The Effects of Design, Manufacturing Processes, and Operations Management on the Assembly of Aircraft Composite Structure by Robert Mark Coleman
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Robust Fly-By-Wire Under Horizontal Tail Damage
Robust Fly-by-Wire under Horizontal Tail Damage by Zinhle Dlamini Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electronic Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at Stellenbosch University Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Supervisor: Prof T Jones December 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: . Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved. i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Aircraft damage modelling was conducted on a Boeing 747 to examine the effects of asymmetric horizontal stabiliser loss on the flight dynamics of a commercial fly-by-Wire (FBW) aircraft. Change in static stability was investigated by analysing how the static margin is reduced as a function of percentage tail loss. It is proven that contrary to intuition, the aircraft is longitudinally stable with 40% horizontal tail removed. The short period mode is significantly changed and to a lesser extent the Dutch roll mode is affected through lateral coupling. Longitudinal and lateral trimmability of the damaged aircraft are analysed by comparing the tail-loss-induced roll, pitch, and yaw moments to available actuator force from control surfaces. -
Electrically Heated Composite Leading Edges for Aircraft Anti-Icing Applications”
UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES “FEDERICO II” PhD course in Aerospace, Naval and Quality Engineering PhD Thesis in Aerospace Engineering “ELECTRICALLY HEATED COMPOSITE LEADING EDGES FOR AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING APPLICATIONS” by Francesco De Rosa 2010 To my girlfriend Tiziana for her patience and understanding precious and rare human virtues University of Naples Federico II Department of Aerospace Engineering DIAS PhD Thesis in Aerospace Engineering Author: F. De Rosa Tutor: Prof. G.P. Russo PhD course in Aerospace, Naval and Quality Engineering XXIII PhD course in Aerospace Engineering, 2008-2010 PhD course coordinator: Prof. A. Moccia ___________________________________________________________________________ Francesco De Rosa - Electrically Heated Composite Leading Edges for Aircraft Anti-Icing Applications 2 Abstract An investigation was conducted in the Aerospace Engineering Department (DIAS) at Federico II University of Naples aiming to evaluate the feasibility and the performance of an electrically heated composite leading edge for anti-icing and de-icing applications. A 283 [mm] chord NACA0012 airfoil prototype was designed, manufactured and equipped with an High Temperature composite leading edge with embedded Ni-Cr heating element. The heating element was fed by a DC power supply unit and the average power densities supplied to the leading edge were ranging 1.0 to 30.0 [kW m-2]. The present investigation focused on thermal tests experimentally performed under fixed icing conditions with zero AOA, Mach=0.2, total temperature of -20 [°C], liquid water content LWC=0.6 [g m-3] and average mean volume droplet diameter MVD=35 [µm]. These fixed conditions represented the top icing performance of the Icing Flow Facility (IFF) available at DIAS and therefore it has represented the “sizing design case” for the tested prototype. -
Fly-By-Wire - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 11-8-20 下午5:33 Fly-By-Wire from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Fly-by-wire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11-8-20 下午5:33 Fly-by-wire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fly-by-wire (FBW) is a system that replaces the Fly-by-wire conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires (hence the fly-by-wire term), and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response. The fly-by-wire system also allows automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize the aircraft.[1] Contents Green colored flight control wiring of a test aircraft 1 Development 1.1 Basic operation 1.1.1 Command 1.1.2 Automatic Stability Systems 1.2 Safety and redundancy 1.3 Weight saving 1.4 History 2 Analog systems 3 Digital systems 3.1 Applications 3.2 Legislation 3.3 Redundancy 3.4 Airbus/Boeing 4 Engine digital control 5 Further developments 5.1 Fly-by-optics 5.2 Power-by-wire 5.3 Fly-by-wireless 5.4 Intelligent Flight Control System 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wire Page 1 of 9 Fly-by-wire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11-8-20 下午5:33 Mechanical and hydro-mechanical flight control systems are relatively heavy and require careful routing of flight control cables through the aircraft by systems of pulleys, cranks, tension cables and hydraulic pipes. -
Glider Handbook, Chapter 2: Components and Systems
