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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86550-0 - Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous James A. R. Nafziger, Robert Kirkwood Paterson and Alison Dundes Renteln Index More information

Index

Page numbers for principal cases are in italic type.

A. v. Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées, Africa 816–822 customary law in, 167–168 AAA (American Arbitration Association), 762, 788 language rights in, 931–938 AAM. See American Association of Museums looting in, 255 AAMD. See Association of Art Museum Directors manuscript preservation in, 273 AAMD Revises Guidelines for Acquisition of religious rights in, 860–861 Antiquities – Again (Flescher), 419–421 African Americans, 881, 972–978 Abandoned Movable Property Law (Cyprus), African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 889 528–529 Age certifications, Olympic, 798 Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, 279–280, 317, Agreement Concerning the Imposition of Import 343 Restrictions on Categories of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Archaeological Material Representing the 617 Pre-Classical, Classical and Imperial Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Roman Periods of Italy (U.S.–Italy), Protection Act of 1984 (Australia), 381–384 469–471 Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel Abouloff v. Oppenheimer (1882), 237–238 R.M.S. Titanic, 343 Abramson, Harold, 49 Ahayu:da (wooden figures of twin gods), 430 Academy of Certified Archivists, 223 The Aims of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Accent discrimination, 963–972, 978 Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Accommodation, right to public, 784–787 Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Acidic paper, 271 Ownership of Cultural Property and Action “Acquisition of Archaeological Materials and Being Taken by UNESCO to Assist in Its Ancient Art” (AAMD), 419 Implementation (Clement), 406–410 Act for the Protection of the Traditional Intellectual Ainslie, Patricia, 715 Creations of Indigenous Peoples of 2007 Air New Zealand, 626–627 (Taiwan), 668–671 Akinnaso, Niyi, 931 ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990), Akiyama v. U.S. Judo, Inc. (2002), 787–793 784–787 Albania, linguistic rights in, 922–923 Adaawk (oral history), 653–657 Albanian schools case. See Minority Schools in Adams,R.E.W.,247 Albania Adat (animistic system of beliefs), 869–871 Alberta First Nation, 285 Administration and Probate Act 1969 (Australia), Albright-Knox Art Gallery, 714 663 Aleem v. Aleem (2008), 79–85,86 Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 446 Alexander VI (Pope), 859 ADR. See Alternative dispute resolution Algonquin First Nation, 473 Advertising Age on network advertising, 690 All Blacks rugby team, 640 Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, 274 ALR. See Art Loss Register Afghanistan, cultural heritage in, 206, 294–296, Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 603–613 356–357, 611–612 advantages of, 604–610 Afo-A-Kom statue, 403 animistic, 869–871

981

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86550-0 - Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous James A. R. Nafziger, Robert Kirkwood Paterson and Alison Dundes Renteln Index More information

982 Index

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (cont.) L’Ange Gardien treasures, 537–542 consensual processes for, 49–52 Anglican Church, 860 Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual Ang v. Proctor & Gamble (1991), 966–967 Protection and Transfer of Cultural Animal cruelty, 70–71 Material, 610–611, 613 Animal sacrifices, religious uses of, 43–48 religion and, 859, 910–913 Animal smuggling, 54–56, 74–75 Altmann, Austria v. (2004), 574–585, 598 Animism, 869–871 Altmann, Maria, 599, 605 Anthropology and anthropologists Amateur Sports Act of 1978, 762, 774, 776–780, 783, as actors in cultural heritage law, 221 787–788 culture defined in, 125–131 Amato, Christopher A., 456 contemporary defense of concept, 129–131 American Anthropological Association, 221 early definitions, 125–126 American Arbitration Association (AAA), 762, 788 later definitions, 126–127 American Association for State and Local History, postmodern theory and cultural studies, 222 127–129 American Association of Museums (AAM) religion defined by, 844 ethics code of, 221, 418, 424, 724, 735 Anti-doping. See Doping in sports Holocaust claims and, 373 Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association, 209 museums, definition of, 676 Antiquities, ownership of, 500–508 American Bar Association, 959 Antiquities Act of 1906, 274 American Camping Association, 93 Anti-Semitism, 1–7 American Ceramic Society, 209 Antons, Christoph, 616 American Civil Liberties Union, 955 APA (Administrative Procedure Act), 446 American Commission on Human Rights, 176–177 APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation), 32 American Convention on Human Rights, 176–178, Apoxyomenos bronze, 677 180–197, 888–889, 948 Appellate review in Islamic law, 867–868 American Council for Cultural Policy, 209 Aqudas Chasidei Chabad v. Russian Fed’n (2006), American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of 599 Man, 888 Arab League Educational, Scientific and Cultural American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, Organization, 294 280 Arbitration, 10–11, 607–608, 814–829 American Indian Ritual Object Repatriation Archaeological Heritage Protection Act 1991, Foundation, 691–692 proposed (Canada), 285–286 American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Archaeological Institute of America, 221, 419 Artistic Works, 735 Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 American Jurisprudence, 154 (ARPA) American Legion, 959 archaeological resources, federal control of, American Museum of Natural History, 428, 441, 681 274 American (National) Association of Dealers in archaeological value under, 476 Ancient, Oriental & Primitive Art, 483 Kennewick Man and, 443, 446, 454 American Peace Society, 857 private land, application to, 274–279 American Protective Association, 958 seizure and forfeiture of cultural materials under, Americans for the Arts, 686 481 American Sign Language, 963 Archaeology and archaeologists American Society of Composers, Authors and as actors in cultural heritage law, 221 Publishers, 92–93 archaeological value, 475–477 American Society of Contemporary Artists, 222 resources, threats to, 252–258, 280 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), Archaeology magazine, 251 784–787 Architecture, threats to, 269–270 America’s Cup, 797–798 Archives and archivists, 208, 222–223, 271–273 America’s First Pastime (Pauketat), 744–746 Arctic peoples, language of, 918 Ami peoples, 625–626 Are Religious Experiences Just a Side Effect of Brain Anahuacalli Museum, 219 Chemistry? (Vedantam), 845–846 Ancient Monuments Society, 222 Arewa, Olufunmilayo B., 620, 627 Anderson, Jerry L., 743 Aristotle, 90 Ando, Tadao, 270 Arizona, repatriation of cultural heritage law, Andrews, Bradford L., 71 457–458 And the Winner Is . . . (Wolfe), 861–862 Arla Foods (Danish dairy company), 837

