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<I>Helicoverpa Armigera</I> in Smallholder Crops in East Africa

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<I>Helicoverpa Armigera</I> in Smallholder Crops in East Africa NATURAL CONTROL OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA IN SMALLHOLDER CROPS IN EAST AFRICA Promotor: Dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar ind eEntomologie , in hetbijzonde r de Oecologiede r Insekten Co-promotor: Dr. J.K. Waage Ecologist Director, International Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, Verenigd Koninkrijk /ÜAJ08&>(. /£é1 Henk van den Berg Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera in smallholder crops in East Africa Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor in de Landbouw- en Milieuwetenschappen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 1oktobe r 1993 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Berg, Henk van den Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera in smallholder crops in East Africa / Henk van den Berg. - [S.l. : s.n.] Thesis Wageningen. - With ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-107-4 Subject headings: Helicoverpa armigera. BIBLIOTHEEFF LA£u)BOUWUNIVERS£rEOr EAGENJNGEM Aanmijn ouders Ajfjo$?o f, /6 6 9 Stellingen 1 Alleen de evaluatie van natuurlijke vijanden in relatie tot de 'sterftetabel' (lifetable) van een plaag geeft een goede indruk van de werkelijke rol van natuurlijke vijanden. Luck, R.F. , Shepard, B.M. & Kenmore, P.E. (1988) AnnualReview ofEntomology 33 , 367- 391. Bellows, T.S., van Driesche, R.G. & Elkinton, J.S. (1992) AnnualReview ofEntomology 37, 587-614. Dit proefschrift 2 Natuurlijke mortaliteit van Lepidoptera, bepaald middels veldbemonstering, wordt meestal sterk onderschat door te geringe aandacht voor bemonstering van het eistadium. De waarde van conclusies gebaseerd op sterftetabellen is daarom sterk afhankelijk van de wijze van bemonstering van het eistadium. Hogg, D.B. & Nordheim, E.V. (1983) Researches on Population Ecology 25, 280-297. Dit proefschrift 3 Het nut van een economische schadedrempel is beperkt omdat meestal wordt uitgegaan van een sterk vereenvoudigd, statisch ecosysteem. Wanneer biologische, fysiologische en economische variabelen in aanmerking genomen worden, wordt de bepaling van de economische schadedrempel te ingewikkeld. Huffaker, C.B. (1980) New Technology ofPest Control. Wiley, New York. 4 Geïntegreerde plaagbeheersing (IPM; Integrated Pest Management) is een modeterm die vaak misbruikt wordt, bijvoorbeeld als het slechts om geleide bestrijding gaat. Frisbie, R.E. & Adkisson, P.L. (1985), pp41-51 , In: Hoy, M.A. & Herzog, D.C. Biological Control in AgriculturalIPM Systems. Academic, Orlando. 5 Biologen wordt vaak verweten dat hun voorkeur voor biologische bestrijding berust op een idealisme. Hoewel belangrijke gegevens over de rol van natuurlijke vijanden inderdaad veelal ontbreken, kan ervaring opgedaan in bepaalde systemen vertrouwen geven in de rol van natuurlijke vijanden in andere systemen. 6 Het gebruik van de woorden dawa en obat, ofwel medicijn, voor een insecticide in respectievelijk het Kiswahili en het Bahasa Indonesia impliceert dat de aanwezigheid van insekten gezien wordt als een ziekte die uitgeroeid moet worden, en niet als onderdeel van een gezond ecosysteem. 7 Het gebruik van insecticiden in soyaboon in Indonesië is in de meeste gevallen onwenselijk omdat daarmee natuurlijke vijanden die een grote invloed hebben op plaaginsekten worden uitgeroeid. Bovendien is de plant in staat aanzienlijke beschadiging door insekten te compenseren. DBPT (1992) pp 12-23;In : PengedalianHama Terpadu Tanaman Kedelai. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pangan, Malang. H. van den Berg (1992) Report, International Institute of Biological Control, Kuala Lumpur. Ci o<?s"' 8 Het streven naar duurzaamheid, in het geval van IPM, kan men realiseren door het ontwikkelen van expertise binnen de boerengemeenschap om onafhankelijk te analyseren, beslissingen te nemen, te handelen, te evalueren en te plannen in een dynamisch agroekosysteem. Kenmore, P.E. (1983) Returningpest control to villagers; the FAO-Intercountry IPC (rice) programme. Conference Paper, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. Lubis, M. & Dilts, R. (1991) WorldPaper, October 1991. Slamet et al. (1993) 1PMFarmer Training: TheIndonesian Case. Indonesian National IPM Program, Jakarta. 9 Bij de beheersing van malaria gaat men te veel uit van bestrijding van de eigenlijke parasiet. Een gecoördineerde verwijdering van broedplaatsen van de vektor is de enige oplossing die voortdurende beheersing garandeert. TIME, May 31, 1993 Takken, W., Snellen, W.B., Verhave, J.P., Knols, B.G.J. & Atmosoedjono, S. (1990) WageningenAgricultural UniversityPapers 90-7 Chan, K.L. & Counsilman, J.J. (1985) Tropical Biomedicine 2, 139-147. 