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Code of Conduct and Good Practice Examples COASTLINE 2012-19 REPORTS Transboundary management of Transitional Waters – Code of Conduct and Good Practice examples Editors: H. Nilsson, R. Povilanskas & N. Stybel The Coastal Union Germany EUCC-D Die Küsten Union Deutschland Coastline Reports 19 (2012) Transboundary management of Transitional Waters – Code of Conduct and Good Practice examples Editors: H. Nilsson, R. Povilanskas & N. Stybel Malmö, Klaipėda & Warnemünde, 2012 ISSN 0928-2734 ISBN 978-3-939206-04-0 This report contains the Code of Conduct and Good Practice examples developed within the international project ARTWEI. ARTWEI aims at developing methods for effective management of transitional waters in transboundary areas. Focus areas of the project are four different waterbodies in the south Baltic Sea which all are located in transboundary areas, namely Curonian lagoon, Vistula lagoon, Odra lagoon and Öresund. ARTWEI is an EU co-financed project and runs from March 2010 to February 2013. Lead Partner of the project is Klaipeda University and the partnership consists of five organisations from Lithuania, Germany, Sweden, Poland and one associated organisation from Russia. Imprint Cover pictures: Oder estuary (Photo: Nardine Stybel) Insets (top-down): Wolin, Poland (Photo: Mateusz Lagiewka, ARTWEI Photo Competition) Dreissena polymorpha on Prätenow beach, Usedom (Photo: Ralf Scheibe) Bay of Gdansk, Chalupy, Poland (Photo: Gerald Schernewski) Near Altwarp, Germany (Photo: Michal Kulik, ARTWEI Photo Competition) Kopice, Poland (Photo: Ewa Piniarska, ARTWEI Photo Competition) Coastline Reports is published by: EUCC – Die Küsten Union Deutschland e.V. c/o Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany [email protected] Coastline Reports are available online under http: //www.eucc-d.de/ and http://www.eucc.net/. For hardcopies please contact the editors or the EUCC-D. The responsibility for the content of this report lies solely with the authors. Printed on FSC certified paper. Preface Mikhail Durkin Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission – HELCOM) The Baltic Sea is one of the smallest seas in the world; however it is one of the world’s largest semi- enclosed bodies of brackish water1. It represents an example of an almost completely land-locked sea with unique ecosystem consisting of a variety of marine, brackish and freshwater species, and very slow water exchange. One could even say that the whole sea by itself is a “transitional” area between freshwater and marine/ocean ecosystems. All of this forms the basis to increased vulnerability of the Baltic ecosystem to any impacts, caused from its quite densely populated catchment area with over 85 million people living in it. Management of these impacts require commitment at political level and efficient coordination of activities among all the countries located not only along its coasts but within the whole Baltic Sea catchment area. Such cooperation started in 1974, when the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission or HELCOM) was created. It works to protect the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution through intergovernmental cooperation between Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden. HELCOM is the governing body of the "Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area" - usually better known as the Helsinki Convention. HELCOM’s vision for the future is a healthy Baltic Sea environment with diverse biological components functioning in balance, resulting in a good ecological status and supporting a wide range of sustainable economic and social activities having biodiversity at its core and which builds upon concepts such as “favourable conservation status” and “good ecological and good environmental status”. To reach this vision and to support ecosystem-based management for protection of the Baltic Sea marine environment, HELCOM adopted in 2007 the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), addressing major current environmental challenges. The HELCOM BSAP stresses the need for integrated management of human activities and the need to take into account their impacts on the marine environment in all policies and programmes implemented in the Baltic Sea region; and further the need for integration of environmental objectives with economic and socio-economic goals in order to advance and strengthen the three interdependent pillars of sustainable development. These issues become particularly important in transitional waters where the integration and coherence of land-based and open sea practices management is even more crucial. Actual transitional waters in the Baltic Sea are represented by large river estuaries, lagoons, numerous coastal archipelago areas and fjords. Most of them, especially coastal lagoons and wetlands, receive nutrients and hazardous substances from the rivers entering them and from direct land runoff. Agriculture and insufficiently treated municipal and industrial wastewaters are significant sources of such pollution that threatens biodiversity and hinders nature conservation in these rich habitats. The complexity of environmental management measures in these areas is in many cases connected with their transboundary nature. This is further complicated by impacts originating not only from riparian countries, but from the whole drainage area. In 1993, HELCOM addressed transitional waters, represented by coastal lagoons and wetlands in the Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme (JCP, to be completed in 2012). It aimed “to formulate and carry out programmes to manage these environmentally sensitive and 1 HELCOM, 2010 Ecosystem Health of the Baltic Sea 2003–2007: HELCOM Initial Holistic Assessment. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 122. economically valuable areas which serve as important buffers of pollution before it reaches the Sea, and provide critical habitat for diverse flora and fauna including commercially important fisheries.” (HELCOM 1993). These management systems should include land use controls and limited infrastructure, and in some cases will be integrated with compatible eco-tourism and recreation developments possibly through public/private joint ventures or private investments. Originally, the programme was scheduled to be finalised by 2002, however it turned out to be a longer and more difficult task. Most of the initial coastal areas designated as hot spots within the JCP still remain on the list of most critical and impacted areas in the Baltic Sea. The first phase of work in the following target areas aimed to develop common management plans: The Matsalu Bay in Estonia; The Gulf of Riga, shared by Estonia and Latvia (later sub-divided into the Käina-Bay and Engure-Kemeri areas); The Curonian (Kursiu) Lagoon, shared by Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia; The Vistula Lagoon, shared by the Kaliningrad Oblast and Poland; The Oder/Odra Lagoon, shared by Poland and Germany. The overall objectives of these plans were: to provide information on the most urgent and pressing environmental and conservation problems in each Task Area; to provide a mechanism for closer coordination and integration between environmental concerns and major economic activities in the Areas concerned; to provide national, regional and local authorities with guidelines for sustainable and ecologically sound development in the coastal areas covered by the plans. Five Integrated Plans were finalized in 1998, however these plans quite differed in quality, and were recommended for further upgrade in terms of operationalization and wider involvement of the public in the decision-making process, in order to provide a good basis for implementation. Although, four of five areas still remain as unresolved environmentally critical hot spots, the major changes in the region regarding transitional waters occurred since the accession of the Baltic republics and Poland into the European Union in 2004. This has led to adaptation of common water quality standards across the region, inter alia, for coastal waters, providing them with joint principles for assessment of their current state and same level of protection. However, the variety of stakeholders involved in transitional waters management in the Baltic Sea Region, as well as problems with multi-level governance in these areas still require further development of common agreements or codes of conduct for efficient management and protection of these waters. This task was tested during 2 years of implementation of the ARTWEI Project and is presented in this report to your attention and feedback. HELCOM supported implementation of the project as it contributes to implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan and specifically addresses the situation in three of the remaining coastal hot spots and will provide input to the next HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in 2013 as an input to the review of implementation and efficiency of the Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme. The outcomes of the project will be further utilized by national, regional and municipal authorities, e.g. in the process of reviewing programmes of measures under the EU Water Framework Directive. Content Henrik Nilsson, Ramūnas Povilanskas & Nardine Stybel Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 Olof Lindén, Henrik Nilsson & Ramūnas Povilanskas Transboundary management
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