Index 983

Armed conflicts and protection of cultural material, Auction houses, art, 208–220. See also Christie’s; 345–357. See also Wars Sotheby’s customary humanitarian law, 351–352 Augury (ritual magic-religious beliefs), 869–870 Geneva Convention IV of 1949 and Protocol I, Austin, John, 137 348–349 Australia Hague Convention of 1954, 349–351 human remains protection in, 469–471 Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, 347–348 indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426 ICTY, ICC, and Afghanistan and Iraq crises, intangible cultural heritage protection in, 352–356 657–668 Armenia, definition of religion in, 842 traditional knowledge in, 616–617 ARPA. See Archaeological Resources Protection Act UNESCO Convention (1970), 425 of 1979 Australian National Gallery, 658–659 Art Antiquity and Law (journal), 251 Australian Olympic Committee, 799 Art as Politics in the Third Reich (Petropoulos), 699 Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus Art Conservation: Problems Encountered in an and the Republic of Cyprus v. Goldberg Unregulated Industry (Botha), 728 (1990), 209–215, 216, 515–516, 525–535, Art Dealers Association of America, 209, 374, 536, 553, 554–557 545 Axtell, Roger E., 132 Art galleries, 208, 220–221. See also specific galleries Art historians, 208, 222–223, 224 Bacon, Francis, 136 Article 38 of Statute of the ICJ, 148, 150–151 Bahaism, 857 Artistic rights, threats to, 258–269 Bair Family Trust, In re (2008), 711–713 Artists in cultural heritage law, 208, 222 Bakr, Abu, 857 Art Loss Register (ALR) Balfour, Henry, 688–689 art theft and, 209, 227 Ballantyne, Davidson and McIntyre v. Canada Holocaust claims and, 366–367, 369–370, 373, (1989), 945, 948–949, 950 374, 376 Ballard, Robert, 338 IFAR and, 558 Bangkok Declaration, 33 Rosenberg family and, 513–514 Bangladesh, marriage customs and, 78–79 UNESCO and, 408 Banishment, punishment of, 172–173 Art Museums and the Ritual of Citizenship Bantu Language Act (South Africa), 936 (Duncan), 683–685 Barcelona Olympics, 763 The Art Newspaper, 251 Barnes Foundation, 708–710 The Art of Primitive Peoples (Hooper), 689 Barnes Foundation, Re the (1996), 724 The Art of War (Sun Tzu), 18 Barotse people, 169–172 TheArtsofContest(Parlett), 740–742 Barr, Franklin J., 244 Art thieves, 226–241 Baseball, 747, 756 Art Workers Guild, 222 Basic Law (FRG), 140–141 Asad, Talal, 848 Basmati rice, 623–624, 625 Ashmolean Museum, 414 Bass, George F., 418 Asian Cup, 754, 758 Batson, Daniel, 846 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 32 Battle of Baghdad, 354 Assembly of First Nations, 702 Bauer, Joseph, 215–216 Association, freedom of, 803, 840–842 BayofPlentyMaoritribe,361 Association for Preservation of Technology Bazyler, M.J., 363 International, 222 Beagle Channel dispute, 859 Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD), Beason, Joe, 70–71 368–369, 418, 419–421, 724–725, 735 Beijing Olympic Games, 757, 758, 798 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, 132 32 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 273 Athens Olympic Games, 799 Belarussia, definition of religion in, 841 The Athletic Congress of the United States, Inc. Belgian Linguistics Case. See Case Relating to (TAC), 762–764, 766, 768–770, 773–774, CertainAspectsoftheLawsontheUseof 775, 777 Languages in Education in Belgium (1968) Atlanta Olympic Games, 626 Belgium, language rights in, 938, 940–943 Attribution, right of, 632 Benedict, Ruth, 126 Auckland War Memorial Museum Act 1996 (New Benedict XVI (Pope), 98, 858 Zealand), 701 Benefit-sharing strategies, 192–197, 620, 624–625

984 Index

Beneveto Cathedral, 739 Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benin, removal of cultural heritage from, 390 the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Bennett, T.W., 167 Arising out of Their Utilization, 620 Bentham, Jeremy, 147 Bonnichsen v. United States (2004), 443–454 Benton, Thomas Hart, 220, 414 Book games, 742 Bergson, Henri, 66 Bordewich, Fergus M., 434 Berlin Wall cases, 138–145 Bormann, Martin, 363 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Borrowing statutes, 547, 564 Artistic Works, 261–262, 267–268, 621, Bosman case. See Union Royale Belge des Sociétéde 631, 632, 640 Football Ass’n v. Bosman Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, 262 Botha, Sarah E., 728 Bernier, Paul-Etienne,´ 540–541 Botswana, proselytizing in, 861 Bet din (Jewish religious court), 62, 866 Boucher, François, 517–518 BFOQ exceptions (Bona Fide Occupational Boxberger, Daniel, 453–454 Qualification), 965–966 Boxer M decision, 798–799 Bhutan, gross national happiness in, 134 Boycotts of Olympic Games, 760 Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 271 Bracton, Henry de, 153, 155 Biculturalism, museums and, 700–704 Brain chemistry, religious experiences and, Bilateral agreements, 379–386 845–846, 855 Bilingualism, 920–921, 932, 957, 963 Brandeis, Louis D., 961 Bill of Rights 1689 (U.K.), 721–722 Brazil, football/soccer in, 755 Bills of sale, 497–498 Breyer, Stephen G., 165 Bingham, Hiram, 404 British Antique Dealers Association, 209 Biodiversity, 74 British Columbia Heritage Conservation Act 1996 “Bionicle” action toys, 627 (Canada), 285–286 Biopiracy, 623, 627 British Library, 739 Black, Ann, 869, 871 British Museum Black markets, 217 Benin, bronze sculptures from, 390 Blacks. See African Americans deaccessioning and, 719–723 Blackstone, William, 153 Elgin Marbles in, 394–395, 398, 400–401, 610 Blackwell rules, 317 Rosetta Stone in, 405 Blair, Tony, 33 British Museum Act 1753 (U.K.), 719–720 Blaskic, Tihomir, 352 British Museum Act 1963 (U.K.), 720, 721, 722 Bloch-Bauer, Ferdinand, 373 Brooklyn Museum, 418, 692 Blue Poles (Pollock), 414 Brown, Michael, 624 B’nai B’rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, Browne-Wilkinson, Nicolas, 422 366 Bruker v. Marcovitz (2007), 88 Boas, Franz, 126 Brunei, animistic dispute resolution in, 869–871 Body language, cultural meaning of, 23, 132–134 Brysac, Shareen Blair, 393 Bohannan, Laura, 918 “Buddhist Dead Sea Scrolls,” 612 Bohannan, Paul, 172 Buddhist monuments, Taliban’s destruction of, 206, Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) 270, 292–294 exceptions, 965–966 Buenos Aires Draft Convention on the Protection of Bona fide purchasers the Underwater Cultural Heritage of 1994, art theft and, 227 250, 340–341 discovery rule and, 553 “Buffalo Bill” Cody, 429–430 foreign court decision, enforcement of, 514 Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, 714 good title and, 525, 528 Bull, Hedley, 28 in Guggenheim case, 550–551 Bulun Bulun v. R&T Textiles (1998), 666–669 laches doctrine and, 570 Bumper Dev. Corp. v. Comm’r of Police for the in municipal law, 604 Metropolis (1991), 227–235, 236, 237, quantum meruit compensation for, 603 238–241, 515 recovery of object and, 600 Burial sites, 456–460. See also Human remains Bones of Contention: A Comparative Examination of Burland, Cottie, 689 Law Governing Human Remains from Business judgment rule, 734 Archaeological Contexts in Formerly Business transactions, international, 12–18 Colonial Countries (Seidemann), 464–472 Byrne-Sutton, Quentin, 605 Bonnard, Pierre, 513 Byron, Lord, 215

