Chair’s Letter Dear Delegates,

We are delighted to welcome you to the Wars Crisis Committee as part of the third Kent School Model United Nations Conference. Your chair for the committee is Brandon Schuster ‘19; he have been part of KSMUN for the past three years. Brandon has chaired the EU Committee on Migration (KSMUN ‘17) and the Cuban Missile Crisis (‘18) in the past two years and is now the Under Secretary-General for Logistics. He also runs cross country, is a coxswain for the crew team, and is co-president of Grilling Club. I am so excited to have you in my committee! Our committee deals with the Apalachin meeting of 1957, where the five main bosses of the crime scene gathered in upstate New York to discuss their futures. After decades of a stable conservative majority in The Commission, the structure of organization for America’s , the 1950s have brought about a new liberal movement. At this meeting, some expect to be elected the new Chairman of the Commission, some are pushing for liberal reforms, and some are trying to cling on to power. Your goal will be to gain power and influence, represent your delegate and family’s views, and to eventually choose a new leader of the Commission. All are welcome in to join in this committee, but a basic knowledge of the workings of MUN procedure, the history of the , and the position of your delegate you represent will aid you in preparation for the committee. All delegates are expected to research these things and come ready with the information that they will need, as electronic devices will not be allowed in the debate room. If it is extremely necessary to use a device, you may be excused from the room; however, you are always welcome to seek help from the dais. As this is such a broad and complicated topic, having a good understanding of the issues and positions will help accelerate and add depth to the debate. The Introduction and Background Guide below, along with the list of delegates and their positions, are a starting point for your research, but is far from all the information that you will need to know in order to negotiate a good outcome for your delegate. You are also expected to write a short position paper explaining your delegate’s stance on the issues and consolidating your research. Please feel free to print both your position paper, this background guide, and your research to bring to committee. If you have any questions or see any mistakes in this guide, please feel free to email me or any of the other members of KSMUN. Thank you for being a part of our conference and we look forward to seeing you there.

Your chair, Brandon Schuster ’19 [email protected]

Introduction At the height of their power, the families of New York were unrivalled in power, stealing, trafficking, and killing all without detection by the FBI. However, as the old “conservative-Sicilian” faction grasped onto power, the younger “liberal-American” faction split over ideological differences and struggles for control. This came to a head at the Apalachin Meeting in 1957 when the younger guard attempted a coup after six tumultuous years leading up to this moment and the FBI was forced to recognize the Mafia’s existence. How will you navigate the wrestles for power, the sabotage, and the creeping realization that the Mafia can no longer live underground? As a member of the Mafia, you must be daring, ruthless, and convincing; through your own crisis notes, you will be able to accumulate influence and disarm enemies, but it is through cooperation with your fellow delegates that you will come up to a solution to the Mafia’s problems. In the end, the committee must find a way to evade the authorities, decide whether narcotics trafficking is aligned with the Mafia’s values, and deal with the growing power of the liberal faction.

Background Following the death of the ​capo di tutti capi ​(“boss of all bosses”) in 1931, the “father of organized crime,” Charles “Lucky” Luciano, established a new way of controlling the American Mafia with the first Commission. Maranzano had organized the into the “,” and the Commission gave them the ability to jointly make decisions and mediate conflicts. It consisted of the heads of the Five Families, along with their , and was presided over by the Chairman, which was Luciano. After Luciano’s imprisonment in 1936, the Commission’s power devolved more to the heads of the Five Families, with Vincent Mangano beginning to chair. From the beginning, the Commission was filled with power struggles, secret alliances, and sabotage. At first, the bosses of the Five Families all belonged to the “conservative-Sicilian” faction and for almost thirty years their views prevailed. They inherited values from their Sicilian roots, including opposition to and narcotics trafficking. In general, these conservative members were older and grew up in . Since the imprisonment of Boss Luciano, they dominated The Commission and its politics, policies, and rules. However, as the Commission evolved and new bosses began to lead the Five Families, tensions grew between the “old guard,” whose entrenched power interfered with the new “liberal-American” ideology, and the new leaders who believed in it. By 1951, the liberal bosses began infighting among the Families. Boss had recently gained control of the Luciano family, the most powerful of the Five, in 1946, after being released from jail. He was able to wrest power from , and now that he controlled the largest and most powerful family, he intended to take control of The Commission. But, as a member of the liberal-American faction, he had to break the conservative faction hold on power. He led the charge to overturn the conservative order, leading with allies Gaetano Lucchese and Carlo Gambino, and from 1951 to 1957, he began agitating for power. Between these years, he and his allies orchestrated the assassination of five New York mafia bosses and many other attacks on the established power. At some point, Boss Genovese decided to overtake Costello. To do so, he also needed to remove Costello’s ally on the Commission, Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Anastasia . Genovese directed a murder with his allies Lucchese and Gambino, who was Anastasia’s . In 1957 he ordered the assassinations; Costello was shot in the head as he entered is apartment building and though it was not deadly, it convinced him to retire. Vito Genovese was now the undisputed boss of the Genovese family. A few months later, he and Gambino ordered Anastasia’s murder, based on the rumors that Costello and Anastasia were conspiring to regain power. As he stepped into the on October 25, two men shot and killed Anastasia. Now, with no competition as to who controlled the most powerful family and an ally in now-Boss Gambino, Vito Genovese called for a meeting of all the bosses to establish his supremacy over The Commission; this was to be the final battle between the liberal and conservative factions.

