Organisms Affecting the Health of Typha Spp. in the Littoral Zone of Lakes in Drawa National Park (Nw Poland)

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland

ORGANISMS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF TYPHA SPP. IN THE LITTORAL ZONE OF LAKES IN DRAWA NATIONAL PARK (NW POLAND)

K. Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, D. Ładczuk and M. Wolska

Abstract

Mycological analyses of diseased shoots of lesser bulrush (Typha angustifolia) and common bulrush (T. latifolia) were made in the field and laboratory in 2009 and 2010. The plants occur in the littoral zone of three lakes in Drawa National Park (Czarne, Płociczno, Zdroje) in the Typhaetum angustifoliae and T. latifoliae associations. It was shown that fungi (30 taxa: 28 on T. angustifolia and 10 on T. latifolia) and the beetle (Donacia crassipes) may affect the health of Typha plants. Phaeosphaeria eustoma, Phoma typharum, Pyrenophora typhicola and Scolecosporiella typhae were isolated from necrotic leaf tissues of Typha plants. These are the first records of the mentioned fungi on Typha in Poland. Larvae of D. crassipes were shown to be vectors of Cladosporium cladosporioides, Phoma typharum and Phyllosticta typhina in Typha plants.

Key words: Typha latifolia, T. angustifolia, microscopic fungi, Donacia crassipes

Introduction

Aquatic plants lesser bulrush (Typha angustifolia) and common bulrush (T. latifolia) are a part of the rush and sedge communities, typical of the phytoso- ciological class Phragmitetea R.Tx. et Prsg 1942, and order Phragmitetalia Koch 1926 (Matuszkiewicz 2002). Phytosociologically, T. angustifolia and T. latifolia are typical of Typhaetum angustifoliae and T. latifoliae associations, respectively. They occupy large areas and only rarely occur together. The associations mentioned have similar effect on the landscape architecture. Their ecological significance lies in the increase of plant succession rate, land drainage, and reclamation. Both Typhaetum associations significantly enhance plant diversity, and contribute to the formation

Phytopathologia 61: 17–27 © The Polish Phytopathological Society, Poznań 2011 ISSN 2081-1756 18 K. Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, D. Ładczuk and M. Wolska of suitable and convenient sites for reproduction of many species of fishes, molluscs, crustaceans and insects. The plants of both T. angustifoliae and T. latifoliae associations have been studied, among others, by Vuille (1991), Raspopov et al. (2002) and Rechylicz (2011). Mi- croscopic fungi accompanying Typhaetum associations significantly increase the biodiversity, and also affect plant growth and decomposition. The microscopic fungal communities of Typhaetum associations are insuffi- ciently known, locally or globally, considering their significance, in sustaining the equilibrium of aquatic ecosystems. There is a justification for more extensive studies on the mycology and pathology of the order Phragmitetalia.

Materials and methods

Lesser bulrush (T. angustifolia) and common bulrush (T. latifolia), found in the littoral zone along the banks of three lakes, Czarne, Płociczno and Zdroje, in the Drawa National Park, were studied in the field and laboratory in two growing sea- sons, 2009 and 2010. The rushes were collected from Typhaetum angustifoliae and T. latifoliae associations at selected locations three times each year, from June until the end of October. Leaves and stems with visible symptoms of disease, i.e. chlo- rosis or necrosis, or mechanical damage, were used for mycological analyses. They were surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 1 min. Pieces 3–5 cm long were incu- bated in sterile moist chambers at 20 ±2°C for 2–14 days. Fungi growing on the plant tissues (including biotrophs) were identified directly on the basis of their morphology and sporulation in situ. Other fungi were identified in axenic culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek-Dox agar (CDA) and 2% malt agar (MEA) in Petri dishes after isolation as single spores (Király et al. 1977). Transfers were made according to phytopathological standards (Király et al. 1977, Waller et al. 1998). Mycological literature by Kochman and Majewski (1973), Sutton (1980), Brandenburger (1985), Borowska (1986), Kwaśna et al. (1991), Ellis and Ellis (1997) was used for morphological identification. Taxonomy was based on the classification of fungi by Kirk et al. (2008) and Index Fungorum nomenclature (www.indexfungorum.org.names/Names.asp). The studied materials are deposited in the form of descriptions and pictures, dried diseased T. angustifolia and T. latifolia plants, and fungi stored on synthetic nutrient agar (SNA) slants at Department of Hydrobiology, West Pomeranian Uni- versity of Technology in Szczecin. The Jaccard index (= Jaccard similarity coefficient) modified by Sörensen (Krebs 1997) was used to measure the similarity and diversity of the fungal communities from different plant species, locations and years. A frequency coefficient (Fi), based on the occurrence of individual fungal species in a location, and dominating class coefficient (Di), based on frequency of individual species in a community, were calculated after Czachorowski (2006) as follows: Organisms affecting the health of Typha spp. in the littoral zone of lakes... 19

