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Hakuin-Selected Writings.Pdf The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK and LONDON Philip B. Yampolsky is an Adjunct Associate Professor of Japanese and Librarian of the East Asian Library at Columbia University Portions of this work were prepared under a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and under a contract with the U.S. Office of Education for the production of texts to be used in undergraduate education. The texts so produced have been used in the Columbia College Oriental Humanities program and have subsequently been revised and expanded for publication in the present form. Copyright is claimed only in those portions of the work not submitted in ful­ fillment of the contract with the U.S. Office of Education. Neither the Carnegie Corporation nor the U.S. Office of Education is the author, owner, publisher, or proprietor of this publication, and neither is to be understood as approving by virtue of its support any of the statements made or views expressed therein. Copyright © 1971 Columbia University Press ISBN: o-231-03463-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-145390 Printed in the United States of America IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 RECORDS OF CIVILIZATION: SOURCES AND STUDIES Edited under the Auspices of the Department of History, Columbia University GENERAL EDITOR W. T. H. Jackson, Professor of German and History PAST EDITORS 1915-1926 James T. Shotwell, Bryce Professor Emeritus of the History of International Relations 1926-1953 Austin P. Evans, Professor of History 1953-1962 Jacques Barzun, Seth Low Professor of History EDITOR: EUROPEAN RECORDS W. T. H. Jackson, Professor of German and History CONSULTING EDITORS: EUROPEAN RECORDS Gerson D. Cohen, Associate Professor of History Gilbert Highet, Anthon Professor of the Latin Language and Literature GerhartB. Ladner, Professor of History, U11iversity of California, Los Angeles Paul 0. Kristeller, Professor of Philosophy John H. Mundy, Professor of History on the Mathews Foundation Jacob W. Smit, Queen Wilhelmina Lecturer and Associate Professor of Germanic Languages EDITOR: ORIENTAL RECORDS Wm. Theodore deBary, Horace Walpole Carpentier Professor of Oriental Studies CONSULTING EDITORS: ORIENTAL RECORDS Ainslie T. Embree, Professor of History, Duke University Chih-tsing Hsia, Associate Professor of Chinese Donald Keene, Professor of Japanese Ivan Morris, Professor of Japanese Burton Watson, Associate Professor of Chinese C. Martin Wilbur, Professor of Chinese History For Yuiko 0 FOREWORD 0 The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writi11gs is one of the Translations from the Oriental Classics by which the Committee on Oriental Studies has sought to transmit to Western readers representative works of the major Asian traditions in thought and literature. Our intention is to provide translations based on scholarly study but written for the general reader rather than primarily for other specialists. Of the major traditions of Oriental thought Chinese and Japanese Buddhism is the least well represented by competent translations, despite the quantity of secondary writing on the subject. Professor Yampolsky has already contributed importantly to filling this gap by his translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, a basic text of the early Ch'al1 (Zen) school. The present work is of a quite different sort, representing the more fully developed and authenticated Zen tradition in Japan. Hakuin is probably the leading figure in the history of Japanese Rinzai Zen, and the man most responsible for the flourishing of the school into modern times. The selections given here arc also quite in contrast to the earlier "scripture" attributed to the Sixth Patriarch, which in­ vokes his authority in doctrinal matters and sectarian disputes. Hakuin's letters are rather an intimate revelation of his personal religious experience. This difference, however, has not necessarily made the translator's work any easier. Much of the meaning is implicit, not explicit, and cannot be determined with certainty. Therefore we owe much thanks to Professor Yampolsky for his willingness to undertake the often hazardous task of interpreting these texts for Western readers. W m. Theodore de Bary 8 PREFACE 8 The translations offered here are meant to serve as a general introduction to Hakuin. They are not intended, as the lack of detailed annotation will indicate, to represent an exhaustive study of the man and his works. In selecting material for translation I have been guided by several factors. Those works of a technical character, designed primarily for Zen students, were eliminated at once as requiring too much explanatory apparatus to be of interest to the general reader. While many of Hakuin's shorter pieces have gained considerable popularity in Japan, they are often written in imitation of songs and recitations current in the author's time, and are thus dull and repetitious