QUARRYING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Aggregates in France Aggregates (sand and gravel): a vital raw material Contribution to the economy Contribution

Because aggregates are such an essential raw material – needed to build houses, schools, roads and more – one of society's major challenges is to secure access to mineral resources, especially quarries.

Aggregates are indispensable • Aggregates (sand and gravel) meet a fundamental need that serves the common good: construction of buildings and com- munication arteries. Aggregate producers satisfy society's demand by supplying 400 million metric tons (Mt) of materials each year in France, equivalent to a per capita consumption of 6.5 metric tons.

And quarries are irreplaceable • In France, 94.5% of aggregates come from quarries, 4% from recycling and 1.5% from the marine environment. In other words, quarries are the main source of supply of the aggregates society needs for its projects. • Even in an optimistic hypothesis based on increased shares of recycled aggregates (10 to 15%) and marine aggregates (3 to Aggregate product 5%), quarries will continue to account for at least 80% of industries France's aggregate production.

• Aggregates are used to make various products, including Ready- Mix Concrete (RMC), asphalt (for road paving materials) and precast concrete elements (blocks, pipes, beams, urban furniture, tiles, etc.). These applications consume 36% of the aggregates produced French production of aggregates in France, or some 152 Mt per year. Production from 1983 to 2003 (France): A comparison at a • These industries 20-year interval highlights the sharp (33%) decline in the production are a major source of unconsolidated rock aggregates. of employment: each quarry job leads to the creation of two to three indirect jobs as well. Because of the high cost of trans- porting their main raw material (due to weight), industries that use aggre- gates locate their facilities primarily based on supply opportunities – and sometimes directly at the quarry itself. 2003 1983

Unconsolidated rock Recycled aggregates Hard igneous rock Marine aggregates Hard limestone

Unconsolidated and hard rock. Aggregate quarries fall into two broad categories: sand and gravel (unconsolidated rock) quarries and hard rock quarries (supplying crushed igneous or limestone rock).The extraction of unconsolidated rock – mainly alluvial material – is declining steadily. A quarry is key to regional vitality Contribution to the economy Contribution Quantities of aggregate used

1 m3 of concrete 1 km of highway 2 metric tons 30,000 metric tons

House 1 km of railroad High school or hospital 100 to 300 metric tons 16,000 metric tons 2000 to 4000 metric tons

Main uses of aggregates Economic activity • Quarries play a key role in a region's vitality. Opened for a decade or more Concrete products of operation, they not only constitute Ready-mix concrete Other concrete a source of direct employment, but Asphalt (estimate) also contribute to the creation of Other uses (road sub- lasting business relations among local base layers, ornamental economic players, such as suppliers, purposes, filtration, etc.) processing industries, hauliers… and customers, of course! In France, per capita consumption of aggregates averages 6.5 metric tons per year.

Recycling: opportunities and limitations

In 2003, recycled aggregates accounted for 4% of French produc- tion, or 17 million metric tons (Mt). This quantity, which does not include in-situ recycling of road aggregates (using mobile crushing units), consists of: • Slag (5 Mt), a by-product of the steel industry, used mainly in road sub-base layers. Use is subject to availability (proximity of a steel mill). • Waste schists from coal mining operations, or mine dumps (3 Mt). Availability is subject to geographical constraints. Recycling installation at Flins-sur-Seine, • Finally, the recycling of building demolition rubble –- the only near Paris: concrete is broken up material whose share in total aggregate consumption is likely to (foreground) before being crushed into rise – currently amounts to 9 Mt (or 2.25% of French aggregate aggregates (background). production). However, this type of recycling is characterized by technical difficulty and high costs. In technical terms, recycling entails a full-scale dismantling of the building, with the removal of all materials that cannot be recycled as aggregates (metal, plaster, wood, false ceilings, ceramics, etc.) prior to demolition. Due to its high cost, this operation is economically viable only if the cost of disposal (which, in France, is currently on the order of €60/metric ton for disposal of unsorted wastes containing plaster) exceeds that of dismantling and reuse of the recycled aggregates. • In cases where there is an abundance of materials available for recycling (e.g., in urban areas), and where the cost of disposal is high and natural resources are scarce and expensive, recycled aggregates can account for up to 20% of local production (compared to the national average of 2.25%), as is the case in the Greater Paris region. • Based on the available data, an optimistic hypothesis suggests that in the medium term, recycled aggre- gates will represent a 10 to 15% share of French aggregate production. Employment, tax revenues and land-use planning opportunities Contribution to the community Contribution Quarries contribute to community development by providing a source of direct and indirect employment as well as tax revenue. They also deliver benefits to the host communities in the form of partnerships, vocational training opportunities and through their role in land-use planning and restoration projects.

