DOCSLIB.ORG

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii L'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii L' I p /}'->{ ~(3, v-Ca q c I qo:r~o FINAL REPORT I I Covering Period: August 15. 1991 - February 28, 1996 I Submitted to the Office of the Science Advisor U.S. Agency for International Development I I BIORATIONAL PESTICIDES BASED ON PHEROMONE I ANALOGUES I I Principal investigator: Jan Vrkoc Grantee Institution: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Natural Products I Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Praha 6. Czech Republic I Collaborator: Glenn D. Prestwich Institution: Depa1iment of Chemistry I State University of New Yoriv Stony Brook. N. Y. I 11 794-3400, U.S.A. I Project Number: 936-5600 I Grant Number: DHR-5600-G-00-1051-00 I A.I.D. Grant Project Officer: Dr. Phil Warren I Project Duration August 14. 1991 to February 28, 1996 m f:i ~i I R~c~D IN RIDJR JU~J ? f 199~ I BEST AVAfLABLE COPY ~f~~~Tf~ - ...... ~ ..···'" '-·- {~ : ' I L' _-:;rt:''•r ---- I I I 2. Table of Contents I 3. Executive Summary 2 ,.., I 4. Research Objectives .) 5. Methods and Results 4 I 5.1. Synthetic work 4 5.2. Vapor pressures determinations 4 I 5 .3. Entomological studies 4 I 5 .3 .1. Methods 5 5.3.2. Results 7 I 5.3.3. Discussion 10 I 6. Impact, Relevance and Technology Transfer 13 7. Project Activities I Outputs 13 I 8. Project Productivity 14 9. Future work 14 I 10. Literature Cited 15 I Appendix I Table 1 16 I Table 2 i7 I Table 3 18 Table 4 19 I Figure 1 - 12 Cydia molesta 20 Figure 1 - 18 Ostrinia nubilalis -'-"? I Publications 1 - 9 so I I I . I# I I I 3. Executive Summary I All new compounds were chemically characterized and biologically tested. The data from I electrophysiological and behavioral test suggested that inhibitory properties of the pheromone analogs are not entirely connected with their mimicking capability of the I pheromone. Some of new inhibitors ( chloroformates, sulfur analogs and 4-membered lactones) may prove useful as tools in further biochemical as well as field studies. Pest I control is a dynamic field, and changes in its technology come about frequently. New chemical compounds that are continually being made available usually displace older I materials. In past decades attention is given to volatile natural chemicals (semiochemicals) produced by arthropods for their chemical communication among or between species. Sex I pheromones, one of many semiochemicals. have been used often to effectively monitor or control a number of pests. One of the control strategy is based on the disruption of the I communication between sexes by permeating the atmosphere of the area under treatment by synthetic pheromone. The second strategy of mating disruption has been proposed which I relies on chemical inhibition of insect olfaction by irreversibly activating a receptor cell or I blocking pheromone recognition. For this strategy some synthetic pheromone analogs were suggested and for biological tests electrophysiological and behavioral test were used. I Eleven analogs were prepared for Cydia molesra and thirteen for Ostrinia nubilalis. Both species are worldwide serious pests and occur also in Czech Republic. All new compounds I were chemically characterized and biologically tested. The data from electrophysiological and behavioral test suggested that inhibitory prope1ties of pheromone analogs are not entirely I connected with their mimicking capability of the pheromone. Some of new inhibitors ( chloroformates. sulfur analogs and 4-membered lactones) may prove useful as tools in I fmther biochemical as well as field studies. I I I I I I -.)- I I I 4. Research Objectives: Chemical communication is the most important information channel in insects. Pheromones can be used as biorational means for pest control and they already found I his place in different areas of Integrated Pest Management. Hygienically safe, selective biorational pesticides based on pheromones need further development including their methods of application. In our research program we studied one class I of prospective biorational pesticides - analogs of insect sex pheromones which could have a potential to disrupt premating communication between the sexes and thus to I impair reproduction of populations. The searching of new methods in the strategy of pest control based on natural compounds or their analogs is in agreement with public aversion to chemical insecticides. As in other countries also in Czech Republic there I exists a need for the development of alternatives in existing pest management. The main aim of our proposal was to synthesize new types of pheromone mimics. provide physiological and behavioral