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Cooperative Security: NATO’S Partnership Policy in a Changing World

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Cooperative Security: NATO’S Partnership Policy in a Changing World DIIS REPORT Trine Flockhart (editor) Cooperative Security: NATO’s Partnership Policy in a Changing World DIIS Report 2014:01 DIIS REPORT DIIS . DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 1 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 © Copenhagen 2014, the authors and DIIS Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Østbanegade 117, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ph: +45 32 69 87 87 Fax: +45 32 69 87 00 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diis.dk Layout: Allan Lind Jørgensen Printed in Denmark by Vesterkopi AS ISBN 978-87-7605-639-1 (print) ISBN 978-87-7605-640-7 (pdf ) Price: DKK 50.00 (VAT included) DIIS publications can be downloaded free of charge from www.diis.dk Hardcopies can be ordered at www.diis.dk Trine Flockhart, PhD, Senior Researcher, DIIS [email protected] 2 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 Contents Abbreviations 4 Contributors 7 Abstracts 10 Foreword NATO Secretary General, Anders Fogh Rasmussen 15 Introduction. Changing Partnerships in a Changing World Trine Flockhart 17 1. The Future of NATO’s Partnerships James Appathurai 35 2. Cooperative Security: A New Concept? Ole Wæver 47 3. The ‘Partnerfication’ of NATO: From Wall-building to Bridges-building? Magnus Christiansson 60 4. Partners, the Pivot, and Liberal Order Rebecca R. Moore 73 5. China and NATO: Room for Partnership? Mads Kjeldsen and Friis Arne Petersen 87 6. As good as it gets? Australia and NATO beyond Afghanistan Ben Schreer 99 7. Partnerships in the Middle East: Interventionist Endeavors? Jakob Aarøe Jørgensen 111 8. NATO’s Cooperation with the EU doesn’t work and it doesn’t really matter … yet! Thierry Legendre 121 9. Cooperative Security and NATO’s Grand Alternatives Sten Rynning 132 References (selected) 146 Defence and Security Studies at DIIS 154 3 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 Abbreviations 6PT Six Party Talks ABCA America, Britain, Canada, Australia ADF Australian Defence Force AL Arab League ANZUS New Zealand and the United States APEC AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union C4 Command, Control, Computers and Communication CFI The Connected Forces Initiative CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization DIIS Danish Institute for International Studies DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea DWP Defence White Paper EAPC EuroAtlantic Partnership Council EAS East Asia Summit EC European Council ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EDA European Defence Community ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EU European Union FDPA Five Powers Defence Arrangements HQ NATO Headquarters IADS Integrated Air Defence System ICI Istanbul Cooperation Initiative ICP Individual Cooperation Programme ICPC Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme 4 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 IPP the Individual Partnership Programme ISR Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance ISTAR Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance JOAC Joint Operational Access Concept ISAF International Security Assistance Force LWO Liberal World Order MAP Membership Action Plan MD Mediterranean Dialogue MENA Middle East and North Africa NAC North Atlantic Council NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NIC National Intelligence Council NRC NATORussia Council NRF NATO Response Force NSHQ NATO Special Operations Headquarters OCC Operational Capabilities Concept PfP Partnership for peace PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China PRT Provincial Reconstruction Team PSC Political Security Committee RPA/RPA Remotely piloted aircrafts /vehicles SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SecGen NATO Secretary General SOTG Special Operations Task Group STANAGS Standardization Agreements TCP Tailored Cooperation Packages 5 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 TPP TransPacific Partnership TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership UN United Nations US United States UNPROFOR UN Protection Force VNC Voluntary National Contribution WEAG Western European Armaments Group WFP World Food Programme WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WTO World Trade Organization 6 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 Contributors James Appathurai is Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs and Security Policy (DASG) at NATO and the Secretary General’s Special Represen- tative for the Caucasus and Central Asia. As DASG, he is responsible for NATO’s political relations with countries across the globe, international organisations, enlargement and arms control. He