s F =⋅i 100% i S

si – number of locations with ‘i’ species, S – number of all locations, n D =⋅i 100% i N

ni – number of ‘i’ species isolates, N – number of all isolates for T. angustifolia (T. latifolia). Fungi were described as eudominants (E), dominants (D), subdominants (SD), recedents (R) or subrecedents (SR) on the basis of their dominance class coefficient (Di) values, which were, respectively, >10%, 5.01–10%, 2.01–5%, 1.01–2% and £ 1%.

Results

The phyllosphere and caulosphere of two species of rush (T. angustifolia and T. latifolia) in the littoral zone of three lakes (Czarne, Płociczno and Zdroje) in the Drawa National Park in 2009 and 2010 were colonized by microscopic fungi of 30 taxa (altogether 350 isolates). Twenty taxa were recorded in 2009 and 21 taxa in 2010 (Table 1). Twenty eight taxa were recorded on T. angustifolia and 10 taxa on T. latifolia. The number of species on T. angustifolia from each of the lakes was similar (9-10) in 2009 and ranged from 2 to 16 in 2010. No disease symptoms were recorded on T. latifolia in 2009. The same number of species (6) was found on T. latifolia from two lakes in 2010. After combining totals from the two plant species and all locations, the largest group of fungi was Hyphomycetes, represented by 50% of isolates in 2009 and 42% in 2010 (Fig. 1). Coelomycetes comprised 27% and 29% of isolates in 2009 and 2010, respectively; Ascomycota comprised 20% and 24%, and Basidiomycota 3% and 5%. Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were represented by 15, 8, 6 and 1 species, respectively (Table 1). After combining totals for individual plant species and two years, T. angustifolia from each lake was colonized mostly by Hyphomycetes (39–45%), Coelomycetes (25–40%) and Ascomycota (10–24%, Fig. 2). The same order of results was found for T. latifolia, which was analyzed less frequently because of absence of symptoms in 2009: Hyphomycetes (32–66%), Coelomycetes (32–50%), and Ascomycota (0–18%, Fig. 3). The diversity of fungal communities measured as the number of species (for all locations or separately for one or two locations) often differed between plant species or years, or among locations. The Jaccard-Sörensen index for fungal communities on T. angustifolia and T. latifolia was 42.1%. The group of taxa common for both plant species included Alternaria alternata, Cephalosporium sp., Cladosporium herbarum, 20 K. Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, D. Ładczuk and M. Wolska Table 1 (%) i D Domination, (TL) in Czarne, (%) i F Frequency, T. latifolia AKE L DROJE 1 Z (TA) and AKE L ŁOCICZNO P Typha angustifolia AKE ZARNE L C AKE DROJE L Z AKE TA TA TA TL TA TL TA TL L ŁOCICZNO Year 2009 Year 2010 P Płociczno and Zdroje lakes in 2009 and 2010 – – +––––– 8.3R1.4– – – +––––– 8.3R1.4– – – –++––––16.6SD2.8– – + –++––––25.0SD4.2– – – –+– –++25.0SD2.8D8.3 –– – – – –+– – 8.3–D8.3 +– + –+– –+–25.0SD4.2– – +– ++ – –+–––– 8.3R1.4– –– – +––––– 8.3R1.4– + – + ++ – – + + 58.3 – D 7.0 E 16.6 – 25.0 SD 2.8 D 8.3 + – –+––––16.6SD2.8– + – –––––– 8.3R1.4– AKE + –++––––33.3D5.6– ++– ++ + ++ + – – ++ + 75.0 E 11.2 D 8.3 + +–––––25.0SD4.2– ++– ZARNE L C catenulata f. p + – –+–+–+33.3SD2.8E16.6 sp. s.