), Naval History and Heritage Command CHANGES AND CONTINUITY IN THE U.S. MARINE CORPS IN THE 20TH CENTURY Heather Pace Marshall, Duke University, “ ‘There’s Nothing that a Marine Can’t Do:’ Publicizing the Marine Corps from Above and Below” Colin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY I. PRIMARY SOURCES A. Unpublished 1. Government Archives British National Archives, Kew ADM 1 Admiralty: Correspondence and Papers ADM 116 Admiralty Record Offi ce: Cases ADM 167 Board of Admiralty: Minutes and Memoranda ADM 231 Admiralty: Foreign Intelligence Committee and Naval Intelligence Department: Naval Intelligence Reports CAB 37 Cabinet Offi ce: Photographic Copies of Cabinet Papers CAB 41 Cabinet Offi ce: Photographic Copies of Cabinet Letters in the Royal Archives HO 73 Home Offi ce: Various Commissions: Reports and Correspondence United States National Archives, Washington D.C. RG 19 Records of the Bureau of Construction and Repair RG 38 Records of the Bureau of Personnel (formerly the Bureau of Navigation) RG 45 Records of the Offi ce of the Secretary of the Navy RG 233 Records of the House of Representatives 2. Private Correspondence and Papers British National Maritime Museum, Greenwich Bridge, Cyprian Arthur George Fisher, John Arbuthnot Hornby, Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Laughton, John Knox Milne, Alexander © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 299 R. Mullins, J. Beeler, The Transformation of British and American Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32037-3 300 BIBLIOGRAPHY Library of Congress, Naval Historical Foundation Collection Luce, Stephen Bleecker Mahan, Alfred Thayer Porter, David Dixon Sicard, Montgomery Walker, John Grimes Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division Collection Aldrich, Nelson Chandler, William Eaton Tracy, Benjamin Franklin Whitney, William Collins B. Published Aston, George. Memories of a Marine: An Amphibiography . London: John Murray, 1919. _________. Secret Service . London: Faber and Faber, 1930. Belknap, Charles. “The Naval Policy of the United States,” US Naval Institute Proceedings [hereafter USNIP ], vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Professional and Cultural Memory of Horatio Nelson During Britain's
    “TRAFALGAR REFOUGHT”: THE PROFESSIONAL AND CULTURAL MEMORY OF HORATIO NELSON DURING BRITAIN’S NAVALIST ERA, 1880-1914 A Thesis by BRADLEY M. CESARIO Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2011 Major Subject: History “TRAFALGAR REFOUGHT”: THE PROFESSIONAL AND CULTURAL MEMORY OF HORATIO NELSON DURING BRITAIN’S NAVALIST ERA, 1880-1914 A Thesis By BRADLEY M. CESARIO Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, R.J.Q. Adams Committee Members, Adam Seipp James Hannah Head of Department, David Vaught December 2011 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT “Trafalgar Refought”: The Professional and Cultural Memory of Horatio Nelson During Britain’s Navalist Era, 1880-1914. (December 2011) Bradley M. Cesario, B.A., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. R.J.Q. Adams Horatio Lord Nelson, Britain’s most famous naval figure, revolutionized what victory meant to the British Royal Navy and the British populace at the turn of the nineteenth century. But his legacy continued after his death in 1805, and a century after his untimely passing Nelson meant as much or more to Britain than he did during his lifetime. This thesis utilizes primary sources from the British Royal Navy and the general British public to explore what the cultural memory of Horatio Nelson’s life and achievements meant to Britain throughout the Edwardian era and to the dawn of the First World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Banks in India and Their Functions