Index 985

Cahokia (ancient North American city), 745–746 Castiglione, Dario, 919 Cali drug cartel, 478 Castle doctrine, 169 California CastroRomerov.Becker(2001), 440 Holocaust art claims in, 564–565 Catalan language, 926, 929 language rights in, 963 Catalan Statute of Autonomy of 1932, 926 Cambodia Cavel International, Inc. v. Madigan (2008), 71–73 UNESCO Convention (1970), 408–410 CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity UNIDROIT Convention, 414–415 Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 129 Canada Chagall, Marc, 549 biculturalism in, 701–703 Chagall gouache, theft of, 548–553 cooperation in cultural matters in, 359–361 The Challenge of Multilingualism (Castiglione), cultural heritage protection in, 284–287 919–921 export controls and, 302–305, 313–315 Chamizal dispute, 21 Hague Convention of 1954, 355 Chang, P.C., 858 human remains protection in, 471–472 Charitable trusts, 704–707, 711 indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426 Charities Act 1993 (U.K.), 723 intangible cultural heritage protection in, Charles M. Bair Family Museum, 711–713 651–657 Charming Betsy principle, 166 language rights in, 938–939 Chea, Sokheng, 70 lex rei extra commercium in, 536–542 Chew,PatK.,49 moral rights in, 267 Cheyenne tribe, 175 UNESCO Convention (1970), 425 The Cheyenne Way (Llewellyn & Hoebel), 146–147 Canada National Parks Act 2000, 285 Chiba, Masaji, 201 Canada Post, 66 Chicleros (grave robbers), 241 Canada’s Cultural Property Export and Import Act: Child marriage, 86 The Experience of Protecting Cultural Children and Young Person’s Act of 1933 (U.K.), 159 Property (Walden), 313–315 China Canada Shipping Act 2001, 285 Constitution of, 881 Canadian Archaeological Association, 472 export controls and, 301 Canadian Art Museum Directors Organization, 424 looting in, 255 Canadian Conservation Institute, 735 negotiation in, 14–18 Canadian Museum of Civilization, 473, 713 religion in, 7, 841, 846–850, 851–852, 881–882 Canadian Museums Association (CMA), 221, 424, sports in, 754–755, 813–814 472, 702, 715, 735 China Orchestra Plays for Pope for First Time, Canadian Sentencing Commission, 173 Hinting at Thaw (Povoledo), 98 Cancuen panel, 242 China Philharmonic Orchestra, 98 Capital punishment. See Death penalty China’s Confounding Religious Revival (Madsen), CAR. See Commission for Art Recovery 846–850 Cara Sucia archaeological site, 380, 386 Chinese language, 962 Care, duty of, 726–735 Chinese Olympic Committee, 798 Carnivals, 753, 754 Chirot, Daniel, 35–36 Caroll v. Elliott Personnel Services (1989), 968 Choctaw Nation, 649 Carrassava, Anthee, 401 Chogha Mish collection, 543 Carse, James, 741 Choice of law, 519–543 Carter, Amy, 963 Chorzow´ Factory rule, 403 Carter, Jimmy, national monuments and, 274 Choses hors commerce (things outside of commerce), Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc. (1995), 258–267 638–639. See also Objets hors de commerce; The Cartoon Riots: A New Cultural Diplomacy Res extra commercium (Kampmark), 834–837 Chow, Daniel C.K., 12, 17 CAS. See Court of Arbitration for Sport Christian Friendly Society, 857 Casanova, Jose,´ 848 Christianity, 831–832 Case method of instruction, 146–147 Christie’s The Case of the Treasures of L’Ange Gardien: An ethics codes and, 422–423 Overview (Pelletier), 537 Goldberg case and, 211 Case Relating to Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Holocaust claims and, 373, 374 Use of Languages in Education in Belgium Klimt paintings sold at, 599 (1968), 940, 941–943 looted material from Iraq, 356 Cassin, Rene,´ 858 mediating role of, 611

986 Index

Chunkey (Native American game), 744–746 Coggins, Clemency Chase, 417–418 Church of England, 857 Cohen, Raymond, 19, 911 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Coke, Edward, 136, 153 Hialeah (1993), 43–48,49 Coke on Littleton (Coke), 153 Cicero, 135 Collections Endowment Fund, 717 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Collectors and collecting, 208–220, 252–256, Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 687–695. See also Museums Flora), 74 College Art Association, 222, 224 City of Amsterdam v. Goldreyer (1995), 735 Colombia, pre-Columbian from, 390 City of Westminster Social & Community Services Colombia v. Peru (1950), 149–150 Department v. IC (2008), 78–79 Colonial Museum (New Zealand), 700–701 Civil Code (Honduras), 492–494, 498 Colorado State University, 625 Civil Code (Italy), 520 Color symbolism, 132 Civil Code (Netherlands), 422 Colson, Elizabeth, 147 Civil Code (Switzerland), 817 Columbian Exposition of 1893, 269 Civil Code (Turkey), 891 Columbia Plateau Indians, 452 Civil Code of 1852 (Peru), 404 Comity, principle of, 6–7, 8, 82 Civil Code of Lower Canada, 539–540, 542 Command responsibility principle, 353 Civil Conciliation Law of 1951 (Japan), 10 Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), Civil law, 151, 155–157 153 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 787–793, 843, 962, 963, Commerce Department, U.S., 683 965, 969–971 Commercial activity test, 595–597, 599 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 580 Commercial Arbitration Tribunal, 788 CLAE (Commission for Looted Art in Europe), 366, Commercialization 721 of indigenous cultural heritage, 225 Clash of civilizations, 25–36, 831 of intangible cultural heritage, 629–630 The Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), 35 of sports, 749–751, 760, 812–813 A Clash of Civilizations or of Paradigms? (Chirot), 35 Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments v. Sri Clavir, Miriam, 731 Lakshimdra Thirtha Swamiar (1954), 851 Clement, Etienne,´ 406 Commission for Art Recovery (CAR), 366, 367, 370 Cleveland Museum, 609 Commission for Looted Art in Europe (CLAE), 366, Clifford v. Commonwealth (1999), 972–978 721 Clinton, Bill Commission for the Prevention of Crimes, UN, 408 ban on importation of Taiwanese animal Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 649–650 products, 74 Commission on Folk Law and Legal Pluralism, 221 Grand Staircase-Escalante, 274 Commission on Human Rights, 173–174, 856 Clovis people, 455 Commission on International Religious Freedom, CMA. See Canadian Museums Association 888 Coast Salish Big House Tradition, 173 Committee for Conservation (ICOM), 727 Code Civil (France), 156 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Code Napoleon, 156 Discrimination, UN, 183, 193 Code of Ethics (ICOM), 408, 417, 418, 612, Common heritage of humankind 674–675, 735 Imperial Hotel and, 270 Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Art international return and restitution and, 391–405 Conservators, 735 Common law Code of Ethics for Art Historians and Guidelines for in comparative law, 151, 152–156 the Professional Practice of Art History of export controls, 305–312 (College Art Association), 224 sacred objects under, 542–543 Code of Hammurabi, 158, 390 Common Law (Orth), 152–156 Code of Practice for the Control of International Commonwealth Association of Museums, 221 Trading in Works of Art, 408 Commonwealth Games, 816 Codes of Ethics: Form and Function in Cultural Communal property, right to, 181–182 Heritage Management (O’Keefe), 421–424 Comparative law, 151–173 Codes of Ethics for Conservation (Sease), 729–731 beyond common and civil traditions, 157–158 Codex Atlanticus (da Vinci), 271 civil law tradition, 151, 156–157 Cody, William F. (“Buffalo Bill”), 429–430 common law tradition, 152–156 Cody American Legion Post, 430 customary law, 166–173 Coe, Michael, 246 foreign law, judicial use of, 158–166