– – –+–––– 8.3R1.4– 2sp. 1 sp. – – – + – – + – 16.6 SD 2.8 – Fusarium culmorum Gibberella avenacea Gibberella intricans Gibberella sacchari Hymenopsis typhae Penicillium Penicillium Periconia typhicola Phaeosphaeria eustoma Phaeosphaeria typharum Alternaria alternata Alternaria tenuissima Cephalosporium Chaetomium globosum Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladosporium herbarum Clonostachys rosea Didymella proximella Epicoccum nigrum Fungi found on diseased or damaged leaves and shoots of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 2 3 4 5678910111213 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. No. Genus of fungi Organisms affecting the health of Typha spp. in the littoral zone of lakes... 21 Table 1 – cont. – – +++––––25.0SD4.2– – + ++–+––33.3SD4.2D8.3 – + –++––––25.0SD4.2– –– + –––––– 8.3R1.4– – – – – – – – – – + – + + – – 16.6 R 1.4 8.3 D 8.3 R 1.4 – + – –––––– 8.3R1.4– + + +–––––25.0SD4.2– ++ ++ ++ + ++ – + – – – – + – –+–++41.6D5.6D8.3 ++– +++++–––––41.6D7.0– Donacia crassipes p – – –––––+41.6–D8.3 sp. Phoma typhae Phoma typharum Phoma typhicola Phyllosticta typhina Pyrenophora typhicola Scolecosporiella typhae Stagonospora Stagonospora typhoidearum Ulocladium chartarum Ustilago grandis Volutella arundinis There were no symptoms of disease or damage on TL at any locations in 2009 or on TL at Czarne in 2010. 1 “+”, “++” – number of“–” research – stations absent on species. TA and TL lakes populated by given fungi species. 1 2 3 4 5678910111213 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. oanmeoseisnhlk191127 – –– 10162676 Totalnumberofspeciesinthelake109 Total number of species in theDamage year caused by 20 21 – 22 K. Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, D. Ładczuk and M. Wolska

Hymenopsis typhae, Phaeosphaeria typharum, Phoma typharum, Phoma typhicola and Stagonospora typhoidearum (Table 1). The Jaccard-Sörensen index for fungal communities on T. angustifolia in the three lakes was 53.8%, 57.9% and 56.2% respectively for Zdroje–Płocicz- no, Zdroje–Czarne and Czarne–Płocicz- no lake associations. The group of taxa common to all three lakes included A. alternata, Cephalosporium sp., Chaetomium globosum, H. typhae, Phoma typharum, P. typhicola, Scolecosporiella typhae and Volutella arundinis (Table 1). The frequency coefficient showed that H. typhae (75%) and A. alternata Fig. 1. Diversity of mycobiota on Typha (58.3%) were the most common fungi angustifolia and T. latifolia at all three lakes. The frequency coeffi- in three lakes in 2009 and 2010 cients for Cephalosporium sp., Gibberella intricans, Phoma typharum, P. typhicola, S. typhae and Stagonospora sp. were > 30% (Table 1). The numbers of fungal species on T. angustifolia and T. latifolia in the different dominance classes, eudominants, dominants, subdominants and recedents, differed greatly (Fig. 4). Typha angustifolia was colonized by only one eudominant species (H. typhae), four dominant species (A. alternata, G. intricans, Phoma typharum and S. typhae), 13 subdominants and 10 recedents. Typha latifolia was colonized by

