Retsliv Og Retspleje I England

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Retsliv Og Retspleje I England THEODOR PETERSEN RETSLIV OG RETSPLEJE I ENGLAND »Remember you are part of a great legal system which is the admiration of the world.« Justice J. E.S in g l e t o n i en tale til engelske jurister NYT NORDISK FORLAG ARNOLD BUSCK KJØBENHAVN MCMIL Copyright by NYT NORDISK FORLAG ARNOLD BUSCK NORDLUNDES BOGTRYKKERI, KØBENHAVN 231-49-26593 INDHOLD I. Retshistorisk indledning.......................................................... 9 II. Case law - statute law. Domssamlingerne............................. 25 III. De civile dom stole................................................... ............... 40 IV. De kriminelle domstole. Fredsdommerinstitutionen............ 54 V. Sagførerne og deres uddannelse.............................................. 67 VI. Dommerne.................................................................................. 86 VII. Retsplejens grundregler............................................................ 97 VIII. Vidner og krydseksamination .................................................. 102 IX. Bevisregler.................................................................................. 116 X. Fra stævning til domsforhandling .......................................... 129 XI. Domsforhandling og d o m ........................................................ 149 XII. Sagsomkostninger...................................................................... 157 XIII. Fri retshjælp .............................................................................. 164 XIV. Anklager og forsvarer............................................................. 170 XV. Anholdelse og fængsling. Politiafhøring............................... 178 XVI. Retslig forundersøgelse og tiltale. Coroner’s inquest ............ 184 XVII. Juryen.......................................................................................... 190 XVIII. De mindre straffesagers behandling. Børnedomstolene .... 204 XIX. Ret mellem ægtefæller.............................................................. 215 XX. Ægteskabssager.......................................................................... 222 XXI. Arv og skifte.............................................................................. 238 XXII. Almindelige strafbarhedsbetingelser....................................... 246 XXIII. Behandlingen af lovovertræderne............................................ 262 XXIV. Lidt om forbrydelserne........................................................... 273 XXV. Råd og vink .............................................................................. 291 FORORD Da jeg i sommeren 1947 vendte tilbage fra England efter nogle måneders studieophold, hvortil blandt andet Th. Thorsteinssoris fortrinlige bog »Fra fremmede Retssale « havde inspireret mig, var jeg fyldt af så mange indtryk af engelsk retsvæsen, at jeg tænkte, at det måske kunne være til nogen nytte for mine landsmænd, hovedsagelig juristerne, at gøre dem bekendt med noget af det, jeg havde lært og oplevet. Da forarbejderne var gjort, stod det mig imidlertid klart, at den opgave, jeg havde sat mig, var en del vanskeligere, end jeg havde tænkt. Vel havde jeg samlet et ikke ubetydeligt juridisk stof, men kunne det - uden i væsentlig grad at fortyndes - levendegøres på en sådan måde, at læserne ville have fornøjelse af at stifte bekendtskab dermed? Ligesom jeg måtte drage mine evner herom i tvivl, kunne jeg ikke afvise det spørgsmål, om det efter et så relativt kortvarigt ophold i det fremmede ville være mig muligt at give et virkelighedstro billede af engelsk retsvæsen, der har en udvikling bag sig, der kræver kendskab til folkets historie og dets traditioner. Derfor kan jeg heller ikke sige mig fri for at have undgået mis­ forståelser, selvom jeg håber, at de er få og mindre væsentlige. Når jeg trods alt lod mine betænkeligheder falde, var det, fordi jeg gjorde mig håb om, at bogens mangler ville blive opvejet af dens formål: at skabe interesse for et af de betydeligste retssystemer i verden og særligt at bane en sti for de yngre jurister, der drister sig ind i den jungle, som engelsk ret nu engang er. Nu må ingen vente i denne bog at finde andet end en introduktion. Bort­ set fra, at engelsk ret i højere grad bør opleves, som den udfolder sig i rets­ salen, end læres ved teoretiske studier, kan bogen kun blive et udgangspunkt, der giver læseren mulighed for at fortsætte der, hvor forfatteren holdt op. Det er ingen håndbog i engelsk ret, ej heller en slags »Borgerlig Ret« å la professor Munch-Petersen’s. Formueretten er for eksempel så godt som uom- talt, for en begrænsning har naturligvis været nødvendig. Da rettens grund­ elementer trods alle forskelligheder i detaillerne i princippet er de samme i moderne, civiliserede lande, ville næppe