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The Commonwealth's Call to Duty

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The Commonwealth's Call to Duty The Commonwealth’s Call to Duty Advancing modern Commonwealth defence connections by Tim Hewish Foreword by Rt Hon. Dr. Liam Fox MP /About Commonwealth Exchange/ /About Commonwealth Exchange/ Commonwealth Exchange (CX) is a newly established think tank that promotes the trading, educational, and strategic potential of the Commonwealth in the UK. It does so through the publication of research papers, the production of seminars, and the creation of introductory trade guides. Its chairman is Lord Howell, Commonwealth Minister 2010-12. It is also assisted by a cross-party advisory board and supported by a wide range of benefactors. Its latest report on Commonwealth immigration and visa in the UK received world wide media coverage and was supported by the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, who kindly wrote the foreword. /About the Author/ Tim Hewish is Executive Director and co-founder of CX. He was previously a researcher for a Conservative Member of Parliament. He has a master’s degree in Imperial and Commonwealth History from King’s College London. He is the author of: How to Solve a Problem like a Visa – the unhappy state of Commonwealth immigration in the UK. Tim is the also author of: Common-Trade, Common-Growth, Common-Wealth: An inquiry into the establishment of freer trade, growth, and prosperity across Britain and the Commonwealth. He was awarded third place in the Institute of Economic Affairs’ Brexit essay competition 2014. /Acknowledgements/ We would like to thank the Commonwealth Argosy Group for their considerable support towards our report and its launch without which it would not have been possible to produce. You can find more about their work on www.commonwealthargosy.com We are also grateful to the authors of the opinion pieces from defence think tanks from around the Commonwealth. We value their contribution as it has provided a wider perspective. Thank you to Lord Howell, our chairman, as well as to our advisory board and of course our benefactors, who make CX possible. Thanks also to those behind the scenes, but never far from our thoughts, who spend their days supporting us and have spent many late nights proof-reading the report. The final version of the report was copy-edited by Hazel Harris at Wordstitch Editorial Services (www.wordstitch.co.uk). Design and production by Marian Hutchinson ([email protected]) Centre page defence infographic and two-pager report summary by Chris Smith (www.studiocs.co.uk) TJH /@the_CX #CWdefence/ 1 The Commonwealth’s Call to Duty /Contents/ Foreword – Rt Hon. Dr. Liam Fox MP 3 Glossary 4 Executive Summary 5 Introduction: Why Research Commonwealth Security? 11 Commonwealth Forces in History 13 Occupation of Japan: The British Commonwealth Occupying Force (BCOF) 13 Korean War 1951–54: 1st Commonwealth Division (BCFK) 14 The Malayan Emergency 1954: British Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve (FESR) 16 Zimbabwe–Rhodesia War 1979–80: Commonwealth Monitoring Force (CMF) 16 Current Commonwealth Multilateral Military Linkages 19 Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA) 19 ABCA Armies Programme 20 Five Eyes (FVEY) 20 Key Bilaterals 21 UK–Commonwealth bilaterals 21 Additional Commonwealth bilateral cooperation: An overview 23 Areas of Development 29 Defence Diplomacy 29 Interoperability 29 Intelligence Sharing 30 Anti-terrorism 30 Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) 30 Anti-piracy 31 Military training 31 Recommendations 33 I Establish a Commonwealth Security Forum (CSF) 33 II Create a Commonwealth Military Scholarship (CMS) 38 III Upscale Officer Exchange Programmes 40 Conclusion 43 Endnotes 45 Opinions from defense think tanks in Commonwealth nations India and Commonwealth Cooperation Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) / New Delhi, India / Commander Abhijit Singh, Research Fellow 9 Canadian Views on Commonwealth Security Atlantic Council of Canada / Toronto, Canada / Brian Merry, Kabir Bhatia, and Zaid Al-Nassir, Program Editors 11 Putting the “Wealth” into a Commonwealth Security Forum African Defence Review / Johannesburg, South Africa / John Stupart, Managing Editor 17 Finding a Niche for Commonwealth Security Cooperation Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) / Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia / Shahriman Lockman, Senior Analyst 18 Our fundamental shared interest: supporting the United States Australian Strategic Policy Institute / Canberra, Australia / Harry White, Analyst 32 2 /www.commonwealth-exchange.org / facebook.com/CommonwealthExchangeCX/ /Foreword/ /Foreword – Rt Hon. Dr. Liam Fox MP/ The international security environment has been revolutionised by the advent of globalisation. We now live in a world of hitherto unknown interdependence where threats and