Chapter 2 Components and Systems Introduction Although gliders come in an array of shapes and sizes, the basic design features of most gliders are fundamentally the same. All gliders conform to the aerodynamic principles that make flight possible. When air flows over the wings of a glider, the wings produce a force called lift that allows the aircraft to stay aloft. Glider wings are designed to produce maximum lift with minimum drag. 2-1 Glider Design With each generation of new materials and development and improvements in aerodynamics, the performance of gliders The earlier gliders were made mainly of wood with metal has increased. One measure of performance is glide ratio. A fastenings, stays, and control cables. Subsequent designs glide ratio of 30:1 means that in smooth air a glider can travel led to a fuselage made of fabric-covered steel tubing forward 30 feet while only losing 1 foot of altitude. Glide glued to wood and fabric wings for lightness and strength. ratio is discussed further in Chapter 5, Glider Performance. New materials, such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, glass reinforced plastic (GRP), and Kevlar® are now being used Due to the critical role that aerodynamic efficiency plays in to developed stronger and lighter gliders. Modern gliders the performance of a glider, gliders often have aerodynamic are usually designed by computer-aided software to increase features seldom found in other aircraft. The wings of a modern performance. The first glider to use fiberglass extensively racing glider have a specially designed low-drag laminar flow was the Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-24 Phönix, which first flew airfoil. -
Weight Optimization of Empennage of Light Weight Aircraft
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 4, APRIL 2014 ISSN 2277-8616 Weight Optimization Of Empennage Of Light Weight Aircraft Sheikh Naunehal Ahamed, Jadav Vijaya Kumar, Parimi Sravani Abstract: The objective of the research is to optimize the empennage of a light weight aircraft such as Zenith aircraft. The case is specified by a unique set of geometry, materials, and strength-to-weight factors. The anticipated loads associated with the empennage structure are based on previous light aircraft design loads. These loads are applied on the model to analyze the structural behavior considering the materials having high strength-to-weight ratio. The 3D modeling of the empennage is designed using PRO-E tools and FEA analysis especially the structural analysis was done using ANSYS software to validate the empennage model. The analysis shall reveal the behavior of the structure under applied load conditions for both the optimized structure and existing model. The results obtained using the software are attempted to validate by hand calculations using various weight estimation methods. Index Terms: Empennage, Zenith STOL CH 750 light sport utility airplane, Aircraft structures and materials, PRO-E, ANSYS, Composite materials, Weight estimation methods. ———————————————————— 1 INTRODUCTION compromise in strength and stiffness is called optimal The use of composite materials in the primary structure of structure. Hence, growth factor, which is relationship between aircraft is becoming more common, the industry demand for total weight and the payload, should be as low as possible. predicting and minimizing the product and maintenance cost is Materials with a high strength to weight ratio can be used to rising. -
A Service Publication of Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems Support Company
LOCKHEED MAaTIN 4 VOL. 24, NO. 1 JULY-SEPTEMBER 1997 A SERVICE PUBLICATION OF LOCKHEED MARTIN AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS SUPPORT COMPANY - • Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page LOCKHEED MARTIN Service News It’s All in the Teamwork A SERVICE PUBLICATION OF t would be difficult to find an area of human endeavor that is more dependent upon team- LOCKHEED MARTIN AERONAUTICAL work for success than aviation. It is significant that mankind’s first conquest of the air was SYSTEMS SUPPORT COMPANY Inot achieved by an isolated visionary laboring in seclusion. Instead, the initial success came through the combined efforts of two gifted bicycle mechanics from Ohio, working with a team of Editor helpers and friends on a windswept beach in North Carolina. Charles I. Gale We at Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems Support Company (LMASSC) have never lost sight of the importance of just that kind Vol. 24, No. 1, July - September 1997 of teamwork in the way we operate our business. It is no coinci- dence that LMASSC is organized as a close partnership of two CONTENTS teams of specialists, both fully committed to meeting the total support needs of our customers. 2 Focal Point LMASSC’s Business Development and Each of the LMASSC organizations has its own special areas of Field Support units team up to provide expertise and responsibilities. Business Development, led by the best in total customer support. George Lowe, is the marketing arm for LMASSC and as such provides a remarkably broad range of customer support products. These include a com- 3 All About Power Plant Hoses prehensive spares provisioning program that offers new and overhauled spare parts and Both Teflon and elastomeric hoses are support/test equipment, rebuilt parts, an innovative parts exchange program, and complete used to connect power plant compo- component repair and overhaul. -