    IBPS PO 2014 BANKING AWARENESS NOTES Bank Rate : 9.0% Repo Rate : 8.0% Reverse Repo Rate : 7.0% Marginal Standing Facility Rate : 9.0% CRR : 4% SLR : 22% Base Rate : 10.00% - 10.25% Savings Deposit Rate : 4.00% Term Deposit Rate : 8.00% - 9.05% 91 day T-bills : 8.5201 % 182 day T-bills : 8.6613% 364 day T-bills : 8.6485 % 364 day T-bills : 8.6485 % Call Rates : 4.00% - 8.70% (ONE BANK FROM ANOTHER BANK) AS ON 02ND OCT.2014 Types of Banks in India and their functions Reserve Bank of India: RBI is the Central Bank of India, which acts as a banker to the government It is also called as ―Bankers bank‖, because all banks will have accounts with RBI. It provides funds to all banks hence it is called as BANKERS BANK RBI was established by an act of Parliament in 1934 It has four zonal offices at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi and 19 regional offices Current Governor: Dr. Raghuram Rajan Deputy Governors: H R Khan, Dr Urjit Patel, R Gandhi and S S Mundra Head office: Mumbai Functions: Issues currency notes Acts as bankers bank Maintain foreign exchange reserves Maintains CRR and SLR Its affairs are regulated by 21-member central board of directors: Governor (Dr. Raghuram Rajan), 4 deputy Governors, 2 Finance Ministry representatives, 10 Government-nominates directors,4 directors to represent local boards Scheduled Commercial Banks: Scheduled Commercial banks are State Bank of India and its associates (State bank of India has got 7 subsidiaries they are State bank of Hyderabad, State bank of Mysore, State bank of Travancore, State bank of Indore,
    [Show full text]
  • Static GK Capsule 2017
    AC Static GK Capsule 2017 Hello Dear AC Aspirants, Here we are providing best AC Static GK Capsule2017 keeping in mind of upcoming Competitive exams which cover General Awareness section . PLS find out the links of AffairsCloud Exam Capsule and also study the AC monthly capsules + pocket capsules which cover almost all questions of GA section. All the best for upcoming Exams with regards from AC Team. AC Static GK Capsule Static GK Capsule Contents SUPERLATIVES (WORLD & INDIA) ...................................................................................................................... 2 FIRST EVER(WORLD & INDIA) .............................................................................................................................. 5 WORLD GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................ 9 INDIA GEOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................. 14 INDIAN POLITY ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 INDIAN CULTURE ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 SPORTS .......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Project Aneurin
    The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764 to 1815 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 30th May 2013. This version 09:00 GMT 20th January 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 FORWARD IN TIME Part
    [Show full text]
  • LORDS-LIEUTENANT of COUNTIES in the UNITED KINGDOM. Govern1tient and OTHER PUBLIC OFFICES
    LORDS- t POST OFFICE LO~DON 84 LIEUTENANT j LORDS-LIEUTENANT OF COUNTIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND. B' ~ford, Earl Cowper, K.G., P.C .'luntinqdon, Earl of Sandwich, P.C Somerset, Earl of Cork & Orrery, K.P., r.c Berk.~. Earl of Craven Kent, 1<~11.rl Sydney, G.C.B. P.C I Southampton, :Uarquis of Winchester Hncks, Duke of Buckin\{ham, G.C. S.J., P.C &ancashire, Earl of Se~t:m Stafford, Lord Wrottesley Cnm'Jridge, Charles Watson To .vnlcy, csq &eicester, Duke of Rutland, K.G Suffolk, Earl of Stradbroke Chester, Lord Egerton [,incoln, Earl Rrownlow Surrey, Earl of Lovelace Cornwall, Earl of :.uount Edgcumbe, P.c lfiddlesex, Duke of Wellington. K.G., P.c l?u.ssex, Earl of Chichester C•t nberland, Lord 1111ncaster lfonmouth, Duke of Beaufort, K.G., P.C Tower I£1.mlets, Gca. S 1r Richud J ames Duby, Duke of Devonshire, K.G., P.C Vorfolk, l<~arl of Leict>ster, K.G Dam·cs, G.C.B. Devon, Duke of Somerset, K.G., P.C Vorthampton, Earl !"lpencer, K.G., P.C Warwick, Lord Leigh Dorset. Earl of Shaftcsbury, K.G Vorthumberland, Duke of Northumber- Westnwrland, Lord Hothfield D1trham., Marquii of Londonderry, K.P land, P.C Wilts, Earl of Radnor E' y, Isle oj, Duke of Bedford, K.G Vottingham, Duke of St. A.lbans, P.c Worcester, l<~arl Beauchamp, P.C Es.;ex, Lord Carlingford, P.C Oxford, Duke of llarlborough, K.G., P.c Fork, East lllding, Lord Herries Gloucester, Earlof Ducie, P.C Peterborough.