testing on laboratory colonies. and in case of I finding an active analog to start preliminary investigation of antennal proteins and mating disruption field trials in small scale. The strategies of sensory disruption by analogs were supported by published data that some pheromone mimics already I known before this project started have shown significant inhibitory activity on premating behavior. From the analysis of the known structures of sensory disruptants and taking into account inconsistency of some results obtained in different species it I was concluded that further research in this field was needed. Mating disruption control strategy by permeating the area under the treatment by synthetic pheromone is still complicated and the mechanisms involved in achieving I this effect have not yet been recognized. Mechanisms for interrupting long distance communication even by natural pheromone are very complex and probably more than I one are involved at the same time and some of them may act synergistically. The ignorance of the mechanisms slow down the development of optimal design of this method and its practical implementation. I In contrast chemical inhibition of insect olfaction is based on irreversibly activating a receptor cell (hyperagonism ), or blocking pheromone recognition in the receptor cell (antagonism). Both modes are based on disruption of biochemical events in the I sensilla by limited quantities of a chemical compounds and in effect a selective anosmia is resulting. I The problem of our project was at the same time studied in several research teems in USA, France, Spain. Russia and Switzerland. The topics of research were mainly fluorinated analogs as for example mono-, di- and tri- fluoro analogs of Zl 1-14:0Ac I (l ), fluorinated ESE 10-12:Ac (2), fluorinated analogs of esters components of Diparopsis castanea (3) and trifluormethyl ketones of Spodoptera littoral is (4 ). I Chlorinated analogs of ESE 10-12 :OH ( 5 .6) have been found as biologically active and halogen acetate analogues of Sesamia nonagrioides are inhibitors (7). 2.6-Dimethyloctyl formate was found as an attractant of Tribolium confusum (8). I Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of A.gratis segetum are I I I -.+- I pheromone mnmcs (9). Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of pheromone receptors and the behavioral activity of analogs have been studied m I Diprion pini ( 10). The insects chosen for our study was one of key orchard pests, the Oriental fruit I moth ( (vdia moles ta), and a serious pest on maize in Europe and North America European com borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis). While Oriental fruit moth was taken as a model of pest species where mating disruption with pheromone was successfully used I both in Australia and United States. mating disruption strategy for 0. nubilalis has not been so far studied in detail. Our approach to the mating disruption by pheromone mimics was based on the use of new reactive mimics of both known and new I structural types. All our studies were done on the chemical and biological level, where mainly electroantennographical (EAG) and electrosensillographical (ESG) investigation of new pheromone analogues were studied. Both the most EAG active I pheromone mimics and some of EAG inactive compounds were then used for flight-tunnel behavioral investigations. Taking into account EAG responses and inhibitory effect of the selected analogs interesting structure-activity relationship was I found. I 5. Methods and Results: I 5.1. Synthetic work All pheromone mimics were synthesized by procedures reporting in project-funded I publications. All structures of the synthesized compounds were proved by MS, IR and NMR spectra. Eleven compounds were synthesized for Cydia molesta tests and thirteen I compounds for Ostrinia nubilalis tests. The chemical structures of the compounds are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. From the list of compounds we wanted to prepare I we did not achieve the success only with azaanalogs. 5.2. Vapor pressures determinations The above prepared analogs show high differences in volatility. For dose response I electrophysiological studies the saturated vapor pressures of all compounds were determined using a method based on gas chromatographic retention data. The data are I summarized in Table 3. 5.3. Entomological studies I Oriental fruit moths, Cydia molesta, and European Com Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. originated from a colony maintained under laboratory conditions. Larvae were reared on an semiartificial diet under a 16:8 light:dark regimen. Pupae were sexed and males I were kept separately from females under the same light and temperature conditions. Newly emerged adults were collected daily and provided with water and sugar solution. 