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The Załuski Collection in Warsaw World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council "Libraries - A voyage of discovery" August 14th - 18th 2005, Oslo, Norway Conference Programme: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla71/Programme.htm August 4, 2005 Code Number: 128-E Meeting: 102 Library History The strange life of one of the greatest European libraries of the eighteenth century: the Załuski collection in Warsaw Maria Witt Chargée de cours Université Paris X Nanterre (LLPHi / SPSE) Paris, France Translated from French by Robert O. Steele, volunteer staff member, Library of Congress Abstract: During the eighteenth century, the French language conquered Poland. This period saw the creation and development of the largest French-language library in the world outside of France, “a giant collection containing 400,000 volumes, consequently one of the two or three most important in Europe.” The Załuski Library, founded by two brothers: Andrzej Stanisław Kostka (1695-1758) and Józef Andrzej (1702-1774), which opened in Warsaw in 1747, was in existence for about 50 years. It was subsequently “transferred” to Saint Petersburg in 1795 as spoils of war, and served as the basis for the Imperial Public Library. Around 50,000 of the Załuski’s books were 1 returned by Russia, then by the USSR, over the course of the nineteenth century and between 1923 and 1935, but the Second World War reserved a final tragedy for them. Because of this strange and tragic fate, it is difficult to reconstruct a complete picture of the Załuski collection and of how the library functioned. Too many documents, letters, archival resources, catalogues, and inventories have been lost forever. Nonetheless, a certain picture can be reconstructed thanks to secondary documents which have preserved information about their contents, among them the documents presented at the 1933 Exposition at the National Library of Warsaw, historical and biographical works published between the two World Wars and the recent research of J. Kozłowski. French-speaking Poland During the eighteenth century, the French language finally conquered Poland. Up to that time, the pre-eminent language was Latin, which served as the official language. In the second half of the seventeenth century, the Polish court came under French influence due to the efforts of two women: Marie-Louise de Gonzague, daughter of the Duke de Nevers who married King Ladislas IV in 1645, and her confidante Marie-Casimire d’Arquien (Marysieńka), the daughter of a Nivernais gentleman married to Jean Sobieski. In 1645 all the princes and all the nobles of the Court spoke French more often and more willingly than their own language. The height of French influence was attained during the reign of Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski (1764-1795), who received his esthetic education in Paris in the salons of Madame Geoffrin. He expressed himself in French better than in Polish, he conducted his correspondence in French, and it was in French that he wrote his Mémoires. French became the customary language of Polish society. An amusing example of this evolution is given by the mixture of languages in two letters of Joseph Zaluski. The first, a mixture of Polish and Latin written in Paris at the age of 19: “My tu horas et monumenta mamy disposita i wszelkiej zazywamy apllikacja...” and the second, written in Polish and French at the end of his life in Russia: “Jezlim byl zarliwy przy wierze swietej, toc w tym zgrzeszylem car je n’ai fait que mon devoir d’évêque. Chaque honnête homme fait le devoir de sa charge… ». [If I was loyal to my holy faith, then I did not sin, for I have only done my duty as a bishop. Every gentleman does the duty of his office...”] An exceptional library (1747-1795) The Załuski library was created by two brothers with an uncommon destiny. These two ecclestiastical aristocrats, high functionaries of the Church, conceived of an entirely democratic and astonishingly liberal institution. Through their library, an elite knowledge reserved only for initiates was to be accessible to all, with great freedom and without censorship. The Załuski brothers, Andrzej Stanislaw Kostka (André, 1695-1758) and Józef Andrzej (Joseph, 1702-1774), were book lovers from their earliest youth. Descendants of an old noble Polish family, they received a princely education including among other things a voyage throughout Europe with long sojourns in Rome and Paris. Through their uncle, Bishop of Plock, they were destined for the Church. The Załuskis’ Paris and France (1716-1717, 1720-1723) During their first journey the two brothers spent almost a year in Paris, from the fall of 1716 to the summer of 1717, under the tutelage of Cardinal Melchior de Polignac, the former French ambassador to Poland. Their pursued their studies in dialectic, rhetoric, Roman history, geography, the Bible and, although