A high ratio of indirect employment • Each quarry is like a small- or medium-sized enterprise, 2-3 employing a workforce 1 indirect indirect job of 10 to 40 people on jobs average. Aggregate product • Every quarry job leads Transport to the creation of one industries indirect job with sup- 1 quarry job pliers, equipment and = Lafarge Suppliers machinery manufactur- shared jobs ers, and engineering or Dialogue 0.5 control bureaus. 1 indirect and partnership indirect job • The transport sector, too, is a job source of indirect employ- • The general public is often ment, with 1 job for each Each quarry job generates ill-informed about extraction and quarry job. 4 to 5 indirect jobs.This high ratio rehabilitation techniques, the efforts • The most significant ratio of has been confirmed by several made to minimize environmental indirect employment created studies conducted by the industry impacts and the actual business of by a quarry is found in the in a number of regions. quarrying. aggregate product industries: ready-mix concrete, coating plants • Open Days provide opportunities to explain the realities of quarrying and precasting yards, where the average ratio of indirect operations and establish dialogue employment is 2.7 indirect jobs for each quarry job. directly with the stakeholders. In 2004, Lafarge Granulats held ten Skill development Open Days and six other public • Skill development is a key goal for ensuring the success of indi- events (e.g., educational exhibits, vidual employees as well as that of the company as a whole. site inaugurations), which together Accordingly, in addition to its contribution to the industry's voca- drew more than 6,000 people. • There are numerous official opportu- tional training organization CEFICEM, Lafarge Granulats has nities for outreach: in France, every established its own training institute in Lyon. With a permanent quarrying project begins with a public staff of 4 in addition to outside instructors, the institute had inquiry, followed by mandatory hear- 756 trainees enrolled in 2004. ings with the local quarry authority (CDC). Safety is everyone's business Once quarrying operations are Safety is an ongoing concern under way, local shared by everyone in the information and organization. Human safety oversight com- is a top priority in the aggre- mittees (CLIS) or gates industry. Lafarge other follow-up bodies hold regular Granulats has made an meetings to maintain stakeholder dia- active commitment to safety logue. 48% of the quarries of Lafarge with the aim of becoming Granulats have established some type Dec. '00 June '01 Dec. '01 June '02 Dec. '02 June '03 Dec. '03 June '04 Dec. '04 the industry leader in terms of follow-up committee. More than of occupational accident half of them (33) held meetings in Lost-time accidents/ statistics. 2004. sliding 12-month total from 2000 to 2004 • Beyond the tax revenues it generates, the aggregates industry is theaggregatesindustry • Beyond thetaxrevenues itgenerates, Benefits for thecommunity • todirectlocaltaxrevenues contribute throughthe Quarries A contributiontolocaltaxrevenues • Finally, because they offer opportunities for rehabilitationand becausetheyoffer opportunities • Finally, quar- • Through itsdonationsandinvolvement involunteer efforts, the latterreceives royalties inadditiontothetaxrevenues. Ifthelandbeingminedbelongstocommunity, tax. property tax comesfromthe contribution service infrastructure service and thejobsitcreateshelptojustifydevelopment of in one ofthefew tooperate taxes averages todirect indicatethatthecontribution regional scaleinFrance outona Studiescarried basis for calculatingthetaxliability. whicharethe investments theyinvolve andthelandtheyoccupy, utn n oetypoet,dikn ae nae,andmore. waterintakes, drinking projects, hunting andforestry housingestates, ponds, recreationalparks, develop newamenities: helpregionsregaintheirvitalityand quarries development projects, play aroleinlocalcommunityries life. which theresources canbeexploited. affords abalancebetweentransport, licensetooperateandtheenvironmental andsocialconditions in anddistantresourcesto 5.4Mtin2003.Bringingthese alternative intoplaycallsforanewstrategythat native materials(includingmarine aggregates). Thecontributionofthisthird ringrose from 4.1Mtin2000 • Thistrend hascreated theneedfora declined from 7Mt/yrto3.9 Mt/yroverthesameperiod. contribution Picardy supplied 3 Mt/yearin1990butonly1Mt/yr2000,whileUpperNormandy's management plansthatrecommend conservationinorder tobeablemeetlocalneeds. Forexample, is onthedecline:resources are becomingscarce and,aboveall,fallwithinthescopeofregional quarry consumption rose from 40%in2000to44%2003.Thecontributionofadjacentregions (thesecondring) (SDRIF) hadsetthegoalofnotaggravatingitsdeficit.Nevertheless, theproportion ofimportsinaggregate • Inresponse tothis tion 9timeshigherthanthenationalaverage). consumption and20%ofproduction (apropor- recycled materials,whichaccountfor11%of gates ituses–despitethesizablerole playedby Above all,theregion imports44%oftheaggre- consumption compared to32%elsewhere). predominant application(50%ofaggregate compared to6.5elsewhere) andconcrete isthe elsewhere (about3metrictonsperinhabitant France: aggregate consumptionislowerthan Greater Parisisdifferent• from otherregions of The third ring while , benefits for thecommunity 11 Measurable andlong-term oe rmohrfsa eeus mostly % comesfromotherfiscal revenues, € 3,620 . observed stateofdependency per employee andper year. rural areas taxe professionnelle third supplyring .The industry's presence industry's .The Imports onthedecline Imports Potential resources Production orbusiness , , the1994MasterPlanforGreater Parisregion 89 that mobilizesmore remote regions aswellalter- % ofthat public through procurement atthenationallevel. 1 ty) andmust now meetitsneeds Mt/yr), (12 44% oftheaggregates itconsumes of businesstaxrevenues The Greater Paris region imports Allocation Region Département Community