Fig. 2. Diversity of mycobiota on Typha angustifolia in three lakes in 2009 and 2010 Organisms affecting the health of Typha spp. in the littoral zone of lakes... 23

Fig. 3. Diversity of mycobiota on Typha latifolia in two lakes in 2010 two taxa of eudominants (A. alternata and Cephalosporium sp.) but mostly by dominants (eight species). Damage to Typha leaf tissues was Fig. 4. Number of fungal species from different caused not only by microscopic fungi domination classes of Typha angustifolia but also by insects, i.e. larvae and imago and T. latifolia in 2009 and 2010 stage of the amphibiotic (= aquatic) beetle Donacia crassipes. Circular holes, 1–2 mm diameter, and elongated feeding ca- nals surrounded by chlorotic-necrotic tissue were recorded on leaves of T. angustifolia. Only three species of fungi, C. cladosporioides, Phoma typharum and Phyllosticta typhina, grew on PDA following isolation from Donacia larvae that were extracted from holes in leaves.

Discussion

The present results supplement to the list of fungal species known to occur on diseased T. angustifolia and T. latifolia in Poland. This study of mycobiota on Typha in the Drawa National Park followed investigations by Adamczewski (2007). Thirty species of fungi were recorded in the phyllosphere and caulosphere of T. angustifolia and T. latifolia. The results also confirmed the occurrence of 11 species found in two other lakes (Marta and Sitno) in the Park (Adamczewski 2007, Adamczewski and Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz unpublished data). Common fungi included H. typhae and Phoma typhicola (earlier found to cause brownish-black discoloration on Typha leaves), Didymella proximella, Phaeosphaeria typharum (syn. Leptosphaeria typharum) and Pyrenophora typhicola (isolated earlier from necrotic areas on T. angustifolia leaves), Gibberella avenacea (isolated earlier from T. latifolia leaves with discoloration symptoms) and Stagonospora typhoidearum (syn. Ascochyta typhoidearum), Fusarium incarnatum (= F. semitectum) and Gliomastix luzulae, found 24 K. Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, D. Ładczuk and M. Wolska previously in the phyllosphere of T. latifolia with discoloration symptoms (Adam- czewski 2007), were not recorded. Only three species of fungi, Phoma typharum, Phyllosticta typhina and Leptosphaeria culmifraga, were found on T. angustifolia and T. latifolia in other lakes in Northern Poland (Durska 1974, Adamska 2001, Czerniawska et al. 2010). Studies on the mycobiota on Typha have rarely been made. Only a few reports have been published on fungi affecting the health of Typha in various geographical locations and different climatic conditions. The diversity of fungi in the phyllosphere and caulosphere of T. angustifolia and T. latifolia presented here is similar to that reported for T. latifolia in Japan (Tokumasu 1993), but less than reported for T. latifolia in Canada (45 taxa; Schulz and Thormann 2005). In Europe (Belgium), it was shown that damage to Typha tissues could be caused by 50 species of fungi and five species of Myxomycetes (Meulder 2003). Only few species, including A. alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum and Phoma typhicola, have been recorded in different locations and climates, identifying them as cosmopolitan. Most other species occur locally in specific habitats and climatic conditions. The available literature on the microscopic mycobiota of Typha currently lists 120 fungal taxa. The list is being extended continually by taxa newly described or new for Typha, including Berkleasmium typhae sp. nov., found on T. angustifolia in Thailand (Somrithipol and Jones 2003). Phaeosphaeria eustoma, Phoma typharum, Pyrenophora typhicola and S. typhae are new species for Typha in Poland. The occurrence of small, circular spots, 2–5 mm diameter, on T. angustifolia was associated with colonization by Stagonospora spp., while the occurrence of brownish, elongated spots, 5–35 mm long and 3–8 mm wide, with blunt and uneven edges was associated with colonization by a few species, i.e. D. proximella, Phaeo- sphaeria typharum, Phoma typhae, P. typharum, P. typhicola and Phyllosticta typhina. Where spots similar to the latter occurred on T. latifolia they were colonized only by Phoma typhicola and P. typharum. Fungi in different reproductive states, anamorph or teleomorph, were recorded. Phyllosticta typhina (anamorph: Phoma typhina), for example, occurred only in its sexual stage and produced perithecia during the whole growing season. The absence of the anamorph stage suggests active participation of ascospores in both primary and secondary infections. The observations on (i) specific relationships between symptoms and colonization by individual fungi, and (ii) production of characteristic reproductive stages, contribute to our knowledge of the aetiology and epidemiology of leaf spot dis- eases of Typha. The observations suggest participation of insects as vectors of Typha pathogens. This suggestion is based mainly on the presence of D. crassipes, which commonly colonized and fed on T. angustifolia. The biology of D. crassipes helps it to spread fungal pathogens. Oviposition takes place below the water surface, and the females deposit their eggs one by one in the Typha leaf tissue, in holes made earlier by the insect (Krzemiński 1966). Larvae migrate first to rhizomes and later to the undersides of leaves located above the water surface, where they feed as imago form (Aleksandrowicz and Marczak 2004). Mechanical damage in the form of Organisms affecting the health of Typha spp. in the littoral zone of lakes... 25 holes in leaf tissues was recorded very often on T. angustifolia. Holes were accompa- nied by necrotic lesions. All 19 species of Donacia occurring in Poland have similar behaviour. Clado- sporium cladosporioides, Phoma typharum and Phyllosticta typhina may not be the only species of fungi transmitted in Typha under water by Donacia. It seems that various species of Donacinae can transmit different fungi, including air-borne as well as plant-borne species, and also A. alternata, for example, which has been recorded in the underwater parts of Typha. Alternaria alternata, together with C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum, are polypha- gous, secondary plant pathogens. On Typha, however, they infected mostly young leaves (Tokumasu 1993), so they may be primary invaders of the under-and above-water parts of plants, so increasing the plants’ predisposition to other pathogens. The results of this study indicate a need of further interdisciplinary studies con- cerning the interactions and effects of biota from various groups on plant health.