10 De scheiding van onderzoek en de eigenlijke toepassing van onderzoek is een lang overheersende maar onterechte dichotomie die de ontwikkeling van vele Projekten hindert. 11 Drie dingen zijn nodig om wetenschap te bedrijven: een raamwerk van concepten, eerlijke waarnemingen, en een sterke ontevredenheid met de discrepantie ertussen. I. Copi & C. Cohen (1972) Introduction to Logic, 9th Edition. Macmillan, New York. 12 De LUW-slagzin '75jaa r natuurlijk milieu voor wetenschap' geeft niet zozeer een lange termijn milieubewuste aanpak in de landbouw aan, maar eerder een langzaam geleerde les. Stellingen behorende bij het proefschrift "Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera in smallholder crops in East Africa" door Henk van den Berg. Wageningen, 1oktobe r 1993 Contents Preface VII Overview IX Overzicht XI Part I - Background and Review 1. The African bollworm problem 1 2. Evaluating natural enemies 5 3. Catalogue of natural enemies of H. armigera in Africa 19 Part II - Ecology of H. armigera and Natural Enemies 4. Incidence of H. armigera and its natural enemies in Kenya 85 5. Stage-specific mortality of H. armigera in three crops 99 6. Spatial association between H. armigera and its predators 123 7. Analysis of parasitoid-crop associations 139 Part III - Experimental Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact 8. Experimental analysis of stage-specific prédation in sunflower 147 9. Experimental analysis of stage-specific prédation in cotton 169 10. Exclusion cage studies on the impact of predators 183 11. Prédation and parasitism on egg cohorts 193 Part IV - Synthesis 12. When can natural enemies control the African bollworm? 203 References 221 Curriculum Vitae 233 vn Preface The work reported in this thesis was part of ODA-NRED Project R4365B supported by the Natural Resources and Environment Department (NRED) and the Natural Resources Institute (NRI). The research was carried out from 1988 until 1991, from the International Institute of Biological Control, Kenya Station, operated with the agreement of the Government of the Republic of Kenya, and was conducted in collaboration with the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). The Agricultural University, Wageningen, and the NRI contributed to theproductio n of thisthesis . I would like to express my sincere thanks to Matthew Cock, programme leader, for his support and advice throughout the programme, which made my stay in Kenya anenjoyabl e and rich experience, and for his help in writing upth e chapters of this thesis. Many thanks also toJeffre y Waage, my co-promotor, for his close involvement in the programme, for valuable discussions in the field during the first phase of the programme and for his advice and comments during the 'writing up' phase. I am grateful toJoo p van Lenteren, mypromotor , for his useful criticism during the project, and for his encouragement and valuable commentsdurin gth eanalysi s and 'writingup' . Dr CG. Ndiritu, Director, KARI, Dr A. Orodho, Regional Research Centre at Kakamega, and Mr Mambiri, National Fibre Crops Research Station atKibos , and all their staff involved are gratefully acknowledged for KARI's co-operation and support. I would in particular like to thank the technical team who worked with me in western Kenya, Ayub Majisu, Efraim Chandi, Benson Mutulili, and Bonfas Musau, for close collaboration and friendships during the four seasons; without their assistance this work would not have been possible. Laban Akanga, Noah Aluodi and Bonfas Wabuko are thanked for preparation and management of experimental plots in western Kenya, and for acquainting me with local farming practices. Many thanks to my colleagues George Oduor and Evans Onsongo, for a pleasant collaboration onexperiment s atth eKenya n sites. I thank Hijke Maes for her enthousiastic participation in the last season of the programme, and especially for her help in experiments on anthocorid prédation at Kakamega. I would also like to thank my colleagues Gillian Allard and Dennis Rangi, and other friends in Kenya, for much support and for making mefee l at homei nKenya . The taxonomists of the International Institute of Entomology (IIE) and The Natural History Museum (London) are thanked for identifying insect specimens, and for providing useful information on natural enemy records during my preliminary studies in the UK in 1987. In particular, I would like to thank Andrew Polaszek and Gary Stonedahl for conducting detailed studies on our samples ofTrichogrammatida e and Anthocoridae. I thank David Greathead, former Director IIBC, for his advice and involvement especially during the first phase of the programme, Mick Crawley VIII and Gerrit Gort for valuable discussions on the statistics, and David Dent for a pleasant collaboration in trials on Bacillus thuringiensis microbials. Thanks are also due to Virginia Wanjiku and Ans Klunder for their administrative help, and to Annette Greathead for final editing. Finally, I am thankful to Martina,
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