Los Reboots Como Complejización Narrativa De La Repetición

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Los Reboots Como Complejización Narrativa De La Repetición Take it from the top: los reboots como complejización narrativa de la repetición María Brunella Tedesco Barlocco Tutor: Glòria Salvadó Corretger Curso: 2016/2017 Máster en Estudios de Cine y Audiovisual Contemporáneos Trabajos de fin de máster de los programas de postgrado del Departamento de Comunicación Departamento de Comunicación Universitat Pompeu Fabra Resumen: A través de las reconfiguraciones de James Bond y Batman efectuadas a partir de Casino Royale y Batman Begins, este proyecto propondrá una aproximación al reboot, o reinicio narrativo de franquicias, como complejización de la repetición fílmica. Categoría de surgimiento reciente en la industria y de aún incipiente desarrollo académico, el reboot se ve mayoritariamente rodeado de discursos crítico-periodísticos que replican los vilipendios normalmente exclamados contra remakes y secuelas. Alejándose de la preocupación por la “lealtad” a una fuente “original”, el presente ensayo optará por estudiar las estrategias narrativas heredadas de otras categorías de repetición, mediante las cuales los reboots instalan sus propias líneas de acción. Analizando la continuidad, la reescritura de eventos y personajes, el cierre de sentido trilógico y la caracterización, el proyecto arriba a la comprensión de una estructura encauzada a respaldar la reinterpretación que los reboots procuran de sus correspondientes héroes. Palabras Claves: Reboot – Reinicio – Renacer – Repetición – Diferencia – Complejización – Narrativa – Intertextualidad – Reescritura – James Bond – Batman – Continuidad – Caracterización – Remake – Secuela – Precuela – Trilogía – Franquicia - Blockbuster ............................................................................................................................................. Abstract: Through the reconfigurations of James Bond and Batman mobilized from Casino Royale and Batman Begins onward, this project will propose an approach to the “reboot”, or franchise narrative restart, as a complexity of filmic repetition. A recent category within the film industry, with a yet incipient academic development, the reboot is mostly surrounded by critical-journalistic discourses that replicate the condemnations usually directed towards remakes and sequels. Aiming to distance itself from preoccupations about “loyalty” to an “original” source, this essay will concentrate on studying the narrative strategies inherited from other categories of repetition, through which the reboots install their own lines of action. Analyzing continuity, character and event rewriting, “tri-logical” sense closure and characterization, the project arrives to the comprehension of a structure channeled to supporting the reinterpretation of the heroes procured by the reboots. Keywords: Reboot – Restart – Rebirth – Repetition – Difference – Complexity – Narrative – Intertextuality – Rewriting – James Bond – Batman – Continuity – Closure – Characterization – Remake – Sequel – Prequel – Trilogy – Franchise – Blockbuster 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS A los docentes del máster, en especial a Glòria, por demostrar que no hay repetición que mitigue la pasión. A Mariana, Mayte y Kristel, por reiterar eternamente el aliento, sin hartazgo alguno. A Sasa, por ser de las diferencias más gratas de este reinicio. Y a Nacho, lo que repetiría por siempre, con o sin diferencias. ÍNDICE 1. Introducción……………………………………………………………………… 4 2. Variaciones Sobre un Mismo Tema……………………………………………... 9 2.1. La Filosofía de la Repetición………………………………………………. 9 2.2. Repeticiones Complejas y Complejizaciones Narrativas: Los “Efectos Especiales” de las Tramas…………………………………………………... 13 2.3. Tras Palimpsestos: El Texto y Sus Vínculos……………………………….. 16 3. Tócala Otra vez, Sam: Por Una (Breve) Taxonomía de la Repetición Fílmica…..21 3.1. “Este Mensaje Se Autodestruirá”: Remaking el Resultado Narrativo de Mission: Impossible…………………………………………………………. 21 3.2. Jason Bourne y la Secuelización del Trauma Amnésico…………………… 24 3.3. Trilogía, Trinidad: El Padre, El Hijo, y La Guerra de las Galaxias………... 28 3.4. “Soy tu Padre”: La Precuelización de la Identidad Familiar en Star Wars… 31 3.5. Otros Paradigmas: Reescritura Architextual y La Redefinición del Espía… 33 3.6. De Superhéroes, Monstruos y Monos: Indagando las Raíces del Reboot….. 35 4. Volver a Empezar: La Materia del Reboot………………………………………. 38 4.1. El Préstamo de la Secuelización: Continuar Para Resignificar…………….. 38 4.2. La Trilogización del Viaje del Héroe………………………………………. 47 4.3. Momentos Decisivos: El Poder Transformativo de la Historia de Origen…. 51 4.4. El Remaking de Claves Narrativas…………………………………………. 57 4.5. El Héroe de las Mil Caras: La Reescritura Architextual del Héroe………... 65 5. Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………... 