Index 987

Comparative Law and African Customary Law Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible (Bennett), 167–168 Cultural Heritage of 2003, UNESCO, 249, Comparative Law in a Global Perspective: The Legal 292, 614–615, 628 Systems of Asia and Africa (Menski), Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal 200–202 Peoples, ILO, 68, 182 Comparative Perspectives on Property Rights: The Convention of November 16 and 19, 1885, regarding Right to Exclude (Anderson), 743–744 the establishment of a concert pitch, 95 The Concept of Culture (Kluckhohn & Kelly), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 100–123 618–620, 624, 641–642 Conciliation, 10 Convention on Cultural Diversity. See Convention Confed´ eration´ Internationale des Negociants´ en on the Protection and Promotion of the Oeuvres d’Art, 209 Diversity of Cultural Expression of 2005 Conference of Jewish Material Claims against Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Germany, 373 Act of 1983 (CPIA) Conference on Human Rights of 1993 (Vienna), 33 bilateral agreements and, 379–381 Conflict, Convergence, or Coexistence? The Relevance emergency provisions in, 355–356, 384–385, of Culture in Reframing World Order 386–387 (O’Hagan), 24–35 export control enforcement and, 312 Confucius and Confucian philosophy, 9–11, 51, 858 in Goldberg case, 532 Conscientious objectors, 839–840, 843 illicit trafficking of cultural property and, 279 Consent to marriage, 78–79 NSPA and, 505–506 Conservation and the Antiquities Trade conference, pre-Columbian art and, 479 410 stolen property under, 482, 507 Conservation of art, 727–735 UNESCO Convention (1970) and, 534 Conservator-restorers, 727 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Constitution, U.S., cultural heritage and, 273. See Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), also Eighth Amendment; First 74 Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Convention on Spectator Violence, 755 Sixth Amendment Convention on the Law of the Sea, UN (UNCLOS), Constitution Act 1982 (Canada), 651, 938–939 338–341 Consultation, right to, 191–192 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Consumerism, 690–691 Diversity of Cultural Expression of 2005, Contiguous zones, 399 8, 67–68, 249, 250–251, 292–293 The Continuing Power of Cultural Tradition and Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property Socialist Ideology: Cross-Cultural in the Event of Armed Conflict (Hague Negotiations Involving Chinese, Korean, Convention of 1954) and American Negotiators (Downing), Canada party to, 355 14–17 in Goldberg case, 532–533 Contract law, intangible cultural heritage and, intentional destruction of cultural heritage, 635–636 293 Controlled Substances Act, 872–874, 876–877, protection of cultural material under, 249, 347, 879–880 349–351 Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Stela of Matara and, 346 Customs of War on Land (Hague U.S. party to, 354–355 Convention of 1899), 66, 289, 293, Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological 347–348, 389 Heritage of 1992, 249 Convention (IX) Concerning Bombardment by Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Naval Forces in Time of War (Hague Cultural Heritage of 2001, 250, 291–292, Convention of 1907) 340–343 cultural heritage protection in, 66, 347–348 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Hague Convention of 1954 and, 289 Foreign Arbitral Awards, UN (New York on illegality of military plunder, 389 Convention), 765, 815 Martens clause of, 293 Convention on the Rights of Persons with sovereign immunity and, 598 Disabilities, UN, 68–69, 77–78 U.S. party to, 354–355 Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN, 68, 159, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural 161 and Natural Heritage of 1972 (World Conway, Ann, 55 Heritage Convention), 249, 290–291, 292 Cooper, Abraham, 369

988 Index

Cooperation in cultural matters, 357–388 Crazy Horse, 650 international agreements on, 379–388 Creation’s Journey, Native American Identity and settlements and partnerships, 358–379 Belief (Hill), 693 Holocaust-related claimants and possessors, Crime and Custom in Savage Society (Malinowski), 363–379 172 indigenous peoples and museums, 359–363 Criminal Code (France), 3–4 in Canada, 359–361 Criminal Code (GDR), 139, 143 in New Zealand, 361–362 Criminal Justice Act 1948 (U.K.), 159 in United States, 362–363 Criminal justice issues in cultural heritage law, Cooper v. Eugene School District No. 41 (1986), 473–514 904–908 Critical legal studies, 146 Copyright Cruelty to animals, 70–71 fair use in, 8–9 Crystal, David, 954 indigenous cultural heritage and, 630–632, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, 713 658–666 Cuba, sports in, 756 music and, 89–94, 97 Cudahy, Richard, 536 open source and, 63 Cuius regio principle, 883 “ownership” in, 667–668 Cults, 849–850 Copyright Act 1968 (Australia), 658–666 “Cultural blue berets,” 293 Corporate sponsors, 814 Cultural defense, 54–61 Corpus Juris Civilis, 135, 155–156 Cultural diversity, 1–12, 89–94 Corrow, United States v. (1997), 442 Cultural genocide, 294 Corwin, Edward S., 136 Cultural heritage law, 206–251. See also Cultural law Costa Rica, looting in, 254 definitional framework for, 206–208 Coubertin, Pierre de, 757 individual and nongovernmental organization Council for Museums and First Peoples, 702 actors, 208–248 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, anthropologists and archaeologists, 208, 221 624–625 artists, 208, 222 Council of Europe criminals and criminal organizations, 208, archaeological heritage protection, 249 223–248 artistic expression, freedom of, 268 forgers, fakers, and defrauders, 223–226 European Convention for the Protection of grave robbers and other illegal excavators, Human Rights and Fundamental 241–242 Freedoms, 889 smugglers, 242–248 FCNM and, 950 thieves, 226–241 Goldberg case and, 211 war criminals, 248 sports rights and, 800 historic preservationists, archivists, and art Turkey and, 902 historians, 208, 222–223 Council Regulation 391/92 (1992) on licensing of indigenous and minority ethnic groups, 208, cultural material, 300 221–222 Countryside and Rights of Way Act of 2000 (U.K.), museums and art galleries, 208, 220–221 744 private dealers, auction houses, and collectors, Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), 814–829 208–220 as case-specific tribunal, 796 international legal framework for, 248–251 on honest ‘field of play’ decisions, 799 “Cultural Heritage” or “Cultural Property”? (Prott & lex sportiva and, 760, 830 O’Keefe), 207–208 in Meca-Medina & Majcen, 806–807 Cultural identity, paradigms of, 24–36 nonreviewable rules and, 798–799 Cultural imperialism, 50 prosthetic devices and, 794 Cultural internationalism, 391–393, 401 swimsuit case before, 799 Cultural law, xxv, 64–99. See also Cultural heritage Covenant of the League of Nations, 883, 884 law; Cultural-legal interaction; Culture, Cow-slaughter case, 851 concepts of Cox, Brian, 910 definition of, 64 Cox, Robert, 31–32 human rights, 66–88 CPIA. See Convention on Cultural Property applicable law, 66–69 Implementation Act of 1983 claims, 69–88 Cranach, Lucas, 367 disabilities, 77–78