problems in one part of the world ricochet quickly around the rest. Whether we are talking about the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the disease impact of SARS or the banking crisis of 2008, contagion can quickly affect us all. This new dynamic will require us all to develop new means of dealing with our collective threats and will require a range of flexible responses. The old institutions will not be sufficient to provide us with the variety of levers we will need to guide us through the complexities and challenges of this new era. That is not to say that they will necessarily be redundant but they will need to be augmented to give us the agility we will require. If the 20th century was the century of blocs defined by geography, the interdependence of the 21st century will need cooperation based on mutual interests, functionality and shared outlook, even when those involved are in very different parts of the globe. Where will the Commonwealth fit in this new picture? On the plus side, it is an organisation with huge geographical reach and which represents a wide range of states. It includes some of the most affluent and developed nations as well as some of the poorest and most underdeveloped. All share, to one degree or another the vulnerabilities of our times – the risk of failing states, the rise of transnational terrorism, the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, global financial imbalances and the competition for commodities. On the negative side, it was never conceived as a security or defence organisation and, given the tensions between some member states, is unlikely to become one. Yet, many Commonwealth members have played a role in one type of international coalition or another as part of their global responsibilities and alliances. There is no reason why the Commonwealth should not be a forum that considers questions of geopolitical importance. After all, groups such as the EU do so, notwithstanding that it was never conceived as a defence or security alliance. While there may be little room for unanimity on any course of action in response to perceived threat, there are likely to be many overlapping interests. In the world we are entering, we will require greater flexibility and will need many more levers to pull in the face of abundant new risks and challenges. A Commonwealth security forum could provide an interesting and potentially useful adjunct to the current global security architecture. At the very least, it would be a useful tool in assessing trends and could give valuable early warning signals of future problems. We cannot have too much dialogue or an excess of information in the era of globalisation. It may just be that the Commonwealth could be coming of age in the right way at the right time. It is a time to be bold. Rt Hon. Dr. Liam Fox MP Secretary of State for Defence (2010-11) /@the_CX #CWdefence/ 3 The Commonwealth’s Call to Duty /Glossary/ ABCA American, British, Canadian, Australian, & New Zealand Armies’ Program ACSC Advanced Command and Staff Course ADF Australian Defence Force ANZAM Australia, New Zealand, and Malaysia defence agreement ANZUK Australian, New Zealand, and UK force ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUKMIN Australia–UK Ministerial Meetings BATUK British Army Training Unit Kenya BATUS British Army Training Unit Suffield BCFK British Commonwealth Force Korea BCOF British Commonwealth Occupying Force CDR Closer Defence Relations agreement CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting CMF Commonwealth Monitoring Force CMS Commonwealth Military Scholarship ComSec Commonwealth Secretariat CSC Commonwealth Scholarship Commission CSF Commonwealth Security Forum DfID Department for International Development EU European Union FCO Foreign & Commonwealth Office FESR Far East Strategic Reserve FPDA Five Power Defence Arrangement FVEY Five Eyes intelligence program HADR humanitarian assistance and disaster relief IED improvised explosive device IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies JSCSC Joint Services Command and Staff College MAJDP Malaysia–Australia Joint Defence Program MoD Ministry of Defence NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization RCDS Royal College of Defence Studies RMAF Royal Malaysian Air Force SIGINT signals intelligence SIMBEX Singapore Indian Maritime Bilateral Exercises UN United Nations USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) 4 /www.commonwealth-exchange.org / facebook.com/CommonwealthExchangeCX/ /Executive Summary/ Our Recommendations I Establish a Commonwealth Security Forum (CSF) Enhance Commonwealth understanding and advance ties in this currently under-developed field through regular dialogue II Create a Commonwealth Military Scholarship (CMS) Enable a strengthening of strategic knowledge between Commonwealth Armed Forces III Upscale Commonwealth Officer Exchange Programmes
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