Access to History for the IB Diploma The Mexican Revolution 1910–40 Philip Benson Yvonne Berliner 9781444182347.indb 1 19/12/13 11:22 AM This page intentionally left blank Access to History for the IB Diploma The Mexican Revolution 1910–40 9781444182347.indb 3 19/12/13 11:22 AM The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits p.16 © Bettmann/Corbis; p.44 © PRISMA ARCHIVO/Alamy; p.49 © Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy; p.57 © Everett Collection Historical/Alamy; p.86 © Bettmann/Corbis; p.122 © Bettmann/Corbis; p.180 © The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto © 2013 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./DACS; p.197 © Diego Rivera painting the East Wall of ‘Detroit Industry’ (b/w photo)/Detroit Institute of Arts, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library © 2013 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./DACS; p.198 © The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto © DACS 2013; p.204 © Archivo Gráfico de El Nacional /INEHRM. Acknowledgements P.27 Donald B. Keesing, ‘Structural Change Early in Development: Mexico’s Changing Industrial and Occupational Structure from 1895 to 1950’, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 29(4) (1969). Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press; p.122 Héctor Aguilar Camin and Lorenzo Meyer, ‘Oil production between 1934 and 1940 (thousands of barrels)’, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910–1989, translated by Luis Alberto Fierro (University of Texas Press), copyright © 1993. Reproduced by permission of the University of Texas Press; p.207 Pablo Neruda, extract from Canto General, translated by Jack Schmitt (University of California Press, 1991). Other sources are credited throughout the book in the source caption. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. 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Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed in Italy A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 14441 82347 9781444182347.indb 4 19/12/13 11:22 AM Contents Dedication 1 Introduction 2 1 What you will study 2 2 How you will be assessed 3 3 About this book 6 CHAPTER 1 The regime of Porfi rio Díaz and the background of the Mexican Revolution 9 1 Mexico in the early twentieth century 9 2 Porfi rio Díaz and his infl uence in Mexico 13 3 Social groups during the Díaz regime 22 4 Economic aspects of the Díaz regime 27 5 Key debate 33 Examination advice 35 Examination practice 38 CHAPTER 2 The Revolution and its leaders, 1910–17 39 1 Francisco Madero’s Plan de San Luis Potosí 39 2 Emiliano Zapata’s Plan de Ayala 45 3 Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza 50 4 The course of the Revolution 54 5 Leaders of the Revolution 62 6 Key debate 64 7 The 1917 Constitution 66 8 The application of the 1917 Constitution 72 9 Key debate 75 Examination advice 78 Examination practice 80 CHAPTER 3 The Construction of the Post-Revolutionary State, 1920–34 81 1 Álvaro Obregón’s election, 1920 81 2 Álvaro Obregón’s reforms 84 3 Plutarco Calles in power 87 4 The Cristero Revolt 90 5 Key debate 93 6 Relations with the USA 95 7 The Maximato: Who did what? 98 Examination advice 106 Examination practice 108 9781444182347.indb 5 19/12/13 11:22 AM CHAPTER 4 Lázaro Cárdenas and the renewal of the Revolution, 1936–40 109 1 How Cárdenas became President 109 2 Aims and methods: The Cárdenas–Calles confrontation 112 3 Aims and methods: Land reform 114 4 Aims and methods: Educational reforms 117 5 Aims and methods: The railways and the petroleum industries 121 6 Achievements: Supporters and opposition to Cárdenas 127 7 Achievements: Political reforms 130 8 Key debate 132 9 Achievements: The end of an era 135 Examination advice 137 Examination practice 138 CHAPTER 5 The role of foreign powers in the Mexican Revolution, 1910–40 139 1 European and US economic influence in Mexico prior to 1910 139 2 The US government and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–13 148 3 Latin America and the USA, 1911–14 154 4 Pancho Villa’s raid in New Mexico, 1915–16 158 5 The Zimmermann Note, 1917 162 6 Mexico and the USA after the 1917 Constitution 167 Examination advice 172 Examination practice 174 CHAPTER 6 The impact of the Revolution on women, education, the arts, music and literature 175 1 Women during the Mexican Revolution 175 2 The Revolution and Mexican education 177 3 The creative outburst after the Revolution 190 4 The Revolution and Mexican music 206 5 The Revolution and Mexican literature 210 Examination advice 214 Examination practice 216 Timeline 217 Glossary 219 Further reading 223 Internal assessment 227 Presidents of Mexico 228 Index 229 9781444182347.indb 6 19/12/13 11:22 AM Dedication Keith Randell (1943–2002) The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. 1 9781444182347.indb 1 19/12/13 11:22 AM Introduction This book has been written to support your study of HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas: The Mexican Revolution 1910–40 of the IB History Diploma Route 2. This introduction gives you an overview of: % the content you will study for The Mexican Revolution 1910–40 % how you will be assessed for Paper 3 % the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning. 1 What you will study This book focuses on what led to the Mexican Revolution, the major events and participants of the confl ict and its social, political and economic impact. The long and violent revolution had disparate causes, both regional and national, and like other twentieth-century revolutions, it took many years before the goals of the Revolution were realised, even if only partially. Nonetheless, the Mexican Revolution did spawn one of the most progressive constitutions and signifi cant land and educational reforms. It also served as a model for the nationalization of key resources for other Latin American countries and inspired artists, writers and musicians to assume political roles. The book: G begins by discussing the causes of the Mexican Revolution, with a focus on the regime of Porfi rio Díaz (1876–1910) and how several of his policies led to the collapse of traditional Mexican politics (Chapter 1) G examines in detail the Revolution and its leaders; the ideological foundation of each leader and the degree to which each was successful is explored, and the Constitution of 1917 is also studied (Chapter 2) G details the construction of the post-revolutionary state from 1920–34; several presidents slowly and methodically tried to institutionalize the Revolution – the successes and failures of their political, social and economic programs are explored; additionally, the Catholic peasant uprising known as the Cristero Revolt is detailed (Chapter 3) G analyses the signifi cant changes that took place under the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas from 1934–40; land reform, educational initiatives and the nationalization of key industries are examined (Chapter 4) G inserts the Mexican Revolution in the international context, 1910–40, and examines the nature of foreign intervention in Mexico during the Revolution, from Germany, the USA, Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Chapter 5) 2 9781444182347.indb 2 19/12/13 11:22 AM Introduction G discusses the impact of the Revolution on women, the arts, and José Vasconcelos’ educational reforms (Chapter 6).