2-4 days old males were used for EAG experiments, 3-4 days old males for I wind tunnel observation. I I I I - ..,_ I I Electroantennograph_1 · I Two glass AgiAgCl rnicroelectrodes filled with physiological saline were used for EAG recordings: the ground electrode was placed into the head capsule of an intact male moth and the recording electrode was connected with the distal end of the male antenna. tip I of which had been cut off. Ante1mal responses were amplified (signal conditioner CyberAmp 320, Axon Instruments), digitized (Metrabyte DAS-16 AID. sample period 250 msec) and analysed by a PC 486 computer (Stand Alone Acquisition System, Run Teclmologies).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1 Vernacular Names
    Appendix 1 Vernacular Names The vernacular names listed below have been collected from the literature. Few have phonetic spellings. Spelling is not helped by the difficulties of transcribing unwritten languages into European syllables and Roman script. Some languages have several names for the same species. Further complications arise from the various dialects and corruptions within a language, and use of names borrowed from other languages. Where the people are bilingual the person recording the name may fail to check which language it comes from. For example, in northern Sahel where Arabic is the lingua franca, the recorded names, supposedly Arabic, include a number from local languages. Sometimes the same name may be used for several species. For example, kiri is the Susu name for both Adansonia digitata and Drypetes afzelii. There is nothing unusual about such complications. For example, Grigson (1955) cites 52 English synonyms for the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in the British Isles, and also mentions several examples of the same vernacular name applying to different species. Even Theophrastus in c. 300 BC complained that there were three plants called strykhnos, which were edible, soporific or hallucinogenic (Hort 1916). Languages and history are linked and it is hoped that understanding how lan- guages spread will lead to the discovery of the historical origins of some of the vernacular names for the baobab. The classification followed here is that of Gordon (2005) updated and edited by Blench (2005, personal communication). Alternative family names are shown in square brackets, dialects in parenthesis. Superscript Arabic numbers refer to references to the vernacular names; Roman numbers refer to further information in Section 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Literature on Lepidoptera
    1956 The Lepidopterists' News 121 RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA (Under the supervision of PBTER F. BELLINGER) Under this heading are included abstracts of papers and books of interest to lepidop­ terists. The world's literature is searched systematically, and it is intended that every work on Lepidoptera published after 1946 will be noticed here; omissions of papers more than 3 or 4 years old should be called to Dr. BELLINGER'S attention. New genera and higher categories are shown in CAPITALS, with types in parentheses; new species and subspecies are noted, with type localities if given in print, Larval food plants are usually listed. Critical comments by abstractors may be made. Papers of only local interest and papers from The Lepidopterists' News are listed without abstract. Readers, particularly outside of North America, interested in assisting with this very large task, are invited to write Dr. BELLINGER (Osborn Zoological Lab., Yale Universiry, New Haven 11, Conn., U. S. A.) Abstractors' initials are as follows: [P.B.] - P. F. BELLIN­ GER; (I.e.] - I. F. B. COMMON; [W.c.] - W. C. COOK; [A.D.] -A. DIAKONOFF; [W.H.]- W. HACKMAN; [J .M.]-]. MOUCHA; [E.M.] - E. G. MUNROE; [N.O.]­ N. S. OBRAZTSOV; [C.R.]- C. 1. REMINGTON; (J.T.]- J. W. TILDEN; [P.V.]­ P. E. 1. VIETTE. B. SYSTEMATICS AND NOMENCLATURE Bauer, David 1., "A new race of Papilio indra from the Grand Canyon region." Lepid. News, vo!.9: pp.49-54, 1 pI. 10 Aug. 1955. Describes as new p, i, kaibabemis (Bright Angel Point, Ariz.) Bell, Ernest Layton, & Cyril Franklin dos Passos, "The lectotype of Megathymus aryxna Dyar (Lepidoptera, Megathymidre)." Amer.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Enemies of Helicoverpa Armigera in Africa