heller nogen finde større fornøjelse ved en dansk opslagsbog om engelsk ret. En letlæselig bog af denne art uden detailler vil man f. eks. finde i E. Jertks: The Book of English Law. Mit mål har været at fremdrage nogle typiske træk som baggrund for en sammenlig­ ning med vort eget system. En kort historisk udvikling har jeg af den grund fundet nødvendig, ja ingen, der blot vil have et overfladisk kendskab til en­ gelsk ret, undgår at kaste et blik tilbage i tiden. Også - og måske i særlig grad - på retslivets område er England traditionernes land. Resten af stoffet er hovedsagelig hentet fra retsplejen, familie- og arveretten samt strafferetten. Bogen er bygget op over et halvt hundrede juridiske værker og afhand­ linger foruden mine studier »i marken«. Uden mine dagbogsoptegnelser fra talrige retsbesøg, hvor jeg fik lejlighed til at drøfte sagerne med det praktiske livs mænd, ville jeg have savnet en del af det stof, hvormed denne bog er fyldt. Det har ingenlunde været min tanke at stille engelsk ret i et ideallys. Havde jeg ikke fundet noget efterfølgelsesværdigt, ville bogen dog næppe være skrevet, men på mange cmråder kunne englænderne lære noget af os. Fremstillingen er deskriptiv. Jeg har foretrukket at overlade vurderingen til læserne også af den grund, at bcgen ellers ville være blevet for omfangsrig. En bog skrives dog sjældent, uden at forfatteren har haft noget på hjerte, og lejlighedsvis har jeg derfor mere eller mindre direkte ladet min egen mening skinne igennem. For at rense teksten for lovsteder og domshenvisninger har det ikke kunnet undgås at medtage nogle noter, i hvilke også findes littera­ turhenvisninger til vejledning for den søgende. Med denne bog håber jeg at kunne erlægge et afdrag på min gæld til de myndigheder, der ved at fritage mig for mine embedspligter muliggjorde det for mig at foretage en studierejse til England. Cgså de mange jurister fra the Bar og the Bench, der gjorde mit ophold på øriget til en udbytterig op­ levelse, skylder jeg en tak. De er kun navne for Dem, og derfor skal de for­ blive unævnt. Dog føler jeg trang til at rette en særlig tak til min gode ven Mr. Derek Kitchin, Barrister-at-Law, nu knyttet til United Kations i Lake Success, der ved at introducere mig i engelske juristkredse og på anden måde at yde mig al mulig støtte gjorde mit cphold så meget værdifuldere. En lig­ nende tak retter jeg til hans kollega Mr. Tcm Meyer; aldrig glemmer jeg hin dag i Barristers’ lunch-room i »Law Courts«, da han iført sin kappe og med paryk tiltalte mig på perfekt dansk. De oplysninger, jeg har givet om den engelske sagførerstand, skylder jeg i særlig grad mine samtaler med ham, og han har gjort mig en uvurderlig tjeneste ved under bogens udarbejdelse at besvare en række spørgsmål, hvorom jeg har været i tvivl. Jeg er professor, dr. jur. Stig Juul taknemmelig for gode råd. Gentofte, november 1949. T h e o d o r P e t e r s e n Kapitel I. RETS HI S TO RI SK INDLEDNING »The laws of England are as mixed as our language, compounded of British, Roman, Saxon, Danish, Norman customs, and surely our language is thereby so much the richer, so our laws are likewise by that mixture the more complete«. Bacon). OPRINDELSEN Englands historie begynder med romernes invasion under Julius Cæsar, da landet var beboet af kelterne. I de ca. 300 år indvandrerne sad fast på det britiske ørige, udgjorde det en provins af romerriget, og romersk ret blev derfor også ret her. Da romerne igen forlod landet, blev det vel ikke med eet frigjort for al romerret, men den påvirkning fra dette retssystem, som inden­ for visse områder endnu kan spores, står uden forbindelse med invasions- tiden. Derfor tager professor W. S. Holdsworth, Englands betydeligste rets- historiker i dette århundrede, ikke sit udgangspunkt i denne epoke. »Eng­ lands juridiske historie,« siger han i sin bog om retskilderne,1 »begyndte, da Jyderne i året 449 efter Kristi fødsel landede på øen Thanet«, en begiven­ hed der blev højtideligt mindet så sent som i 1949, femtenhundrede år efter jydernes landing. Danskerne har således været med til at lægge den første grundsten til det bygningsværk, som samme forfatter betegner som et af de store juridiske systemer i verden. Mere end andre har vi derfor interesse i at følge den senere udvikling. Uden noget kendskab til denne vil meget i en­ gelsk ret forblive uforståeligt. 1. W. S. Holdsworth: Sources and Literature of English Law, 1925. Af andre værker er her benyttet: W. S. Holdsworth: Essays in Law and History, 1946, C. H. S. Fifoot: English Law and its Background, 1932, H. Potter: Short Outline of English Legal Hi­ story, 4’ ed. 1945, og G. R. Y. Radcliffe & Geoffrey Cross: The English Legal System, 2’ ed. 1946. Af disse bøger kan navnlig anbefales den sidste, der giver en fortrinlig fremstilling af udviklingen fra fortid
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