Index 989

environment, 74–77 Cuno, James, 420, 696 family life and marriage, 78–88 Cuomo, Andrew, 551–552 food, 69–74 Curie, Marie, 66 music, 88–99 Curtis, Johnlee Scelba, 89 cross-cultural differences, standards and rights, Customary law 94–96 aboriginal, 651–657, 668 cultural attributes and expressions, 89–94 in comparative law, 166–173 cultural expressions and symbols, 97–99 humanitarian law, 351–352 legal rules, 96–97 in international law, 149–150 norm formalization, 88–89 Customary Legal Norms (Woodman), 166–167 terminology of, 64–66 Customer preference defense, 969–971 Cultural-legal interaction, 36–64 Customs agents, 478 cultural defense, 54–61 Customs Cooperation Council, 408 globalization of mass culture, 62–64 Custos, Dominique, 904, 908 legal protection of cultural values, 36–49 Czechoslovak language, 926 relativism and universalism in legal process, Czech Republic, Jewish-owned property in, 481 49–53 separate legal systems, 61–62 Daes, Erica, 617 Cultural nationalism, 391–392, 393, 401 Dal´ı, Salvador, 225 Cultural patrimony Dampier rock art, 206 under NAGPRA, 434 Dana House, 269 parameters of, 442 Dancesport, 822–828 patrimony laws, 247, 500–503 Danchin, Peter G., 883 protection of, 297–299 Daniute v. International Dancesport Federation Cultural Property Advisory Committee, 313, 381, (2006), 822–828, 829 483 Darfur, genocide in, 758 Cultural Property Export and Import Act (Canada), Da Vinci, Leonardo, 271 239, 286, 302–305, 313–315, 414 Deaccessioning in museums, 713–726 Cultural relativism, 887 The Deaccessioning Strategy at Glenbow (Ainslie), Cultural sovereignty, 439–440 715–719 Cultural studies, 127–129 Deaf people, 78 Cultural Survival (indigenous organization), 222 Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003 Culture (Malinowski), 125–126 (U.K.), 242 Culture: A Crucial Review of Concepts and Death penalty, 56–57, 60, 158–164, 165 Definitions (Kroeber & Kluckhohn), Declaration Card of the Canada Border Services 127 Agency, 301–302 Culture, concepts of, xxvi, 100–134 Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction anthropological definitions, 125–131 of Cultural Heritage, 292–293, 294 contemporary defense of, 129–131 Declaration of Rights of 1689 (England), 159 early definitions, 125–126 Declaration of Sports, 812 later definitions, 126–127 Declaration of the International Decade of the postmodern theory and cultural studies, World’sIndigenousPeople,222 127–129 Declaration on the Elimination of all Forms of enculturation, 131–134 Intolerance and of Discrimination Based issues in, 100–123 on Religion or Belief, UN, 856, 886 descriptive concept, 115–121 Declaration on the Importance and Value of explanatory concept, 105–115 Universal Museums, 697–698, 699–700 utility of culture concept, 121–123 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, relativism and incommensurability, 123–124 UN, 174, 191, 222, 426, 432, 671–672 Culture: Contemporary Views (Shweder), 130–131 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Culture and the Digital Copyright Chimera: Assessing National or Ethnic, Religious and the International Regulatory System of the Linguistic Minorities, 940, 943–944 Music Industry in Relation to Cultural “Deep Forest” album, 625–626 Diversity (Curtis), 89–94 Defamation, 765, 766, 768–769, 772–773 Culture Clash or Animal Cruelty? Two Cambodian “Degenerate art,” 700 Refugees Face Trial after Killing Dog for Delacroix, Eugene,` 728 Food (Haldane), 70–71 Delgado, James, 257

990 Index

Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), 651–657, jurisdiction, 516–519 671, 673 laches doctrine, 514, 570–572 Deloria, Vine, Jr., 435, 694 remedies, 600–603 Demand-and-refusal rule, 546–553, 570 repose doctrine, 514, 572–573 Demarest, Arthur, 247 standing, 514, 515–516 Denmark, cartoon of Prophet Muhammad in, statutes of limitations, 514, 543–570 834–837 “California” rule, 545–546 Denning, Alfred, 310 demand-and-refusal rule, 546–553, 548–553, Dennis v. Buffalo Fine Arts Academy (2007), 714, 715 570 Department of the Environment Act (Canada), 285 discovery rule and fraudulent concealment Department of Transportation Act, 280 doctrine, 553–564, 568–570 Derivative works, 631 procedural or substantive, characterization Detinue, actions in, 519 as, 564–570 Devil’s Island Museum, 738 negotiation, 14–23 DeWeerth v. Baldinger (1987), 563 Divorce, 79–88 De Witte, Bruno, 921 Dixon, Willie, 626 Diaz, United States v. (1974), 274 DNA analysis of human remains, 473 Difanis, Anita, 364 Dodge, David L., 857 Digging Sacred Ground: Burial Site Disturbances and Dogs, consumption of, 70–71 theLossofNewYork’sNativeAmerican Domestic law, cultural heritage rights in, 638–639 Heritage (Amato), 456–460 Dominican Republic, sports in, 756 Digital copyright, 89–94 Donovan, James M., 844 Digital preservation, 271–273 Doping Control Review Board (TAC), 762, 766, 768 Diglossia, 920 Doping in sports Diplomacy CAS decisions on, 816–828 in legal discourse, 18–24 defined, 761 music and, 97–98 European law on, 805–811 “ping-pong,” 98, 757 legal framework for, 760 religion and, 834–837, 838, 910–913 national litigation on, 761–783 “soccer,” 98 Downing, Richard W., 14, 18 “tennis,” 98 A Draft Model Law on Freedom of Religion with Diplomacy in the Holy Sepulchre (Cohen), 911–913 Commentary (Shelton & Kiss), 860–861 Directive 93/7 (1993) on illegal trafficking in Dreaming stories, 175–176, 659–662 cultural material, 300 Dress (Regulations) Act of 3 December 1934 Disability rights, 68–69, 77–78 (Turkey), 891 Discovery rule, 545, 553–564, 568–570 Dress, religious, 889–909 Discrimination Drugs, religious use of, 872–880 accent, 963–972, 978 Dubrovnik, military targeting of, 352, 354 in sports, 784–795 Due diligence Disney Company, 13 Art Loss Register and, 369 Dispute resolution, 514–613 under discovery rule, 560 alternative dispute resolution, 603–613 laches doctrine and, 571 advantages of, 604–610 statute of limitations and, 570 animistic, 869–871 Dugot, Monica, 366, 367, 371, 374 consensual processes for, 49–52 Dumbarton Oaks Institute for Byzantine Studies, Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual 211 Protection and Transfer of Cultural Duncan, Carol, 683 Material, 610–611, 613 Dundas,RobertJ.,715 religion and, 859, 910–913 Dundas collection of Canadian First Nations codesofethicsand,735 artifacts, 714–715 Confucian philosophy of, 9–11 Durer,¨ Albrecht, 546 cooperation and, 357 Durham, W. Cole, Jr., 840, 842, 853 cultural diversity and, 1–12 Durkheim, Emile,´ 753, 852–853 litigation, 514–603 Dutch language, 941–943 choice of law, 519–543 Dutfield, Graham, 619 alternative approaches, 519–536 Duty of care of museum managers, 726–735 lex rei extra commercium, 536–543 Dwarf throwing, 77–78 foreign sovereign immunity, 573–600 Dying languages, 951–955