Acknowledgements

The authors thanks the Management and the Staff of the Drawa National Park for help in collecting research materials.

Streszczenie

ORGANIZMY WPŁYWAJĄCE NA ZDROWOTNOŚĆ TYPHA SPP. W LITORALU JEZIOR DRAWIEŃSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO (NW POLAND)

Badania terenowe i laboratoryjne przeprowadzono w latach 2009–2010 na pałce wąskolistnej (Typha angustifolia) i pałce szerokolistnej (T. latifolia), tworzących zbio- rowiska szuwarowe wokół linii brzegowej trzech jezior Drawieńskiego Parku Naro- dowego: Czarne, Płociczno i Zdroje (= Jezioro Wydrowe). Stwierdzono, że organizmami wpływającymi na zdrowotność tych roślin są grzyby mikroskopowe (30 taksonów: 28 stwierdzonych na T. angustifolia i10naT. latifolia) oraz chrząszcze (Donacia crassipes). Fitopatogenami po raz pierwszy w Polsce wyizolowanymi z ne- kroz liści są: Phaeosphaeria eustoma, Phoma typharum, Pyrenophora typhicola, Scolecospo- riella typhae. W badaniach udowodniono, że na T. angustifolia wektorem zarodników Cladosporium cladosporioides, Phoma typharum i Phyllosticta typhina są larwy D. crassipes. 26 K. Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, D. Ładczuk and M. Wolska

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Authors’ address: Prof. Dr. hab. Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, Dorota Ładczuk M.Sc., Dr. Maria Wolska, Department of Hydrobiology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, ul. Królewicza Kazimierza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

Accepted for publication: 27.07.2011