AP3456 the Central Flying School (CFS) Manual of Flying: Volume 4 Aircraft Systems
AP3456 – 4-1- Hydraulic Systems CHAPTER 1 - HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS Introduction 1. Hydraulic power has unique characteristics which influence its selection to power aircraft systems instead of electrics and pneumatics, the other available secondary power systems. The advantages of hydraulic power are that: a. It is capable of transmitting very high forces. b. It has rapid and precise response to input signals. c. It has good power to weight ratio. d. It is simple and reliable. e. It is not affected by electro-magnetic interference. Although it is less versatile than present generation electric/electronic systems, hydraulic power is the normal secondary power source used in aircraft for operation of those aircraft systems which require large power inputs and precise and rapid movement. These include flying controls, flaps, retractable undercarriages and wheel brakes. Principles 2. Basic Power Transmission. A simple practical application of hydraulic power is shown in Fig 1 which depicts a closed system typical of that used to operate light aircraft wheel brakes. When the force on the master cylinder piston is increased slightly by light operation of the brake pedals, the slave piston will extend until the brake shoe contacts the brake drum. This restriction will prevent further movement of the slave and the master cylinder. However, any increase in force on the master cylinder will increase pressure in the fluid, and it will therefore increase the braking force acting on the shoes. When braking is complete, removal of the load from the master cylinder will reduce hydraulic pressure, and the brake shoe will retract under spring tension. -
09 Stability and Control
Aircraft Design Lecture 9: Stability and Control G. Dimitriadis Introduction to Aircraft Design Stability and Control H Aircraft stability deals with the ability to keep an aircraft in the air in the chosen flight attitude. H Aircraft control deals with the ability to change the flight direction and attitude of an aircraft. H Both these issues must be investigated during the preliminary design process. Introduction to Aircraft Design Design criteria? H Stability and control are not design criteria H In other words, civil aircraft are not designed specifically for stability and control H They are designed for performance. H Once a preliminary design that meets the performance criteria is created, then its stability is assessed and its control is designed. Introduction to Aircraft Design Flight Mechanics H Stability and control are collectively referred to as flight mechanics H The study of the mechanics and dynamics of flight is the means by which : – We can design an airplane to accomplish efficiently a specific task – We can make the task of the pilot easier by ensuring good handling qualities – We can avoid unwanted or unexpected phenomena that can be encountered in flight Introduction to Aircraft Design Aircraft description Flight Control Pilot System Airplane Response Task The pilot has direct control only of the Flight Control System. However, he can tailor his inputs to the FCS by observing the airplane’s response while always keeping an eye on the task at hand. Introduction to Aircraft Design Control Surfaces H Aircraft control -
Airframe & Aircraft Components By
Airframe & Aircraft Components (According to the Syllabus Prescribed by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India) FIRST EDITION AIRFRAME & AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS Prepared by L.N.V.M. Society Group of Institutes * School of Aeronautics ( Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India) * School of Engineering & Technology ( Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India) Compiled by Sheo Singh Published By L.N.V.M. Society Group of Institutes H-974, Palam Extn., Part-1, Sec-7, Dwarka, New Delhi-77 Published By L.N.V.M. Society Group of Institutes, Palam Extn., Part-1, Sec.-7, Dwarka, New Delhi - 77 First Edition 2007 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Type Setting Sushma Cover Designed by Abdul Aziz Printed at Graphic Syndicate, Naraina, New Delhi. Dedicated To Shri Laxmi Narain Verma [ Who Lived An Honest Life ] Preface This book is intended as an introductory text on “Airframe and Aircraft Components” which is an essential part of General Engineering and Maintenance Practices of DGCA license examination, BAMEL, Paper-II. It is intended that this book will provide basic information on principle, fundamentals and technical procedures in the subject matter areas relating to the “Airframe and Aircraft Components”. The written text is supplemented with large number of suitable diagrams for reinforcing the key aspects. I acknowledge with thanks the contribution of the faculty and staff of L.N.V.M. -