    NATURAL ENEMIES OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA IN AFRICA: - A REVIEW H. VAN DEN BERG J. K. WAAGE M. J. W. COCK NATURAL ENEMIES OF HEUCOVERPA ARM/GERA IN AFRICA -A REVIEW H. VAN DEN BERG J. K. WAAGE CA.B. International Institute of Biological Control Silwood Park, Ascot, UK M. J. W. COCK CA.B. International Institute of Biological Control Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya Prepared as part of a project funded by the UK OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION This publication was prepared by: C.A.B International Institute of Biological Control Silwood Park Ascot Berks SL5 7PY U.K. ISBN 0 85198 621 8 ~ C.A.B International, 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by The Chameleon Press Limited, 5-25 Burr Road, London SW18 4SG COH'rBH'rS PRll:I'ACB •••••••••••.•••.••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 ABSTRACT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 4 PART :I 1. l:RTRODUCT:ION •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 2. THJ: PBST •.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 6 2.1 Taxonomy •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 2.2 Life-history .....•.................................... 6 2.3 Bost-p~ants . 7 2.4 Phenology . 7 2.5 SlIIIIpling methods . 7 3. SAMPLl:NG NATURAL BHll:MIBS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 3.1 Parasitoids ................................•......•..•... 9 3.2 Predators ...............................••.•.•..•..•.• 12 3.3 Pathogens .....................................•..•••.• 13 3.4 Popul.ation studies . 13 4. SUMMARY or THJ: NATURAL BHll:MIZS 01' !!. AmaGBRA :IN Al'R:ICA •• 14 4.1 TaxODClIIlY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 4.2 Alternative hosts ...............................•••... 15 4.3 Distribution ..................................•••..... 17 4.4 Bost-plant associations . 18 4.5 seasona~ity ...•...•.•................................
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Helicoverpa Armigera</I> in Smallholder Crops in East Africa
    NATURAL CONTROL OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA IN SMALLHOLDER CROPS IN EAST AFRICA Promotor: Dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar ind eEntomologie , in hetbijzonde r de Oecologiede r Insekten Co-promotor: Dr. J.K. Waage Ecologist Director, International Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, Verenigd Koninkrijk /ÜAJ08&>(. /£é1 Henk van den Berg Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera in smallholder crops in East Africa Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor in de Landbouw- en Milieuwetenschappen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 1oktobe r 1993 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Berg, Henk van den Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera in smallholder crops in East Africa / Henk van den Berg. - [S.l. : s.n.] Thesis Wageningen. - With ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-107-4 Subject headings: Helicoverpa armigera. BIBLIOTHEEFF LA£u)BOUWUNIVERS£rEOr EAGENJNGEM Aanmijn ouders Ajfjo$?o f, /6 6 9 Stellingen 1 Alleen de evaluatie van natuurlijke vijanden in relatie tot de 'sterftetabel' (lifetable) van een plaag geeft een goede indruk van de werkelijke rol van natuurlijke vijanden. Luck, R.F. , Shepard, B.M. & Kenmore, P.E. (1988) AnnualReview ofEntomology 33 , 367- 391. Bellows, T.S., van Driesche, R.G. & Elkinton, J.S. (1992) AnnualReview ofEntomology 37, 587-614. Dit proefschrift 2 Natuurlijke mortaliteit van Lepidoptera, bepaald middels veldbemonstering, wordt meestal sterk onderschat door te geringe aandacht voor bemonstering van het eistadium. De waarde van conclusies gebaseerd op sterftetabellen is daarom sterk afhankelijk van de wijze van bemonstering van het eistadium.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Rc
    UNITED NATIONS RC UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.6/5/Add.1 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Distr.: General 1 December 2009 Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and English only Pesticides in International Trade Chemical Review Committee Sixth meeting Geneva, 15–19 March 2010 Item 5 (b) (i) of the provisional agenda* Listing of chemicals in Annex III to the Rotterdam Convention: review of notifications of final regulatory actions to ban or severely restrict a chemical: amitraz Amitraz Note by the Secretariat Addendum Supporting documentation provided by the European Community The Secretariat has the honour to provide, in the annex to the present note, documentation received from the European Community to support its notification of final regulatory action for amitraz as a pesticide. The documentation has been reproduced as received, without formal editing by the Secretariat. * UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.6/1. K0953651 