when rendered into English. I have thus confmcd myself to the translation of three pieces that consist of letters to various acquaintances of Hakuin. Although composed in an epistolary style, they are in effect sermons, dealing primarily with Zen. Hakuin has up to now been studied neither by Buddhist specialists nor by students of the language and literature of his period, so that my translations sufferfrom the absence of scholarly works to which I might have turned for assistance. Hakuin writes in an exceptionally difficult style and there are many places where the translation must be regarded as tentative. In addition, he quotes freely from canonical texts and from other writers. Very frequently his quotations are in error or are very vaguely identified. I have made no exhaustive attempt to identify these quotations; when the source is fairly readily obtainable, I have supplied the information, but when this is not the case, I have so indicated or left the quotations w1annotated. Hakuin's works have appeared in numerous popular editions; however these are usually very lightly edited and annotated, if at all. I have found the version known as Hakuin zenji shu, edited by Tokiwa Daijo in the Dai-Nihon bunko series (Tokyo, 1938) to be by far the most reliable, and have depended largely on the texts as given there. Readers familiar with Zen in English trans- Xll • PREFACE lation may note the failure to refer to R. D. M. Shaw, The Embossed Tea Kettle (London, 1963). I have not found this work of sufficient accuracy to justify reference to it. I have used the following rules in transliterating proper names, book titles, and technical terms: names of Chinese monks and other figures mentioned in the text are given in Chinese romanization, with Japanese readings for those prominent in Buddhism provided in the notes; in the introduction I give the Chinese reading with the Japanese in parentheses; in the main body of the text names of Buddhas and bodhisattvas are given in Japanese romanization (examples: Shakamuni, Amida, Birushana); names of Indian figures other than Buddhas and bodhisattvas are rendered in Sanskrit romanization; Buddhist terms mentioned in the text are given in their romanized Japanese reading, except for Sanskrit terms that have been adopted into English; names of books are in the romanized language of the original with the exception of those commonly known by their English titles. The preparation of these translations has been made possible in part by a contract with the United States Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare, under the provisions of Title IV, Public Law 8 5-864, as amended, Section 602. I am much indebted to Mr. Kazuhiro Furuta of Kyo to and to Professor Seizan Yanagida ofHanazono University for their kindness in answering numerous questions, and to the Reverend Jogaku Fukutani for her helpful suggestions. My colleague Professor Yoshito Hakeda, and Pro­ fessor Abe Masao have read portions of the manuscript and have furnished important advice. The editing of the manuscript was in the hands of Miss Anita Feldman of the Columbia University Press. Her care, patience, and meticulousness have eliminated numerous errors and inconsistencies and her insistence on a more elaborate explanation of various historical and technical details has been of great assistance to my work. My wife Yuiko has been of extensive help to me in unraveling the complexities of Hakuin's syntax. Were it not for her assistance, many more errors than are now present would have found their way into the translation. For whatever mistakes in translation and interpreta­ tion remain, I must bear the responsibility. Philip B. Yampolsky 0 CONTENTS Foreword, by W m. Theodore de Bary IX Preface xi Abbreviations xiv Introduction: Hakuin and Rinzai Zen I Orategama I Letter in reply to Lord Nabeshima, Governor of Settsu Province 29 II Letter to a Sick Monk living far away 73 III Letter in answer to an Old Nun of the Hoke [Nichiren] Sect 86 Supplement 106 Orategama Zokushii: Letter in answer to the question: Which is superior, the Koan or the Nembutsu? 125 Appended: In answer to a visitor's criticism 149 Yabukoji 159 Hebiichigo I I8I II 203 Appendix: The Works ofHakuin 223 Bibliography 23 5 Index 239 0 ABBREVIATIONS HOZ Hakuin osha zenshii. Tokyo, 1967. 8 vols. Reprint edition. HZS Hakuin zenji shu. Edited by Tokiwa Daijo, Tokyo, 1938 (Dai-Nihon bunko: Bukkyo hen). T Taisho shinshii dai-zokyo. Tokyo, 1914-1922. 85 vols. zn Zen Dust, by Miura Isshu and Ruth Sasaki. Kyoto, 1966. zz Dai-Nihon zoku-zokyo. Kyoto, 1905-1912. 750 vols. THE ZEN MASTER HAKUIN INTRODUCTION: HAKUIN AND RINZAI ZEN 8> The mid-Tokugawa period priest Hakuin is known as the reviver ofRinzai Zen. All present-dayRinzai Masters trace them­ selves to him. The system developed by Hakuin and his disciples, their approach toward Zen as a school of Buddhism, and their procedures for mastering it, constitute the Zen of the Rinzai monasteries of today.
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