Contribution to the community Transport, rehabilitation and environmental impact Contribution to the environment to the environment Contribution Over the past 35 years, environmentally-friendly transport solutions, emissions control, reduced consumption of resources and restoration of quarries in ways beneficial to the community as well as to biodiversity have highlighted the comprehensive approach pursued by Lafarge Granulats, because these priori- ties underpin the company's economic success.

More remote quarries mean longer haulage distances • Aggregate transport will be a crucial issue in the years ahead. Environmentally-friendly transport options (i.e., rail or inland waterways) emit less CO2 than road haulage, making quarry pro- jects more acceptable to the community and creating a compet- itive edge. Although Lafarge Granulats has made a significant commitment to ecologically sound transport, the increasing distances between quar- ries and demand centers, coupled with sustained demand, are liable to translate

Installing a piezometer to an overall increase in road haulage. Environmental The largest private river fleet in France management • Lafarge Granulats transports 2.3 Mt of materials per year via the three inland waterway systems (in the Paris, Midi and Alsace • Environmental conservation is a cen- basins), in addition to 700,00 metric tons of fill materials from tral focus of effort for the Lafarge earthmoving. Using France's inland waterways avoids 240,000 Granulats management team. It is long-haul truck journeys. With 7 pushers and 140 barges, the constantly borne in mind by quarry Lafarge Granulats fleet is the largest privately-owned fleet of managers as well as by a dedicated river-going vessels in France. Each pushed convoy (1,200 to 4,400 network of some forty experts: engi- metric tons) keeps between 40 and 220 trucks off the roads. neering geologists, agronomists, landscapers, lawyers and land-use planners working throughout France A quarry's life cycle under the oversight of the public affairs/environmental and resource REHABILITATION management department. New use • Experts monitor the quarry's life cycle from the initial definition of the project through to the surrender of the land after closure and rehabilita- tion. It is their responsibility to QUARRY deploy an internal Environmental Fill Extraction Management System (EMS) that conforms to and even exceeds applicable legislation by enforcing the Lafarge Group's own demand- TREATMENT ing standards: rehabilitation, signage, monitoring of consump- of aggregates tions and emissions (noise, dust, RECYCLING water, vibrations). In addition to