040110 For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies. UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.6/5/Add.1 Annex 1. Commission decision of 12 February 2004 concerning the non-inclusion of amitraz in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance (2004/141/EC) Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/oj_amitraz.pdf 2. Review report for the active substance amitraz: Finalised in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting on 4 July 2003 in support of a decision concerning the non-inclusion of amitraz in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list_amitraz.pdf 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Cumulative Long-Term Effects of Genetically Modified (GM)
    Cumulative long-term effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on human/animal health and the environment: risk assessment methodologies Reference: No 07-0402/2005/414455/MAR/B4 CUMULATIVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS ON HUMAN/ANIMAL HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES REFERENCE: NO 07-0402/2005/414455/MAR/B4 Final Report 31/03/06 Christine Henry Central Science Laboratory Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ. UK Main Project Contractors Christine Henry, Sarah Hugo, James Blackburn, Central Science Laboratory (CSL) David Nicholls, RM Consultants Ltd 1 Cumulative long-term effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on human/animal health and the environment: risk assessment methodologies Reference: No 07-0402/2005/414455/MAR/B4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The scientific evidence for long-term and cumulative effects of GM plant cultivation was reviewed. Currently available risk assessment methodologies were also reviewed and gaps in knowledge identified. Tools and techniques to fill these gaps have been identified, drawing on experience of risk assessment in other domains. Case studies were used to test and develop the risk assessment approaches, and to develop examples of monitoring and management measures. 2. Some areas of potential long-term risks and benefits were identified from the scientific literature but in fact there have been few comprehensive studies carried out in the field over the long-term that directly address long-term and cumulative effects. 3. Risk assessment methodologies for release of GMOs generally follow a case-by-case approach based on a scientific framework of assessment of hazards, potential for exposure, consequences of exposure and options for risk management.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW EVIDENCE on the ORIGIN of 1949, '950), and of Their Wild
    NEW EVIDENCEON THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD WORLD CO1TONS i. B. HUTCHINSON Empire Cotton Growing Corporation, Cotton Research Station, Namulonge, Uganda Received15.vi.53 I.INTRODUCTION INthe Evolution of Gossypium (Hutchinson, Silow and Stephens, 1947) it was suggested that the true cottons owe to human agencies their separation from the nearest wild species, their specific differentiation, and their striking evolutionary success. It followed that the whole of the diversification of the lint bearing species of Gossypium must be regarded as having taken place since the dawn of civilisation, and that the modern cottons represent the product of an extremely rapid evolutionary process. Further progress has now been made in the elucidation of the relationships of the Old World cottons (Hutchinson, 1949, '950), and of their wild relatives (Knight, '949; Douwes, I 951; Douwes and Cuany, 1951, and 1952), and a fresh assessment of the evidence on the origin and antiquity of the diploid cottons is therefore appropriate. 2.THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DIPLOID COTTONS TO THE WILD SPECIES Thereare two groups of wild species of Gossypium native to Africa and Asia, the Anomala and the Stocksiana. Since the Old World cottons are fairly closely related to the former, and only very distantly to the latter, an understanding of the relationships of the wild species is a .prerequisite to a discussion of the origin of the cottons. Recently Douwes (1951) has shown that G. somalense belongs in the Stocksiana, and Knight (ig) has recorded that it is distributed from northern Kenya to British Somaliland, and across the northern Sudan as far west as Ennedi in the eastern districts of French Equatorial Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Genetically Transformed Bt Cotton in South Africa and Implications for Emerging Small Scale Farmers A.L