Index 991

Eagle feathers for religious purposes, 75–77 Equity, law of, 152, 238 Eakins, Thomas, 713–714 Erasmus, George, 360, 702 “Ear witnesses,” 978–979 Erisoty v. Rizik (1995), 557–563 East Timor, military intervention in, 33 Eritrea, Stela of Matara and, 345–347 Echo-Hawk, Roger, 604 Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, 345–347 ECHR. See European Court of Human Rights Eritrea-Ethiopian Boundary Commission, 345 ECJ (European Court of Justice), 761, 800 Establishment clause of First Amendment (U.S. Ecole´ franc¸aise d’Extreme-Orient,ˆ 410 Constitution), 442–443, 878, 882 Economic activity, freedom of, 800–811 Establishment of religion, governmental, 860–872 Economic and Social Council, UN, 222 Ethical considerations of museums, 735–739 Ecuador, return of stolen cultural property, 480 Ethical Guidelines (CMA), 715 Edelson, Gilbert, 374 The Ethics/ of Collecting (Sackler), 690–695 Education TheEthicsofCollectingProperty:WhoseCulture? public schools, religious dress in, 904–908 Whose Property? (Messenger), 691 right to, 941–943, 950 Ethiopia, Stela of Matara and, 345–347 Education Code (France), 894 Ethnic cleansing, 30 Education Services (Merger) Act of 3 March 1924 Ethnography, 128–129, 172 (Turkey), 891 The Ethnology of Law (Posp´ısil),ˇ 202–205 Edwards, Val, 243, 245–246 EU. See European Union EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Euphronios Vase, 254 Commission), 964, 965–967 Euro Disney, 13 EEZ (Exclusive economic zone), 340 Europa Nostra, 211 Effective assistance of counsel, right to, 57, 59–60 European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 951 Egypt European Commission on Human Rights, 890, 948 return of cultural material to, 405 European Community (EC) stolen antiquities from, 248, 500–508 language rights in, 937, 938 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 751 sports rights in, 800 Eighth Amendment (U.S. Constitution), 158–160, European Convention on Human Rights and 173 Fundamental Freedoms Einsatzstab Rosenberg, 348 artistic expression, freedom of, 268 Einstein, Albert, 66 association, freedom of, 803 Eitzen, D. Stanley, 749, 755 language rights in, 940–943, 949 Ekecheiria (sacred truce), 757 religious rights in, 426, 889 The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Durkheim), retroactive criminal laws and, 138 852–853 right to roam and, 744 Elginism, practice of, 477 sports rights in, 799–800 Elgin Marbles, 298, 390, 393–401, 610 Streletz case and, 141–144 Elia, Ricardo J., 216–217, 252, 257 in Turkish headscarf case, 896–901 Elicofon, Edward I., 546–547 European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) Eli Lilly and Co., 624 artistic expression, freedom of, 268–269 El Salvador, U.S. bilateral agreement with, 380 on fair trial rights, 162 E-mail communications, 978 on gays, 165 The Emergence and Structure of Religious Freedom in language rights and, 940 International Law Reconsidered religious dress and, 902 (Danchin), 883–885 religious organizations and, 903–904 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 832 sports rights and, 800 Employment, language use and, 928–929 Streletz case, 138, 139, 141–145 Enculturation, 131–134 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 761, 800 Endangered Language Fund, 951 European Football Championship, 816 Endangered species, 74–75 European Sports Model, 800, 812, 813 Enforcement of foreign judgments. See Foreign European Union (EU) judgments, enforcement of common heritage alternatives and, 392 English First, 953–954 Elgin Marbles and, 395 Enigma (music group), 626 export controls in, 300 Environmental rights, 74–77 regionalism of, 32 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission sports law in, 761 (EEOC), 964, 965–967 Ex aequo et bono, 148, 151, 815 Equality, rights to (linguistic), 921–923, 925–927 Exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 340