is responsible for implementing and develop- ing NATO’s relations with all its partner countries and organisations, including through Political Agreements, Partnership Cooperation Programmes, and other bilateral and multilateral arrangements. Magnus Christiansson is Associate Lecturer in the Department of Strategy at the Swedish National Defence College. His main interests are transatlantic security, risk studies and security in the Baltic Sea Region. Between 2006-2008, Magnus Christiansson was Secretary General of the Swedish Atlantic Committee. Trine Flockhart is Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Stud- ies (DIIS) and for the academic year 2013-14 Senior Resident Fellow at the Transat- lantic Academy in Washington DC. Her latest publications include the anthology (with Tim Dunne) Liberal World Orders (Oxford University Press, 2013) and ‘NATO’s nuclear addiction: 12 steps to “kick the habit”’, in European Security 2013. Jakob Aarøe Jørgensen is a PhD Fellow in the Department of International Rela- tions at the University of Southern Denmark’s Center for War Studies and at the Danish Institute for International Studies. His dissertation applies geopolitical theory to a study of NATO–Middle East relations. Mads Kjeldsen has been First Secretary of Political Affairs at the Danish Embassy in Beijing since September 2010. He holds an M.Sc. in Political Science. Thierry Legendre is Deputy Defence Adviser at the Danish Permanent Re-presenta- tion to the EU and is the Danish representative to the Political Military Group. He has previously served as Special Adviser in the Ministry of Defence and as Policy Adviser in the Private Office of the Secretary General at NATO Headquarters. He has also served in the Danish Delegation to NATO (2003-2005) and as Head of Section in the International Department at the Danish Ministry of Defence. In 1999-2001 he was as a Political Adviser to the High Representative in Sarajevo. 7 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 Rebecca R. Moore is Professor of Political Science at Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota. She is the author of NATO’s New Mission: Projecting Stability in the Post-Cold War World (Praeger Security International, 2007) and co-editor with Gulnur Aybet of NATO in Search of a Vision (Georgetown University Press, 2010). Friis Arne Petersen has been the Danish Ambassador to China since September 2010, prior to which he was Ambassador to the US (2005-2010). Previously he was Head of the Foreign Ministry and Permanent Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1997-2005). Sten Rynning is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark, where he also heads the Center for War Studies. He is President of the Nordic International Studies Association and serves on the advisory board of the Danish Center for Military Studies. He is the author of numerous books and articles, among them NATO in Afghanistan: The Liber- al Disconnect (Stanford University Press 2012), Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991-2012 (co-authored with Theo Farrell and Terry Terriff; Cambridge University Press 2013) andGermany is More than Europe Can Handle: Or, Why NATO Remains a Pacifier (NDC Re- search Paper no. 96, September 2013). Ben Schreer is Senior Analyst Defence Strategy at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) in Canberra. His primary research interest is in the area of Austra- lian defence strategy and Asian defence developments. He is the author of a forth- coming ASPI Study on ‘US AirSea Battle and its implications for Australia’. Pre- viously, Ben was the deputy head of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University. Before coming to Australia, he held positions as the deputy director of the Aspen Institute in Berlin, leader of a research group at Konstanz University, and deputy head of research unit at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP) in Berlin. Ole Wæver is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, as well as Director of CAST (Centre for Ad- vanced Security Theory), and of CRIC(Centre for Resolution of International Conflicts). Internationally he is mostly known for coining within security theory the concept of ‘securitization’ and as one of the main figures in developing what is often referred to as the ‘Copenhagen School’ in security studies. His most recent 8 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 writings in relation to securitization have applied the theory to religion and climate change. Ole Wæver was elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Let- ters in 2007. 9 DIIS REPORT 2014:01 Abstracts Introduction Changing Partnerships in a changing World Trine Flockhart The introductory chapter outlines the context within which NATO’s new part- nership policy has been formulated, especially the changing security and polit-
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