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DRAFT***Literature Syntheses***DRAFT ***DRAFT*** This document is the review version of a manuscript to be published by the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station as a General Technical Report. Readers are encouraged to send comments to the authors. Hazardous Fuels Reduction Treatments in the Northern Rockies: An Annotated Bibliography 10/5/04 Sharon A. Ritter1, Elaine Kennedy Sutherland2, Ward McCaughey3, and Jan Scher4 1Research/Management Coordinator, Bitterroot National Forest, Hamilton, MT, [email protected] 2Research Biologist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, [email protected] 3Jan Scher, (formerly) contractor, METI corporation. Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Reviews.......................................................................................................................... 4 Air Quality .................................................................................................................................... 41 Economics..................................................................................................................................... 42 Fire Behavior and Fuel Reduction ................................................................................................ 48 Fisheries ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Insects and Diseases...................................................................................................................... 69 Social and Human Dimensions, and Esthetics.............................................................................. 78 Soils............................................................................................................................................... 90 Vegetative Effects at the Stand Level......................................................................................... 104 Vegetative Effects—Trees.......................................................................................................... 116 Vegetative Effects—Understory................................................................................................. 131 Wildlife ....................................................................................................................................... 144 Introduction Those who manage forested lands in the Northern Rockies seek to reduce the fire hazard to communities, including our human, wildlife, and vegetative communities. While recognizing the historical role of fire in our various forest types, we also recognize that more than a century of fire exclusion and fire suppression has led to excessive fuel loads and ladder fuels, especially in our lower elevation forests. By reducing fuels through thinning and the use of prescribed fire, we hope to avoid stand-replacing fires that place our homes and old-growth forests in jeopardy. We provide this annotated reading list to help land managers plan hazardous green fuel reduction projects that will minimize impacts on natural resources. It focuses on research studying the effects of thinning and prescribed fire treatments on various resources in the Northern Rockies. In recognition of the remote work locations of many land managers and the limited time available to conduct thorough literature reviews when faced with designing a project, Draft 1 we went beyond a listing of papers to provide abstracts and additional notes. (We could also mention here that most are available online). How we selected papers to include in this bibliography: This annotated bibliography focuses on research studying the effects of hazardous green fuel reduction treatments on various resources in the Northern Rockies. The Northern Rockies is defined for this purpose as western Wyoming, western Montana, central and northern Idaho, northeastern Oregon, eastern Washington, far western Alberta, and eastern and central British Columbia. If a research study didn’t occur in that area, we usually left if out of the bibliography, although some papers remain if we felt they were relevant to our cover types or provided information that no local studies provided. We focused on the following cover types: ponderosa pine, western larch, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and mixed conifer. Treatments include using prescription fire alone, using mechanical fuel treatments alone, and using a combination of prescription burning and mechanical treatments. Mechanical treatments might include some overstory removal with understory thinning, or might include just understory thinning. Some recent research looks at treatments that were specifically designed as fuel reduction treatments or treatments designed to return forests to structures more similar to historical conditions. However, we also felt that other studies that looked at silvicultural treatments similar to what we would do for fuel reduction should also be included. So, we included the following treatments as listed in the papers: thinning, precommercial thinning (if there is ground fuel reduction after thinning), commercial thinning, shelterwood cutting, and individual tree selection (in ponderosa pine). Not included were: partial cut, clearcut, group selection cut, or even-age management. For the papers we did include, users will need to judge whether or not the treatments mimic what they would use on the ground. We recognize that the “Rainbow Series” (e.g., Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Flora) and the Fire Effects Information System do an excellent job of describing fire effects. Readers could use many of the papers cited in those publications to predict the effects of prescribed fire, however our focus was to find research that directly studied prescribed fire and/or mechanical treatments. However, the bibliography does include a number of literature syntheses, because of the small number of studies in the cover types and geographic area we cover. All literature reviews are given in the first section. We also didn’t include studies that used modeling to predict effects, with the exception of economics studies, and a few others that used local data to develop models and the data were useful for looking at effects. Abstracts Where available, we used the abstracts provided with the paper, although we did some editing for consistency. Where you see “Additional notes,” this shows where we provided our own summary of the paper, or added information from the paper when we felt the reader would benefit from additional descriptions, for example the types of treatments. We also added more specifics on results, especially when we wanted to emphasize results applicable to the purpose of this bibliography Acknowledgments (draft: depends on who else helps with reviews) We wish to thank Ward McCaughey, Tonja Opperman, Sarah Truman, and ___________________ for reviews and helpful comments. We thank the Bitterroot Ecosystem Management Research Project, Bitterroot National Forest, and Rocky Mountain Research Station for funding this project. Metric vs. English Units We chose to retain the original units of measurement used in the papers, rather than convert them or provide both types of units. We’ve included a conversion table for the user’s convenience. Draft 2 Conversion Table To convert Into Multiply by To convert Into Multiply by ________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Centimeters Inches 0.394 Inches Centimeters 2.54 Feet 0.0328 Meters 0.0254 Meters Inches 39.37 Feet Centimeters 30.488 Feet 3.281 Meters 0.305 Yards 1.093 Yards Meters 0.915 Kilometers Feet 3281 Miles Kilometers 1.609 Miles 0.621 Meters 0.0006 Grams Ounces 0.035 Ounces Grams 28.35 Pounds 0.0022 Pounds Grams 453.59 Kilograms Pounds 2.205 Kilograms 0.454 Liters Cups 4.226 Cups Liters 0.237 Quarts 1.057 Quarts Liters 0.946 Sq. Meters Sq. Yard s 1.195 Sq. Yards Sq. Meters 0.837 Sq. Feet 10.765 Sq. Feet Sq. Meters 0.093 Sq. Kilometers Sq. Miles 0.386 Sq. Miles Sq. Kilometers 2.589 Cu. Meters Cu. Yards 1.306 Cu. Yards Cu. Meters 0.766 Hectares Acres 2.47 Acres Hectares 0.405 For Temperatures: Centigrade = 5/9(F-32) Fahrenheit = (9C/5)32 Draft 3 Literature Reviews There are 70 papers that are mostly literature reviews, with little original research. We have put all of them here, and refer to them in other appropriate sections. Our original intent was to leave out literature reviews, and we did leave out many more. However, the cumulative knowledge demonstrated by the reviewers, both through their review of literature and their own expertise, made these 70 papers of particular value. Where studies are lacking for a particular area or resource, these papers help bridge that gap until such time as original research is available. In addition, many of the studies covered in these reviews are from outside of the target area, but in many cases, the results may be interpreted to apply to the Northern Rockies, at least until such time as more studies can be conducted. Agee, James K. 1996. Achieving conservation biology objectives with fire in the Pacific Northwest. Weed Technology. 10(2): 417-421. Groups: soils; literature review. Location: western U.S. Abstract: Fire has been a part of natural ecosystems for many millennia. The
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