Topics For Debate Narcotics Trafficking The main reform pushed by the “liberal-American” faction is allowing the trafficking and sale of narcotics. They believe it is a new way for the Commission’s families to make money that has not yet been used. The conservative faction disagree, pointing to long-standing tradition against narcotics trafficking and the new opportunities law enforcement would have to catch gang members in illegal acts.

Choosing a New Chairman of the Commission The underlying goal of the Apalachin Meeting was to decide who would lead the Commission after Costello stepped down from his family. The liberal faction is pushing for one of their bosses to take the chair, while the conservative faction wants to retain it for themselves. You must decide who must come out on top, or pick someone else - perhaps a consensus pick or someone who rises up and surprises the committee.

Evading Law Enforcement While the Commission operates out of the knowledge of law enforcement, they are growing ever closer to the gangs. You must ensure that they do not catch the group of all five bosses together, which would be disastrous, or worse - that there is a mole in your midst.

Blocs and Positions The Genovese family operates mainly in , , , and . The are generally part of the “liberal-American” faction and want to push for narcotics trafficking being allowed by the Commission. The members of the Genovese family at the Apalachin Meeting were: - Vito “ Vito” Genovese ​is the boss of the Genovese family and holds immense sway over its members and will not tolerate dissidence in his own family. He also controls the hundreds of men in the Genovese gang. He is dead set on gaining the chairmanship of the Commission and expanding its power. He is also a staunch supporter of the liberal reforms, wanting to be able to deal in more unethical trades, such as drug trafficking and prostitution. - Gerardo “Jerry” Catena ​is the underboss of the Genovese family and, therefore, runs the day-to-day operations of the gang. He has close relationships with the hundreds of the gang’s members and has a fortune from investing in the slot machine company Bally’s. He has risen through the ranks and wants to continue to do so. He was born in New Jersey and intensely wants to enact the reforms of the “liberal-American faction” in order to enrich himself. - Michele “Big Mike” Miranda ​is the of the Genovese family, making him the closest advisor to the boss. He was formerly an “enforcer,” giving him close contacts to many hitmen. Though a part of liberal Genovese’s family, he does not deal in drugs.

The ​Gambino family ​operates mainly in Brooklyn, Manhattan, , and . They are generally part of the “liberal-American” faction and want to push for narcotics trafficking being allowed by the Commission. The members of the Gambino family at the Apalachin Meeting were: - Carlo “Don Carlo” Gambino ​is the boss of the Gambino family and holds immense sway over its members, though some are still loyal to Albert Anastasia. He also controls the hundreds of men in the Gambino gang. He has risen through the ranks and is secretly looking for more power. He has allied himself to the liberal faction but does not really believe in the reforms they want; however, he risks retaliation from Genovese, to whom he owes being boss, if he comes out against them. - Paul “Big Paul” Castellano ​is the underboss of the Gambino family and, therefore, runs the day-to-day operations of the gang. He has close relationships with the hundreds of the gang’s members and an intimidating presence. He was born in America and does not see the problem in allowing drug trafficking and other unethical trades. - Carmine “The Doctor” Lombardozzi ​is a of the Gambino family, overseeing some of their members and in charge of the family’s loansharking and stock market ; he the family’s largest earner and has gained both a fortune and much respect from it. Born in Brooklyn, he intensely wants to enact the reforms of the “liberal-American faction” in order to enrich himself.