they were preparing themselves for the priesthood, they had a dancing master. “It is not to dance, but to learn how to bow, according to the fashion here.” From their earliest youth, the brothers collected books: the first inventory that Joseph drew up in 1720, at the age of 18, listed 3000 books. One year later, after the death of their uncle the bishop, they inherited a large and valuable collection of books to which was also added the collection of an ancestor, Primate Olszowski. From 1720 to 1723, Joseph was again in Paris. He pursued advanced studies at the seminary of St. Sulpice. He spent time at Issy-Les-Moulineaux, visited the Cistercian abbey of Carnoët in Brittany, gave homilies in French at the church of St. Sulpice in Paris, visited la Trappe, spent time with Melchior de Polignac, but at the same time constantly visited libraries and bookstores. He bought books and manuscripts; in libraries, he copied unknown or unpublished sources for the history of Poland. It must be remembered that the fourth public library in Paris, “the Caroline,” library of the priests of the Christian Doctrine, was opened just before his arrival in Paris, on November 24, 1718, according to the bequest of a doctor of theology at the University of Paris, Miron. Return to Poland (1723-1736) Named Bishop of Plock, Joseph considered founding a public library in his episcopal palace, but finally in 1723 the two brothers decided to combine their own collections with those they had inherited from their ancestors in order to open a public library in Warsaw. According to the Leipzig newspaper in 1728, Załuski already owned 8000 volumes from all over Europe and planned the publication of a complete bibliography of Polish and foreign writers who had written about the history of Poland. Thus in 1732, Joseph in Programma Literarium announced his plan to open a public library, and also presented a vast publishing program based on his collections, calling on all persons interested in collecting documents and preparing bibliographies and other reference sources. The political upheaval in Europe after the death of King August the Strong (August II) in 1733 would make this project unrealizable and delay the creation of the public library for 20 years. Lorraine (1736-1742) In the struggle over the succession to the Polish throne, France supported as its candidate Stanislas Leszczyński, who for eight years had been father-in-law to the king of France. Eventually it was the son of August II who would seize the crown of Poland with the support of Russia and Austria. Bishop Załuski, francophone, francophile, and partisan of Leszczyński, decided to leave Poland in 1736 to go the court of his king in exile in Lunéville. His library at that time was already famous. Polish scholars begged him at his departure to leave it in the country at the 3 service of science. In Lunéville from 1736 on, he thus began to complete his collection. He frequently went to Paris and Versailles and visited libraries. According to a list he drew up himself, Załuski made the acquaintance in Paris of 180 men of letters, learned men, bibliophiles, collectors and booksellers and visited numerous libraries, “more than in any other city.” Several authors offered him their works for his library. Certain books given to him by Jean Paul Bignon, librarian of the Royal Library, have been preserved up to the present. In exchange, the Bishop offered gifts of Polish books: to Buffon, he sent Auctuarium historiae naturalis, to Gabriel François Coyer, he gave books and sources for his research on Jan III Sobieski. To the famous heraldry specialist d’Hozier he offered the family tree of the Ossoliński princes. Réaumur, the famous inventor of the thermometer, received from Załuski collections of Polish observations of grasshoppers for his work in progress. The passion for books led the bishop sometimes to the limits of the acceptable. He did not hesitate to exchange books with Pierre-Jacob Sepher, the owner of an excellent collection of books “which questioned the faith, dubious, paradoxical, fanatical, condemned to the pyre.” At least five books from the library of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés fell into the escarcelle [a monk’s leather purse] of the Załuski Library, as did at least one from the Dominican establishment on the rue St. Jacques; numerous books come from the library of the Jesuits at the Collège Louis le Grand, from the canons of the Church of St. Geneviève, from the Royal Library, from the Sorbonne, from the Congregation of St. Sulpice, in short from all the libraries of Paris. In Lorraine, Załuski maintained relations with all the important abbeys, colleges, and learned men around Lunéville. At the time of his stay in Lunéville, Antoine Lancelot, his friend and partner in bibliophilic exchanges, drew up the inventory of the archives of Lorraine at the request of Louis XV.
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