72 6. Referencias bibliográficas……………………………………………………….. 75 7. Referencias audiovisuales………………………………………………………... 79 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Si bien “el cine ha repetido y reproducido sus propias narrativas desde sus inicios”1 (Verevis, 2006, p. 1), su evolución evidencia una gama de modalidades, disímiles aunque interconectadas, a partir de las cuales se ha efectuado dicha repetición2. Tras una larga historia3 de remakes, secuelas, trilogías y, más hacia la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, precuelas, este milenio también ha sido testigo de una nueva categoría, bautizada, primero por la crítica y luego por la academia, como “reboot”. Definir reboot requiere, no obstante, no ceñirse únicamente a terminología cinematográfica, sino recurrir a conceptos propiamente tecnológicos. Según William Proctor (2012a), uno de los pocos académicos que se ha dedicado al estudio del reboot, la designación apela a la acción de reiniciar un ordenador, usualmente con el objetivo de erradicar un error en la unidad, estrategia replicada por películas que buscan soslayar la continuidad de acciones desarrollada por una franquicia y reiniciar su trama, avalando nuevos sucesos y caracterizaciones, aunque manteniendo una base de información esencial en dichos relatos. El presente proyecto, tomando al reboot como su foco, procurará desentrañar los dispositivos narrativos de repetición y diferencia a los que la categoría recurre, y comprender cómo los articula y a qué resultados arriba. Para lograrlo, se tomarán como casos de estudio la reconfiguración de Batman a través de los filmes Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008) y The Dark Knight Rises (2012), y la de James Bond, con Casino Royale (2006), Quantum of Solace (2008), Skyfall (2012) y Spectre (2015), no solo por su lugar ejemplar dentro de esta categoría, sino por su extensión en el tiempo y su carácter primigenio, al considerarse que el lanzamiento de sus primeros filmes, 2005 y 2006, respectivamente, fue previo a varias otras manifestaciones del reboot, como The Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) o Man of Steel (2013). A la hora de estudiar esta modalidad de repetición, Proctor (2012a) distancia el reboot de otra categoría, el remake, correspondiente a películas unitarias, “autocontenidas”, mientras que el concepto que compete a esta investigación remite a 1 Forrest y Koos rastrean remakes tempranos, de 1896 a 1906, “generalmente indistinguibles de duplicados, mientras que otros eran versiones de filmes populares cuyos negativos habían sido agotados” (2002, p. 4) 2 De aquí en más “categorías de la repetición”: remakes, secuelas, precuelas, trilogías, reescrituras architextuales y reboots. 3 Es imposible, en este sentido, no recordar la noción de reproductibilidad técnica de Walter Benjamin (1936), su vinculación con la pérdida de carácter aurático del arte y las particularidades que atañen al cine, en sí, por naturaleza, reproductible; o la “era neobarroca” de Omar Calabrese (1990), que enarbolaba la repetición como una de sus mayores características. 4 franquicias o ficciones ya serializadas. El teórico Thomas Willits, también dedicado brevemente al estudio de reboots, se alineaba, algunos años antes, a la consideración de Proctor, al concebirlos como la posibilidad de “reiniciar un universo de entretenimiento que ya ha sido previamente establecido, e iniciar con una nueva línea de la historia o línea del tiempo que ignora la historia (…) anterior” (2009, S/P). Como precisa Proctor, “en el mundo de las ficciones narrativas y las historias serializadas, este término se usa para indicar la remoción o nulidad de la historia (…) sin requerimientos de conocimiento canónicos sobre encarnaciones previas” (2012b, S/P). El académico mismo, no obstante, comprende la futilidad de esa aspiración: las relaciones que las películas mantienen con otras, además de las expectativas y los conocimientos previos de los espectadores, hacen que la pretensión de “comenzar de nuevo” se relativice. Una tabula rasa incapaz de allanar completamente el terreno: “el reboot es un producto nuevo”, afirma, “aunque al mismo tiempo ya es viejo” (Proctor, 2012b, S/P). Para estudiar esta categoría, al igual que hicieron incipientemente los teóricos del remake, este ensayo tomará conceptos del estudio de adaptaciones literario- cinematográficas. Una de las nociones más fértiles e iluminadoras proviene del teórico Robert Stam, quien propuso comprender a las adaptaciones desde una lente evolutiva. Para Stam, estos trasvases pueden ser vistos “como ‘mutaciones’ que ayudan a la novela de origen a ‘sobrevivir’” (2005, p. 3), cual si se tratase de leyendas que se modifican en y para su propia transmisión, manteniendo la vitalidad de la historia. Una línea similar fue recorrida por Constantine Verevis (2016), uno de los grandes nombres del estudio de repeticiones fílmicas,
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