The ​Lucchese family ​operates mainly in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and New Jersey. They are generally part of the “liberal-American” faction and want to push for narcotics trafficking being allowed by the Commission. The members of the Lucchese family at the Apalachin Meeting were: - Thomas "Tommy" Lucchese ​is the boss of the Lucchese family and holds immense sway over its members, being well-liked by all his men. He has many contacts in the government, including former Mayors William O’Dwyer and Vincent Impellitteri. His main focus is making money and he has allied himself to the liberal faction in order to do so. - Stephano “Steve” LaSalle ​is the underboss of the Lucchese family and, therefore, runs the day-to-day operations of the gang. He has close relationships with the hundreds of the gang’s members and an intimidating presence. He is a member of the old guard and values the Mafia for its secrets and honor more than for making money. - Vincent “Nunzio” Rao ​is the consigliere of the Lucchese family, making him the closest advisor to the Thomas Lucchese. He is generally well-liked among the men of his gang and is seen as a successor to Lucchese if he were to die or step down. His main trade is lathing and he against drug dealing.

The ​Bonanno family ​operates mainly in ​Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. They are generally part of the “conservative-Sicilian” faction and want to maintain their values and grip on power. ​The members of the Bonanno family at the Apalachin Meeting were: - Joseph "Don Peppino" Bonanno ​is the boss of the Lucchese family and holds immense sway over its members, being well-liked by all his men. He valued the Mafia for its tradition and honor, seeing as more than just a vehicle for making money, going so far as to live in a modest house and eschewing expensive tastes. Thus, he does not support the liberal reforms. - Natale “Joe Diamonds” Evola ​is a caporegime of the Bonanno family, overseeing some of their members and a close friend and confident to . He is generally seen as a successor to him if he were to die or step down. He supports his family’s desire to maintain the honor of the Mafia, but is also intensely interested in making money from narcotics trafficking. - Giovanni “John” Bonventre ​is the former underboss of the Lucchese family and, therefore, rans the day-to-day operations of the gang, forming close relationships with the hundreds of the gang’s members and an intimidating presence. He moved back to Sicily years before but returned for the Apalachin meeting, being seen as a paternal figure for the Commission, giving him great influence. He is a member of the old guard and values the Mafia for its secrets and honor more than for making money, opposing the liberal reforms. - Anthony “Tony” Riela ​is a leader of a faction of the Bonanno family, holding strong sway over the small group of men he oversees. Formerly from Illinois, he is mainly loyal to Joseph Bonanno, but his main ambition is power for himself and his gang. He has contacts within the New York City government, including police commissioner Stephen Kennedy.

The ​Profaci family ​operates mainly in Brooklyn and Queens. ​They are generally part of the “conservative-Sicilian” faction and want to maintain their values and grip on power. ​The members of the Profaci family at the Apalachin Meeting were: - Joseph “Don Peppino” Profaci ​is the boss of the Profaci family and holds immense sway over its members, and is also good friends and close allies with Joseph Bonanno. Born in Sicily, he valued the Mafia for its tradition and honor, seeing as more than just a vehicle for making money; thus, he does not support the liberal reforms. He was also a devout Catholic, with many Catholics in New York City, including those in rival gangs, looking up to him. - Joseph “Fat Joe” Magliocco ​is the underboss of the Profaci family and, therefore, runs the day-to-day operations of the gang. He has close relationships with the hundreds of the gang’s members and is very close to his boss. He has to deal with lower-ranking men in his gang who are angry with Profaci over the share of profits he demands. He is also seen a natural successor to Profaci if he died or stepped down. - Carlaggero "Charles the Sidge" LoCicero ​is the consigliere of the Profaci family, making him the closest advisor to the boss. He is generally well-liked among the men of his gang and is always looking for a way to make money. Thus, he likes the liberal reforms, but his place in the family rests on his loyalty to Profaci, who is very against them. - Salvatore "Sam" Tornabe ​is a caporegime of the Profaci family, overseeing some of their members and a close friend and confident to the boss. He supports his family’s desire to maintain the honor of the Mafia, having been born in Sicily. He has been linked to the “enforcers,” giving him contacts to many hitmen.

Position Papers Position papers should be, at minimum, one page - double spaced in 12 pt Times New Roman font.

