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Graffolution D2.2 Regional, Cultural, Ethical, Privacy and Legal Aspects and Influence Factors Report D2.2 REGIONAL, CULTURAL, ETHICAL, PRIVACY AND LEGAL ASPECTS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS REPORT PROJECT Acronym: Graffolution Title: Awareness and Prevention Solutions against Graffiti Vandalism in Public Areas and Transport Coordinator: SYNYO GmbH Reference: 608152 Type: Collaborative project Programme: FP7-SEC Theme: SEC-2013.7.2.1 – Open Topics for Small & Medium Enterprises for frequent petty crimes that are of high impact to local communities and citizens Start: March, 2014 Duration: 24 months Website: http://project.graffolution.eu E-Mail: [email protected] Consortium: SYNYO GmbH, Research & Development Department, Austria, (SYNYO) University of Barcelona, Dept. of Constitutional Law and Political Science, Spain, (UB) University of Arts London, Design Against Crime Research Centre, UK, (UAL) Sine-Institut gGmbH, Dialogue of Science and Practice, Germany, (SINE) Ferroccarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, (FGC) London Borough of Islington, Council of Islington, UK, (LBI) Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, Security Division, France, (UIC) Eticas Research & Consulting, Spain (ETICAS) D2.2 REGIONAL, CULTURAL, ETHICAL, PRIVACY AND LEGAL ASPECTS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS REPORT DELIVERABLE Number: D2.2 Title: Regional, cultural, ethical, privacy and legal aspects and influence factors report Lead beneficiary: UB Work package: WP2: Graffiti vandalism research, stakeholder analysis and solution elaboration Dissemination level: Public (PU) Nature: Report (R) Due date: September 30, 2014 (re-submitted the 5th June 2015) Submission date: September 30, 2014 (re-submitted the 5th June 2015) Authors: Mariona Tomàs, UB Raquel Prado Perez, UB Marion Müller, SINE Sebastian Kleele, SINE Contributors: Lorraine Gamman, UAL Paul Ekblom, UAL Marcus Willcocks, UAL Matthew Malpass, UAL Bernhard Jäger, SYNYO Gemma Galdon Clavell, ETICAS Liliana Arroyo Moliner, ETICAS Reviewers: Marion Müller, SINE Peter Leitner, SYNYO Acknowledgement: This project has received Disclaimer: The content of this publication is the funding from the European Union’s Seventh sole responsibility of the authors, and in no way Framework Programme for research, technological represents the view of the European Commission or development and demonstration under grant its services. agreement no 608152. © 2015 Graffolution | FP7-SEC 608152 2 D2.2 REGIONAL, CULTURAL, ETHICAL, PRIVACY AND LEGAL ASPECTS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................6 Methodology......................................................................................................................................7 a) Desk research .........................................................................................................................7 b) In-depth interviews with stakeholders ....................................................................................7 c) Ethics ...................................................................................................................................17 1. Introduction of the countries and context of graffiti ...............................................................18 1.1 Introduction of the country – basic data ...............................................................................18 1.2 Structure of public transport facilities...................................................................................23 1.3 History & Evolution of Graffiti...............................................................................................34 1.4 The magnitude of the phenomenon .....................................................................................40 2 Socio-cultural aspects and influence factors ............................................................................47 2.1 What is “graffiti”?.................................................................................................................47 2.2 Who are graffiti writers ........................................................................................................51 2.2.1 Origins, social background, gender, educational level .......................................................51 2.2.2 Individual and collective identities....................................................................................54 2.3 Social impact and social perception of graffiti .......................................................................57 3 Regional aspects and influence factors ....................................................................................62 3.1 Public spaces & Graffiti activity.............................................................................................62 3.2 Mapping Graffiti: is there a spatial logic? ..............................................................................65 4 Ethical and Privacy aspects ......................................................................................................69 4.1 Ethics of graffiti prevention ..................................................................................................69 4.2 Gathering & sharing data on graffiti writers ..........................................................................83 5 Legal framework ......................................................................................................................92 5.1 Study of the legal framework concerning graffiti vandalism & sharing data on graffiti writers in the four researched countries ...................................................................................................94 © 2015 Graffolution | FP7-SEC 608152 3 D2.2 REGIONAL, CULTURAL, ETHICAL, PRIVACY AND LEGAL ASPECTS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS REPORT 5.2 Link between graffiti and ASBO or incivility ........................................................................ 103 5.3 Discussion on problems of legal framework ........................................................................ 110 6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 116 6.1 A comparison between the four researched countries........................................................ 116 6.2 Final considerations on aspects and influence factors......................................................... 121 7 References ............................................................................................................................. 122 8 Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 132 8.1 Appendix 1 ......................................................................................................................... 132 8.2 Appendix 2 ......................................................................................................................... 138 8.3 Appendix 3 ......................................................................................................................... 140 8.4 Appendix 4 ......................................................................................................................... 142 © 2015 Graffolution | FP7-SEC 608152 4 D2.2 REGIONAL, CULTURAL, ETHICAL, PRIVACY AND LEGAL ASPECTS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS REPORT LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Number of stakeholders by categories for each country ........................................................8 Table 2. Number of contacts and interviews per stakeholder group in Austria ..................................11 Table 3. Number of contacts and interviews per stakeholder group in Germany ...............................12 Table 4. Number of contacts and interviews per stakeholder group in Spain .....................................13 Table 5. Number of contacts and interviews per stakeholder group in the UK ...................................14 Table 6. Population and density by country .......................................................................................18 Table 7. The ten most populated Austrian cities (2014) .....................................................................19 Table 8. The ten most populated German cities (2014) .....................................................................20 Table 9. The ten most populated Spanish cities (2013) ......................................................................21 Table 10. The ten most populated cities (2011) .................................................................................22 Table 11. Train operators on franchised rail networks in UK (+ precedent sectors from British Rail) ..32 Table 12. Data and sources in each country ......................................................................................40 Table 13. Graffiti vandalism complaints reported to the police..........................................................41 Table 14. Reported number of damages and costs from public transport services .............................44 Table 15. Different costs related to graffiti in the UK .........................................................................45 Table 16. Differences between countries’ punishments .................................................................. 101 Table 17. Differences between some Spanish municipalities ‘punishments ..................................... 105 Table 18. Influencing factors of writing graffiti at social, cultural and regional
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