    Performance of Genetically Transformed Bt Cotton in South Africa and Implications for Emerging Small Scale Farmers A.L. Bennett Monsanto South Africa Pty (Ltd)P.O. Box 78025, Sandton, 2146, South Africa ABSTRACT The Delta and Pinelands cotton cultivars, NuCOTN 37B and NuCOTN 35B, containing Monsanto’s patented Bollgard® Bt-gene technology was performance tested under irrigated, rainfed and small scale conditions in all cotton producing regions of South Africa (approximately 25 trials). A minimum of 1ha of the transgenic cultivar was planted adjacent to its non-transgenic parent, and the co-operating farmer managed each cultivar as an extension of his own cotton. The only exception was with respect to insect control. The non-transgenic block was sprayed according to the farmers own system, while the Bollgard block was only sprayed when a threshold of 5 larvae per 24 plants was equalled or exceeded. Each block was assessed for larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis castanea and Earias spp. at weekly intervals. Presented results summarize the larval infestations on each of the cultivars, the number of sprays on each of the cultivars as well as the yields and fiber qualities. Under both irrigated and rainfed production, the larval threshold was regularly exceeded in non-transgenic blocks, whereas it was very rarely exceeded in transgenic blocks (only once in three of the trials). Under commercial irrigated conditions the reduction in the number of sprays varied between 4 and 7, whereas under commercial dryland conditions the saving varied between 4-6. Under small-scale production (dryland), one producer saved 9 sprays. In general the transgenic cultivars out-yielded their non-transgenic parents by 5-20%.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Organic and Synthetic Insecticides on the Control of Cotton Pests: the Bollworm Complex, Helicoverpa Armigera, Dipar
    Efficacy of organic and synthetic insecticides on the control of cotton pests: The bollworm complex, Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis castanea, Earias insulana (Noctuidae) and the leafhopper, Jacobiella fascialis (Cicadellidae), for small-scale farmers By Lawrence Nkosikhona Malinga A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Entomology) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Fort Hare Alice 5700 Supervisor: Prof. Samuel Waladde Co-supervisors: Dr Emmanuel Do Linh San Mr Eugen Eulitz August 2012 i DECLARATION This is to declare that this thesis entitled “Efficacy of organic and synthetic insecticides on the control of cotton pests: The bollworm complex, Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis castanea, Earias insulana (Noctuidae) and the leafhopper, Jacobiella fascialis (Cicadellidae), for small-scale farmers” is my own work and has not been previously submitted to any institute. I know that plagiarism means taking and using the ideas, writings, works or inventions of another as if they were ones own. I know that plagiarism not only includes verbatim copying, but also extensive use of another person’s ideas without proper acknowledgment (which sometimes includes the use of quotation marks). I know that plagiarism covers this sort of use of material found in textual sources (e.g. books, journal articles and scientific reports) and from the Internet. I acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong. I understand that my research must be accurately referenced. I have followed the academic rules and conventions concerning referencing, citation and the use of quotations. I have not allowed, nor will I in the future allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as their own work.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Resistance of Helicoverpa Armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diparopsis Castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt Cotton In
    Status of resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diparopsis castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt cotton in South Africa J.D. Pretorius Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Science at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof. J. van den Berg Co-supervisors: Prof. H. Du Plessis & Dr. A. Erasmus November 2011 Potchefstroom, South Africa Acknowledgements A special word of thanks to God who gave me the opportunity to study his creation and nature. I would like to thank Him for the knowledge and insight to do this study. I also want to thank Him for the opportunity that He gave me to share this knowledge with other people by means of this dissertation. I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Johnnie van den Berg that gave me the inspiration and the motivation to successfully complete this work. I