serving as the local interface with Fill community representatives and 64 %

government agencies, the experts 36 % head the local information and over- sight committees (CLIS) and take Demolition part in many communication initia- tives at the local level. • 100% of Lafarge's quarries, ports Meets 4% of and depots are audited every two needs USE AGGREGATE PRODUCTS years within the framework of the environmental charter of UNICEM, Roads and buildings Ready-mix, Precast elements, Asphalt an industry organization. • With Social andecologicalqualityofrehabilitation projects • Monitoring emissions achieve a the eco-balancesachieved. bearwitnesstothehighcaliberof History museum ofNatural Studiesconductedby theFrenchnational numerous species. projectcanbecomehavens oftherestoration for created aspart versity plantandanimal for fostering create newopportunities can Granulats by Lafarge operated thequarries Moreover, values. phaseoftenenhancesproperty post-quarrying can befound.The alternatives themostappropriate stakeholders, with thevarious Byidentifying rehabilitationsolutions. quarry CO goalistocurbitsoverall Oneparticular minimizing itsemissions. to devotes extensive Lafarge efforts its sitessocially acceptable, ofmaking Given theimportance operations. leased by quarrying Noise cement producedby The environment isacentral focus parties concerned. to reflect solutions acceptabletoall logue, itcanbedevelopedjointly opportunity forstakeholderdia- mock-up. Byusingtheplanasan scaping plan,3Dsimulationsor a rying planandillustratedbyaland- usually incorporatedintothequar- the teamsofLafarge Granulats.Itis holders andanoperationaltoolfor fordialoguewithstake- platform agement. Itaffords bothavital ofland-useman- the cornerstone • Thequarryrehabilitation planis The quarryrehabilitation plan:aninstrumentofdialogue 2 35 msin:in emissions: , .The pioneer ecosystems created during quarrying orre- quarrying pioneerecosystemscreatedduring .The dust years of experience, Lafarge masters a wide range of awiderange masters Lafarge ofexperience, years Evaluation ofcompliance(simulation) 20 and % reductioninCO vibrations 2001 2010 theGroupmadeacommitmentto , . constitute themainemissionsre- 2 emissions per metric tonof emissions permetric The rehabilitation plan (here, the plan for Longueil-Sainte-Marie - theplanfor Longueil-Sainte-Marie The rehabilitation plan(here, local needs ieor)i eeoe naciaeo ilge itmust meet ofdialogue: isdeveloped ina climate Rivecourt) biodi- jointly the needsandexpectations ofthecommunity. A wetlandecosystem Inland waterways transport European bee-eater

Contribution to the environment Lafarge Granulatsin each year. planting ofmore than100,000 trees owned riverfleetinFranceandthe customers, thelargest privately- € stands for2,550employees,salesof • InFrance,Lafarge Granulatesalso 52 portsanddepots. 130 quarriesandsandpitsaswell around 51localentitiesthatrun rock (20%).Thisactivityisorganized (55%), limestone(25%)andigneous consisting ofunconsolidatedrock lion metrictonsofaggregates, leader with2004salesof49.5mil- • Lafarge GranulatsisFrench market in 2004. Group postedsalesof employees in75countries,the Roofing andPlaster. 77,000 With Cement, Aggregates andConcrete, players ineachofitsfourmarkets: materials. Lafarge isamongthekey group, worldleaderinconstruction segments ofactivitytheLafarge • Aggregates are oneofthemajor 550 millionin2004,20,000direct of sustainabledevelopment” € 14.4 billion brief “Sharing avision tons ofaggregatesperyear fromits supplies Granulats Lafarge throughout France, rm iitro owyWrdCmiso nEvrnetadDvlpet 1987. CommissiononEnvironment andDevelopment, MinisterofNorway,World Prime by theformer * Definitionofsustainable Report, development excerpted fromtheBrundtland www.lafarge-granulats.fr contact orvisittheweb site: Granulats askyour Lafarge Forthecompleteversion, report. ofthat Thisdocumentisasummary wasneeded. a statusreport Butbefore we could establish thatdialogue, with ourstakeholders. Sustainable development isavisionthatwe would like toshare astatusreport Sustainable development: tomeettheirown needs*. mising theabilityoffuturegenerations opment thatmeetstheneedsofpresentwithoutcompro- todevel- tocontribute togethertoward asharedgoal: and working 2,550 the thatinlinewiththeGroup'sguidingprinciples, readers we would like toconvince Atthesametime, lopment willemerge. tive debatefromwhichacommonapproachtosustainable deve- aconstruc- willtrigger itisourhopethatwork supply, securing Given thestakes involved resourcesand inexploitingnatural Unanimous commitmentandshared vision ofuses. ment ofnewsitesfor avariety tolocaleconomicgrowthcompany andthedevelop- contributes the withlocalcommunities, throughitspartnerships depots.Thus, With locationsinmorethan withlocal authoritiesfor land-useplanning Partnership chain. andinvolves ateachstageofthe players myriad tosite, delivery intomanufactured productsand tinues throughits transformation con- resource follows alongprocessthatbeginswithextraction, consumption standsatabout percapita InFrance, afterairandwater. material, consumed raw isthethirdmost- resourceknown as The mineral “aggregate” ofrawAn industry materials Tel.: (33) 140956900 -Fax:(33) 140956901 employees of Lafarge Granulats arepoolingtheirenergies employees Granulats ofLafarge 92454 Issy-les-Moulineaux •France 13-15 rueJean-Pierre Timbaud 6.5 200 130 erctn e er The tonsperyear. metric quarries and quarries communities scattered 49.5 million metric 52 ports and ports

Production: Karibu Editions • www.karibu.fr • English adaptation: Audrey Frank • Photo credits: cover: Sandrancourt (78), Lafarge Granulats/F. Vigouroux; Photo Libraries: Lafarge pp. 2, 8; Lafarge Granulats pp. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.