992 Index

Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study FINA (Fed´ eration´ Internationale de Natation), 799, (Yildirim), 850–851 806–807 Exploring and Establishing Links for a Balanced Art Final actions, meaning of, 510–512 and Cultural Heritage Policy (Hoffman), Finds, law of. See Salvage and ﬁnds, common law of 667–668 Fine Art and Antiques Trade (U.K.), 408 Export controls, 299–315 Finkelman, Paul, 958, 962 Canadian model on, 302–305 Finland enforcement of, 305–315 linguistic rights in, 926, 927, 930 England and U.S., common law of, 305–312 UNESCO Convention (1970), 425 under UNESCO Convention (1970), 312–315 First Amendment (U.S. Constitution) implementation problems, 300–302 in Cooper case, 905 international law on, 299–300 establishment clause of, 442, 878, 882 regional law on, 300 free exercise under, 36–48, 843, 864, 876, 880 Export quotas, 299 kosher foods and, 73 Export restrictions, foreign, 504–505 secularism and, 862 Expression, freedom of, 268–269, 639, 944–950 in Yahoo! case, 6–7 Expressive culture, 625–626 First Nations (Canada) Ezeonu, Gregory, 60–61 biculturalism and, 701–703 conservation of art and, 731–734 Fabrique Act (Canada), 539–540 cooperation efforts with, 359–361 Face, concept of saving, 17, 19, 57 human remains protection and, 471–472 Face painting in sports, 752–753 repatriation to, 426 FacilitatingFreedomofReligionorBeliefthrough First Nations Sacred Ceremonial Objects Religious Association Laws (Durham), Repatriation Act 2000 (Alberta), 285 840–842 Fishman, Joshua, 916, 917–918 Fagan, Brian, 691 Flescher, Sharon, 419 Fair trials, right to, 928 Florida State University Seminoles, 649 Fair use in copyright, 8–9 Folk games, 742 Faith-Based Diplomacy: An Ancient Idea Newly Folk law, 168–169 Emergent (Cox & Philpott), 910–911 Folklore, 125, 617 Fakes, art, 223–226 Food in cultural law, 69–74 Falk, Richard, 32 Football, American, 642–649 Falun Gong, 850 Football/soccer, 755, 756–757, 800–805, 813 Families-of-law approach to comparative law, Forbes magazine on Hialeah, Florida, 49 151–152, 157 Foreign judgments, enforcement of, 237, 241, 525, Family life, rights in, 78–88 765, 815 FCNM (Framework Convention for the Protection Foreign law, judicial use of, 158–166 of National Minorities), 950 Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 2000 (FSIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation, 209 573–599 Federal Constitution Court (FRG), 140–141, 144 Foreign sovereign immunity, 573–600 Federal Drug Administration, 956 Forgery, art, 223–226 Federal Register, cultural property listed in, 482–483 Forum non conveniens doctrine, 326 Fed´ eration´ Internationale de Football Association Four Basic Principles, 881 (FIFA), 813, 815 Fourteenth Amendment (U.S. Constitution), Fed´ eration´ Internationale de Natation (FINA), 799, 961–962 806–807 Framework Convention for the Protection of Fed´ eration´ Internationale des Luttes Associees´ National Minorities (FCNM), 950 (FILA), 816–822 France Feliciano, Hector, 365, 698 Code of Hammurabi and, 390 Feminists, 49–50, 69 language rights in, 936 Ferris, Neal, 471, 472 lex rei extra commercium in, 536 Fiduciary duties of museum managers, 710–735 privacy protection in, 9 Field Museum of Natural History, 418, 543, 725 religious dress in, 908–909 FIFA (Fed´ eration´ Internationale de Football religious rights, constitutional, 882 Association), 813, 815 secularism in, 903 “Fighting Sioux,” 649 UNESCO Convention (1970), 406 FILA (Fed´ eration´ Internationale des Luttes Fraud claims, 736–737 Associees),´ 816–822 Fraudulent concealment doctrine, 553–564

Index 993

Freedom of Religious Belief in China, White Paper Getty Museum. See J. Paul Getty Museum on (Chinese State Council), 882 Ghiya, Vaman, 403 Free exercise clause of First Amendment (U.S. Giaquinto, Corrado, 557–558 Constitution), 36–48, 843, 872–873, 876, Gilligan, Carol, 24 880 Ginsberg, Ruth Bader, 165 Frey, James H., 749, 755 Glanvill, Ranulf de, 153 FRG. See Germany, Federal Republic of Glenbow-Alberta Institute, 716 Friendly, Henry, 241 Glenbow Museum, 701–702, 715–719 Friends of the Bair, 713 Globalization “From Under the Delta” art exhibit, 731–732 clash of civilization and, 26 FSIA (Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 2000), cultural world order and, 31–34 573–599 of mass culture, 62–64 Fuhrermuseum,¨ 363, 699 of religion, 831–839 Fukuyama, Francis, 27–28, 32, 35 Gluckman, Max, 169–170, 172 Fuller, Lon, 137 GNSP (Gross National Sports Product), 749–750 Fundamentalism, religious, 837–838, 854 Goddard, Ives, 953 Fundamentalism and the Scholars (Marty), 837–838 God Is as God Does: Law, Anthropology, and the The Future of Faith (Updike), 913–914 Definition of “Religion” (Donovan), 844 Goebbels, Joseph, 96 Gaelic language, 918, 954 Goering, Hermann, 363 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 24 Golan, Oden, 223 Games, definition of, 740–742 Goldberg, Peg, 515, 536 Ganalbingu people, 667–668 Goldberg case. See Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Gandhi, Mahatma, 911 Church of Cyprus and the Republic of The Gap, culture of, 129 Cyprus v. Goldberg Garcia v. Spun Steak Co. (1993), 963 Goldenberg, Lloyd P., 369 Gariepy,´ Joseph-Henri, 537, 538–539, 541 Golden Rule, 51 Gays, 165, 640 Gonzalez v. O Centro Esp´ırita Beneficiente Uniao˜ do Geary, Patrick, 696 Vegetal (2006), 872–880 Geertz, Clifford, 127, 147 Good faith purchasers. See Bona fide purchasers Gender equality, 69 Goodman, Stacy, 244–245 Gender-testing, 794 Good offices, 859 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Goose Egg Hunt (Milpurrurru), 658 299–300, 392 Goren, Yuval, 224 General jurisdiction, 780 Goudstikker, Jacques, 373 Genetic resources, 620 Governance of China’s Periphery: Balancing Local Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Autonomy and National Unity (Potter), Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, 881–882 289, 347, 348–349 Graham, Douglas, 362 Genocide, cultural, 294 Graham, Ian, 243 George Washington (submarine), 20 Grand Canyon National Monument, 274 Georgia, Russia’s attack on, 757 Grand Council of the Cree, 222 Gerber, United States v. (1993), 274–279 Grand Ronde tribe, 441–442 Gerigk,Herbert,96 Grand Staircase-Escalante, 274 German Constitutional Court, 902 Grave robbers, 223, 241–242, 509 German Democratic Republic (GDR), Berlin Wall Graves. See Burial sites cases and, 138–145 Greece German language, 958–962 Elgin Marbles, demand for return of, 390, Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG), choice of law 394–396, 398–401 and, 525 illicit trafficking of artifacts, 481 Germany v. Sotheby’s and Cobert Finance (1998), 525 museums in ancient, 676–678 Gervais, Daniel J., 615 Greece Rejects a British Proposal on Elgin Marbles Gestures, cultural meaning of, 23, 132–134 (Carrassava), 401 “Gestures: The Do’s and Taboos of Body Language Griffin, Gillett G., 245 Around the World” (Axtell), 132 Griffiths, Peter Hughes, 954 Get (bill of divorce), 87–88 Grogg,AnnHofstra,676 Getty Conservation Institute, 735 The Gross Clinic (Eakins), 713 Getty kouros, 256 Gross National Sports Product (GNSP), 749–750