am sincerely thankful for the opportunity to have discovered new meanings of life and his guidance in the right direction. I would also like to thank Prof. Hannalene Du Plessis for her time and effort that ensured that the dissertation was completed successfully. I would also like to thank Dr. Annemie Erasmus for her support, inputs and assistance with the planting of cotton and rearing of larvae. I would like to give a warm thanks to my parents that gave me opportunity to study and for all their love and support. Special thanks also go to Larissa Zaayman who contributed greatly in the completion of this study. I would like to thank her for all her hard work and dedication and all her support during this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture & Veterinary
    Online ISSN : 2249-4626 Print ISSN : 0975-5896 DOI : 10.17406/GJSFR ImpactofRaindropsonSoils ControlofLepidopteronPests EconomicFeasibilityofGrazing Participatoryon-FarmEvaluation VOLUME16ISSUE8VERSION1.0 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture & Veterinary Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture & Veterinary Volume 16 Issue 8 (Ver. 1.0) Open Association of Research Society © Global Journal of Science Global Journals Inc. Frontier Research. 2016 . (A Delaware USA Incorporation with “Good Standing”; Reg. Number: 0423089) Sponsors: Open Association of Research Society All rights reserved. Open Scientific Standards This is a special issue published in version 1.0 of “Global Journal of Science Frontier Publisher’s Headquarters office Research.” By Global Journals Inc. ® All articles are open access articles distributed Global Journals Headquarters under “Global Journal of Science Frontier 945th Concord Streets, Research” Framingham Massachusetts Pin: 01701, Reading License, which permits restricted use. United States of America Entire contents are copyright by of “Global Journal of Science Frontier Research” unless USA Toll Free: +001-888-839-7392 otherwise noted on specific articles. USA Toll Free Fax: +001-888-839-7392 No part of this publication may be reproduced Offset Typesetting or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information Global Journals Incorporated storage and retrieval system, without written 2nd, Lansdowne, Lansdowne Rd., Croydon-Surrey, permission. Pin: CR9 2ER, United Kingdom The opinions and statements made in this book are those of the authors concerned. Packaging & Continental Dispatching Ultraculture has not verified and neither confirms nor denies any of the foregoing and no warranty or fitness is implied. Global Journals E- 3130 Sudama Nagar, Near Gopur Square, Engage with the contents herein at your own risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Pectinophora Gossypiella USDAÐARSÐPWA, 4135 East Broadway Rd., (Saunders)
    United States Department of Agriculture A Bibliography of the Agricultural Research Pink Bollworm, Service Bibliographies and Literature Pectinophora of Agriculture Number 136 gossypiella (Saunders) United States Department of A Bibliography of the Pink Agriculture Agricultural Bollworm, Pectinophora Research Service Bibliographies gossypiella (Saunders) and Literature of Agriculture Number 136 Steven E. Naranjo, George D. Butler, Jr., and Thomas J. Henneberry The authors are with the USDA–ARS Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona, where Naranjo is a research entomologist, Butler is a collaborator, and Henneberry is a research entomologist and the laboratory director. Abstract Naranjo, Steven E., George D. Butler, Jr., and While supplies last, single copies of this publication Thomas J. Henneberry. 2001. A Bibliography of the may be obtained at no cost from Steven E. Naranjo, Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella USDA–ARS–PWA, 4135 East Broadway Rd., (Saunders). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- Phoenix, AZ 85040–8803. tural Research Service, Bibliographies and Literature Copies of this publication may be purchased from the of Agriculture 136. National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; telephone (703) (Saunders), was described by W.W. Saunders in 1843 605–6000. as Depressaria gossypiella from specimens found to Electronic copies of this bibliography and annual be damaging cotton in India. Infestations in the addenda may be downloaded free of charge from the United States first occurred in Texas cotton in 1917. World Wide Web at http://www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov/ At present, the pink bollworm has been recorded in biblios/pbw/pbwbiblios.html. nearly all cotton-growing countries of the world and is a key pest in many of these areas.
    [Show full text]