Procedure This committee’s default shall be a speakers list with varying speaking times. The chair will recognize delegates wishing to speak, and motions will be entertained after each speech has elapsed. No pre-set time limits on speeches are established; this determination, as well as any other particulars of procedure, is left to the discretion of the committee or the chair, as appropriate. The chair shall have final authority on all procedural questions, and will occasionally entertain appeals. For all procedural votes, no abstentions will be allowed. A quorum for all votes is 9 members.

However, this is a crisis committee, so actions outside of the normal procedure, are encouraged. To perform an action outside of normal procedure, you must present a note to the chair to be given to crisis. Please know that these notes must be detailed and specific in why and how the action is being taken. Crisis may also decide that a certain action is outside of your powers and have your action fail. In the case of a failed action, it may still be announced to the committee.

In the event of an expulsion or death of a committee member, the delegate will reenter the committee as another member.

Communication Between Delegates: Delegates can pass notes freely to other delegates within the committee or speak to other delegates during unmoderated caucus. However, talking during another delegate’s speech is not permitted.

To the Chair: ​Delegates may also communicate with the Chair through notes. Delegates should feel free to write any questions or comments to the Chair that may improve the committee experience. To put a directive on the floor, it should be handed to the chair.

To Crisis: Delegates must address their actions, outside of those in normal procedure, to “Crisis.” Crisis heads will return periodically to collect these notes.

Documents Directives are standard orders. All direct actions taken by this committee require a directive. Directives pass with a simple majority.

Press Releases express the sentiments of the committee (not individuals) on any issue. They require a simple majority to pass.

Etiquette Language and Attire:​ The working and official language of the committee shall be English. All delegates are expected to wear Western Business Attire.

Electronic Devices​: All electronic devices, including cellphones, tablets, and laptops, are prohibited from the committee room unless otherwise stated by the Chair.

Debate Motions control the flow of debate. A delegate may raise a motion when the chair opens the floor for points or motions. Motion require a simple majority to pass.

A motion for a unmoderated caucus moves into unmoderated caucus for a specified length of time, in which delegates may move freely about the room and speak to each other without direction from the Chair. However, it will be at the Chair’s discretion to prohibit unmoderated caucus.

A motion for a moderated caucus returns to a moderated caucus, and must specify the topic, the time per speaker, and remains in moderated caucus until another motion passes.

A motion to suspend debate ​suspends debate for a stipulated amount of time.

A motion to adjourn brings the committee’s deliberation to an end, and is only admissible when suggested by the Chair.

A motion to enter voting procedure brings a specific document to a roll call vote. The document must be presented to the committee and the chair first.

A motion to introduce documents puts a document on the floor to be debated by the committee. The sponsor of the document will be asked to read the document. One, some, or all of the documents on the floor may be introduced. Documents will be read in order that they were put on the floor.

A motion to divide the question ​splits a document into its component clauses for the purpose of voting. This may be done when a delegate feels that there is significant support for some clauses of the document, but not for the complete document.

A motion for speakers for/against ​allows for opponents and proponents of a document to both argue their side. Motions must contain number of speakers and a speaking time. Sponsors of the document will be given preference as speakers.

Amendments: After the first draft of a committee document has been introduced, delegates may move to amend particular clauses of the draft. If the amendment is supported by all the sponsors of the documents, it passes as a ​friendly amendment​. If it does not, but still passes the committee by a simple majority, it passes as an ​unfriendly amendment​.

A point of order can be raised when the delegate believes the rules of procedure have been violated, but may not interrupt a speaker. The chair will stop the proceedings of the committee and ask the delegate to provide arguments as to which rules of procedure has been violated. If the chair disagrees with the point, then the delegate may appeal the chair’s ruling and it will be brought before the committee, which may adopt the rule with a simple majority. In limited circumstances, judgement may remain with the chair.

A point of personal privilege may be raised when a delegate’s ability to participate in debate is impaired for any physical or logistical reason (for instance, if the speaker is not audible). This point may interrupt a speech, and the dais will immediately try to resolve the difficulty.

A point of parliamentary procedure may be raised by a delegate who wishes to clarify any rule of procedure with the Chair. It may not interrupt a speaker, and a delegate rising to this point may not make any substantive statements or arguments.

A point of information may be raised by a delegate to bring substantive information to the notice. It may not interrupt a speaker, and must contain only a statement of some new fact that may have relevance to debate. Arguments and analyses may not be made by delegates rising to this point. A point of information may also be used to ask questions of a speaker on the general speakers list.