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Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge Osman, Yusuf Ali (2018) British employees of the Ottoman government: the Pasas Hobart and Woods. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30898 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. BRITISH EMPLOYEES OF THE OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT: THE PAŞAS HOBART AND WOODS YUSUF ALI OSMAN Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2018 Department of History SOAS, University of London 3 ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to examine the roles of Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden (Hobart Paşa) and Henry Felix Woods (Woods Paşa) as employees of the Ottoman Government between 1867-1909. Chapter one describes the origins of the thesis and analyses current literature. Chapter two provides an outline of Ottoman reform efforts in the nineteenth century, some challenges it faced, some brief remarks on Anglo-Ottoman relations and finally summarizes the careers of Hobart and Woods. Chapter three looks at their roles within the Ottoman Navy between 1867-1878 and outlines their efforts to help reform that institution and argues that they were given naval responsibilities that went beyond the reason for their initial employment. Chapter four covers the period 1878-1886 and shows how their roles began to change from only working in the Ottoman Navy to functions related to being Aide-de-camp to the Sultan. These included supporting the Sultan and his empire in print and being used as part of his personal diplomacy. This chapter largely concentrates on the work of Hobart. Chapter five covers the period 1886-1909 and argues that Woods took over Hobart’s functions after his death. Both Hobart and Woods performed useful work for their employer, the Ottoman Government, in all areas in which they were used. 4 CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES ................................................................................................ 5 DEDICATION...................................................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 7 ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER THREE. HOBART AND WOODS: 1867-1878 ...................................................................... 66 CHAPTER FOUR. HOBART AND WOODS: 1878-1886 ..................................................................... 135 CHAPTER 5. WOODS PAŞA 1886-1909 .......................................................................................... 217 CHAPTER SIX. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 300 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................. 305 5 List of Illustrations and Tables Fig. I: Hobart Pasha; Engraved by G. I. Stewart from a Photograph p. 37 Fig. II: Admiral Sir Henry Woods Pasha p. 55 Fig. III: Black Sea Antique Engraved Hand-Coloured Map, drawn & engraved by J. Rapkin. (Publisher: London H. Wrinkles, J. Rapkin. 1851). p.110 Fig. IV: Russo-Turkish War. Hobart Pasha, Commander of the Turkish naval forces, descending the Danube, in April, in a despatch boat, to inspect the Russian fortifications. p.114 Fig. V: Hobart’s diagram showing defence against torpedoes: Diagram printed in an article by Hobart entitled ‘The Torpedo Scare’ in Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine p.122 Fig. VI: Imperial Order of the Osmanié, 2nd class awarded to Algernon Borthwick p.150 Fig. VII: Synoptical table the population of those parts of Asia Minor where the Armenians of both sexes are more numerous than elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire according to the last census p.279 6 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to the memory of my father Ali Yusuf Osman 1950-2010. Hard working, generous and kind, he encouraged me to follow my desires wherever they may lead in the pursuit of happiness. There have been occasions Baba where working on my PhD has fallen short of that, but I hope you’ll agree, it was worth it in the end. 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a large number of people without whom this thesis would not have been possible. Professor Benjamin Fortna, my supervisor, has been a consistent source of encouragement and support. During the dark days when I lost faith in myself, he continued to believe in my ability to complete. He has read and commented on drafts of this thesis and I am very grateful for his feedback. Doctor Kathleen Taylor, Doctor Eleanor Paremain and Jessica Tearney-Pearce all assisted me in accessing archival and printed sources. I am blind and without them I would not have been able to find let alone read many of the documents I have used. Without Disabled Students Allowance I would not have been able to pay for their assistance. Without the assistance of Doctor Candan Badem and Edip Golbaşi I would not have been able to access the Ottoman Archives. My Ottoman Turkish is non-existent and there is no way of reading documents in this language in Braille or through synthetic speech. They provided me with English translations of relevant documents which have been used throughout this thesis. Thanks to them my research is fuller than it would otherwise have been and I can lay claim to be an Ottoman historian. I’d like to extend thanks to Dr Feroze Yasamee for allowing me to use his own translations of documents from the Ottoman Archives. I’d like to express my thanks to Dr Ebru Akcsu for providing me with summary English translations of three books in Turkish. Sinan Kuneralp (owner of The Isis Press) was generous enough to make an electronic version of one of his books available to me free of charge and for that I am truly grateful. Thanks should also go to Dr Kathleen Taylor who translated a number of items in French into English, and also to Kathleen Taylor, Jessica Tearney-Pearce, Jo Macey and Catherine Turner for proof reading various drafts of this thesis. The Disability Support Office at SOAS have ensured that I’ve been able to get the support I needed without which this PhD would have been impossible. Angie Akson and Zoe Davis deserve special mention in this respect. The EE Wiley Scholarship, the Snowdon Trust and the Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust all provided me with grants which have supported me in paying tuition fees. Without which I would not have been able to complete this research. I am very grateful too all those who kindly donated through my Go Fund Me page. I have used documents contained in a variety of archives. I would like to thank the staff of the Prime Ministry Archives, The Museum of the Sea and the Yıldız Palace Archives, in Turkey, The National Archives in the United Kingdom, the British Library, the West Sussex local archive, the Baring Archive, Lambeth Palace Archives, Oxford University Library Archives, Cambridge University Library Archives and the University of Leeds Library Archive. I would like to thank Her Majesty the Queen for permission to quote from documents contained within the Royal Archives. I would also like to thank the sixth Marquis of Salisbury for permission to quote from the papers of the fourth Marquis. I’d like to thank Doctor Stefano Taglia for his assistance in contacting the successor to the Whitehead torpedo Company and thank them for providing me with a copy of WASS: 133 years of history, the official history of the Company and its successor. 8 All endeavours in the discovery of knowledge are based on what has come before. It will become abundantly clear that I owe a huge debt of gratitude to all those Ottoman and non-Ottoman historians whose work I have made use of in my research. Any errors or omissions are of course my own. Yusuf Ali Osman August 2018 9 ABBREVIATIONS and REFERENCES The following abbreviations have been used in footnotes. Başbakanlık Arsivi (Prime Ministry Archives) BBA Deniz Müzey Arsivi (Museum of the Sea Archive) DMA Yıldız Esas Evraki (Yıldız Palace Archives) YEE The British Library BL The National Archives of the United Kingdom TNA The Salisbury Papers SP References Some of the materials used in this thesis were accessed online. In order to save space in footnotes the use of internet links have been kept to an absolute minimum. The bibliography includes URLs in all cases where information can be accessed on the internet. In references to newspaper articles, page and column numbers have been given wherever possible, however there were occasions when these were illegible and have therefore been indicated
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