Computational Evaluation of Control Surfaces Aerodynamics for a Mid-Range Commercial Aircraft
aerospace Article Computational Evaluation of Control Surfaces Aerodynamics for a Mid-Range Commercial Aircraft Nunzio Natale 1 , Teresa Salomone 1 , Giuliano De Stefano 1,* and Antonio Piccolo 2 1 Engineering Department, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; [email protected] (N.N.); [email protected] (T.S.) 2 Leonardo Aircraft Company, 80038 Pomigliano d’Arco, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-5010-265 Received: 4 August 2020; Accepted: 23 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Abstract: Computational fluid dynamics is employed to predict the aerodynamic properties of the prototypical trailing-edge control surfaces for a small, regional transport, commercial aircraft. The virtual experiments are performed at operational flight conditions, by resolving the mean turbulent flow field around a realistic model of the whole aircraft. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach is used, where the governing equations are solved with a finite volume-based numerical method. The effectiveness of the flight control system, during a hypothetical conceptual pre-design phase, is studied by conducting simulations at different angles of deflection, and examining the variation of the aerodynamic loading coefficients. The proposed computational modeling approach is verified to have good practical potential, also compared with reference industrial data provided by the Leonardo Aircraft Company. Keywords: computational fluid dynamics; flight control surfaces; industrial aerodynamics 1. Introduction Present trends in commercial aircraft design methodologies, which are mainly oriented toward cost reduction for product development, demand the accurate prediction of the control surfaces aerodynamics, to examine the aircraft flight control system early in the design process. -
Aussie Invader Airbrake Design by Paul Martin
Aussie Invader Airbrake Design by Paul Martin When I design anything, my first step is to create a succinct reference. At the most elementary level, it is the answer to the question, “What is the goal?” So, in relation to the Aussie Invader airbrakes, I asked the question, “What do the airbrakes have to do?” The answer is of course, “To provide a means to decelerate the vehicle from 1000 mph rapidly in a controlled manner.” This retardation can best be achieved by creating a drag force that resists the direction of forward movement of the car. Aerodynamic drag is due firstly to the creation of a high-pressure region on the oncoming face of the airbrake. This is the side one Current Aussie Invader Airbrake - Engineered by Paul Martin, 3D Drawing would see if you stood next to the by Luis Boncristiano nose and looked rearward. Secondly, drag is enhanced by creating a low-pressure region on the trailing face of the airbrake. Thirdly, significant wave drag is accrued when the airbrakes are deployed supersonically. Good engineering may be best described as “the ability to optimise compromises”. The airbrakes on the Aussie Invader are a good example of this maxim. For example, for packaging reasons, the Invader’s airbrakes are limited to having a 650mm long chord with a 440mm wide span. The result is an aspect ratio (span to chord ratio) of 0.68 which is very low. [Aspect ratio is defined for a rectangular planform as the ratio of span to chord. It is a measure of how efficient or 2-Dimensional the flow is over the wing (or plate)]. -
Tailless Aircraft : an Overview
o Journal of Aeronautics and Aerospace ISSN: 2168-9792 Engineering Editorial Tailless Aircraft : An Overview Srikanth Nuthanapati Department of Aeronautics, IIT Madras,Chennai,India. EDITORIAL Apart from its main wing, it lacks a tail assembly and any other Low or null pitching moment airfoils, as seen in the Horten horizontal surface. The main wing incorporates aerodynamic family of sailplanes and fighters, provide an alternative. These control and stabilisation functions in both pitch and roll. A have a unique wing segment with reflex or reverse camber on the tailless design might nevertheless feature a rudder and a vertical back or entire wing. The flatter side of the wing is on top, while fin (vertical stabiliser). Low parasitic drag, similar to the Horten the steeply curved side is on the bottom, resulting in a high angle H.IV soaring glider, and strong stealth qualities, similar to the of attack in the front part. Northrop B-2 Spirit bomber, are theoretical advantages of the Fitting large elevators to a standard airfoil and trimming them tailless configuration. The tailless delta has proven to be the considerably upwards can approximate reflex camber; the most successful tailless layout, particularly for combat aircraft, centre of gravity must also be moved forward from its normal albeit the Concorde airliner is the most well-known tailless position. Reflex camber tends to cause a tiny downthrust due to delta. the Bernoulli effect, thus the wing's angle of attack is increased A horizontal stabiliser surface separate from the main wing is to compensate. This, in turn, adds to the drag.