    [Show full text]
  • The Edinbuegh Gazette, Maech 15, 1870
    THE EDINBUEGH GAZETTE, MAECH 15, 1870. STATIONS OF THE EOYAi NAVY IN Cherub, 2, sc. gunboat, Lieut, and Commander Noel S. F. Digby, 1861, North America and West Indies,—to be COMMISSION,—12th March 1870 : paid off and re-commissioned at Jamaica Circe, training ihip, tender to Impregnable, Devonport With the Dates of Commission of the Officers in Clinker, 2, screw gunboat, tender to Indus, Devon- 4 Command. port Clio, 18, screw corvette, Captain F. H, Stirling, 1860, BOTTKIR, 86, sc., receiving ship, Commodore Sheerness A Richard W. Courtenay, 1859, Jamaica Cockatrice, 2, sc. gunboat, Com. James Ferris Prowse, Achilles, 26, sc. armour-plated ship, Capt. Mathew S. 1866, Mediterranean Moth, 1856, Coast-guard ship, Portland Cockchafer, 2, so. gunboat, Lieut. Com. Seymour S. Adder, paddle vessel, Sheerness Smith, 1861, China Adventure, 2, sc. troopship, Captain Henry J. Raby, Cormorant, 4, sc. gunvessel, Com. Hon. Albert D. S. V.C., 1862, China Denison, 1866, China Asmcourt, 28, screw armour-plated ship, Captain Henry Cossack, 16, sc. corvette, Capt. John E. Parish, 1863, H. Beamish, 1868, Flagship of Rear-Admiral Henry East Indies Chads, Channel Squadron Cracker, 4, double screw composite gunvessel, Com. Albacore, 2, sc. gunboat, Bermuda Hawksworth Fawkes, 1863, south-east coast of Alberta, paddle yacht, Staff Com. David H. "Welch, 1863, America tender to Royal Yacht, Portsmouth Crocodile, 3, Indian troopship, Capt. George W. Watson, Algerine, 3, sc. gunvessel, Lieut, fl. R. E. Grey, 1864, Portsmouth 1857, China Cromer, 2, sc. gunboat, tender to Resistance, Birken- Alligator, at Whampoa, lent to Consular Department head Antelope, 3, paddle steam vessel, Lieut, and Commander Cruiser, 5, sc.
    [Show full text]
  • Captain Robert Hall, C.B., R.N. 1866 1871 B
    No. Service: Rank: Names & Service Information: Supporting Information: 11. Mar. Mar. Captain Robert Hall, C.B., R.N. 1866 1871 B. 1817. Kingston, Upper Canada. Son of Captain Sir Robert Hall, R.N., (B.1778, D. 11 Jun 1882 Kensington, County Tipperary (Republic of Ireland. D. 7 Feb. London. B. Mount St Bernard 1818. Kingston, Upper Canada) [aged 40] and his Abbey, Leicestershire. wife Miss Mary Ann Edwards. (??). At his death [unconfirmed] 7 Feb. 1818, although named Miss Mary Ann 27 May 1833 Entered Navy, after Edwards was named with Mary Roche, who was serving for some time as Mate, in his “residuary legatee” [the one designated to the Pacific and at the Nore, the receive the residue of an estate]. Nore is a sandbank at the mouth Robert Hall’s (Snr) early years have not attracted the attention of of the River Medway. The naval biographers. It is known, however, that he was gazetted a command was established at lieutenant in the Royal Navy on 14 Jun 1800, a commander on 27 Chatham in 1752 and became Jun 1808, and a captain on 4 Mar 1811. He attracted attention for sterling service in the defence of a fort on the Gulf of Rosas, Spain. Mason responsible for sub-commands at 23 31 Feb Nov 1808 while in command of the bomb-ketch “Lucifer”. 28 Sep 1810 he enhanced his reputation when, as commander of the 14- Mar 1871 Chatham, London (less the gun “Rambler”, he captured a large French privateer lying in the 1866 Admiralty), Sheerness, Harwich Barbate River, Spain.
    [Show full text]