994 Index

Grotius, Hugo, 135, 147, 392 Hate speech, 640 Guatemala Haught, John, 846 cultural patrimony of, 297–298 Hausa language, 934, 935 export controls and, 301 Hawaiian natives. See Native Hawaiian organizations return of stolen cultural property, 480 HCPO. See Holocaust Claims Processing Office smuggling in, 242–243 Headgear Act of 28 November 1925 (Turkey), 891 Guggenheim, Peggy, 414 Headscarf case, Turkish, 889–903 Guggenheim, Solomon R., 549 Headscarf issue, Germany and France, 902–903 Guggenheim Museum, 357, 548, 553, 570, 588–589, Hecht, Robert, 216 597 Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty. Ltd. et al., Guggenheim v. Lubell (1991), 547, 548–553, 570 Attorney-General (U.K.) v. (1988), 311 Guidelines: Roles and Responsibilities of Museum Helsinki Accords of 1976, 431 Boards of Trustees (CMA), 424 Henry II, 152 Guidelines for the Establishment and Conduct of “Heritage resources,” 465, 467 Safe Havens for Cultural Material, Hernandez v. New York (1991), 957 296–297, 357 Herscher, Ellen, 417 Gutenberg, Johan, 92 L’Heureaux-Dube,´ Claire, 542 Guttmann, Allen, 753 Hieropoei (custodian to temple collections), 676 Gymnastics, 798, 799 Higher-Education Act (Turkey), 892 High seas, 330–331, 333, 334 Hafstein, Valdimar, 63–64 Hill, Tom, 693 Hague Convention of 1954. See Convention on the Hindus, 73, 167 Protection of Cultural Property in the Historical school of jurisprudence, 145–146 Event of Armed Conflict Historic Articles Act 1962 (New Zealand), 307–308, Hague II Convention of 1899. See Convention (II) 311 withRespecttotheLawsandCustomsof Historic Places Act (New Zealand), 468 War on Land Historic Places Initiative, 285 Hague IX Convention of 1907. See Convention (IX) Historic Sites and Monuments Act (Canada), 285 Concerning Bombardment by Naval Hitler, Aldolf, 3, 363–364, 699, 700 Forces in Time of War Hitt, Jack, 951, 955 Hague Rules of Air Warfare, 348 Hmong people, 743 Haka (Maori dance), 640 Hoasca (sacramental tea), 872–880 Halbertal, Moshe, 862–864 Hobbes, Thomas, 136 Haldane, David, 70 Hobsbawm, Eric, 128 Hallucinogens, religious use of, 872–880 Hockey, 754 Halsbury’s Laws of England, 154 Hoebel, E. Adamson, 146 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 918 Hoeflich, Michael H., 135 Hamm, Paul, 799 Hoelzer v. City of Stamford, 600–603 Hammurabi, Code of, 158, 390 Hoffman, Barbara T., 667 Hanan, Elizabeth, 362 Hollinshead, United States v. (1974), 479 Hand, Augustus, 854 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 136, 146, 961, 962 Handler, Richard, 692–693 Holocaust Art Restitution Project, 366, 370 Hansen, Richard, 243 Holocaust Claims Processing Office (HCPO), 366, Harding, Tonya, 781 367, 376 Harding v. U.S. Figure Skating Ass’n (1994), 781 Holocaust era art claims Hard law, 11, 612 Art Loss Register and, 366–367, 369–370, 373, Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc. (1999), 642–649 374, 376 Harmony, cultural importance of, 14–15, 21 cooperation in bringing, 358–359, 363–379 Harmony Ideology: Justice and Control in Zapotec repose doctrine and, 573 Mountain Village (Nader), 172 statute of limitations and, 357–358, 514, 544, Hart, H. L. A., 137–138 547–548, 564–569 Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California (1993), 166 Holocaust Justice: The Battle for Restitution in Harvard Law Review, natural law debate in, 137 America’s Courts (Bazyler), 363–371 Harvard Report (1971), 418 Holocaust Victims Redress Act of 1998, 565, Harvard University, 211, 543 567–568 Harvey, Jean, 748 Holy Sepulchre, 911–913 Harvie, Eric L., 716, 718 Holy Valley Temple (North Korea), 99

Index 995

Homeland Security Department, 843 Hunting, 743–744, 746–747 Homo Ludens (Huizinga), 741 Huntington, Samuel, 25–27, 28, 29, 32, 35–36 Homosexuals, 165, 640 Honan, William H., 242 IAAF. See International Amateur Athletic Federation Honduras, moon rock theft from, 490–499 ICAS (International Council of Arbitration for Hoodia cactus, 624 Sport), 806–807, 815 Hooker, Richard, 135 ICC (International Criminal Court), 248, 353 Hooper, James, 688–690 ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil and Hopewell Indian sites, 275–276, 281 Political Rights Horsemeat, consumption of, 71–73 ICESCR. See International Covenant on Economic, Hostis humani generis, 147 Social and Cultural Rights Hoving, Thomas, 418 ICJ (International Court of Justice), 838–839 H.R.H. Maharanee Seethadevi Gaekwar of Baroda v. ICOM. See International Council of Museums Wildenstein (1972), 516–518 ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), Hubbard, Sabina, 70 147, 351–352 Huizinga, Johan, 741 ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Humanitarian law, customary, 351–352 Investment Disputes), 65 Human remains and human remains protection. See ICTY (International War Crimes Tribunal for the also Burial sites Former Yugoslavia), 248, 352–353 comparative examination of laws on, 464–472 The Idol Thief (Keefe), 247, 403 DNA analysis, 473 IFAR. See International Foundation for Art Research inalienability of, 726 IFAR Journal, 251 Kennewick Man, 443–455 IFs. See International sports federations under NAGPRA, 427–428, 437–438 ILA. See International Law Association Native American views of, 436 “Illicit Traffic in Pre-Columbian Antiquities” repatriation of, 426, 431, 432, 437–438 (Coggins), 418 Vermillion Accord on, 431, 472–473 Illinois Horse Meat Act, 72 Human rights ILO. See International Labor Organization artistic expression, freedom of, 269 Immunity from Seizure Act, 591 burial rights in, 430 Immunity from seizure of cultural objects, 513–514 cultural as, 66–88 Imperial Hotel (Tokyo), 269–270 applicable law, 66–69 Import restrictions, 381–384 claims, 69–88 In A Different Voice (Gilligan), 24 disabilities, 77–78 Inalienability of land title, 652 environment, 74–77 Inalienable property, 536, 725–726 family life and marriage, 78–88 Incommensurability in culture, 123–124 food, 69–74 The Increasing Role of the Market in Settling Claims cultural relativism and, 50–51, 53 (Lufkin), 372–374 cultural world order and, 32–34 India foreign law, judicial use of, 158–164 language policy in, 935 intangible cultural heritage and, 671–672 religion in, 850–851 linguistic, 939–951 Indian Act (Canada), 286 mass culture and, 62 Indiana Historic Preservation and Archeology Act, NAGPRA in, 431–433 281–284 of Native Americans, 431, 695 Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, 280–281, religion and, 858–859, 860 637–638 sports and, 796 Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 638 third-generation, 425 Indian Center for Scientific and Industrial Research, Human Rights Committee, UN 624 dwarf throwing, 77 Indians, American. See Native Americans expression, freedom of, 945–946, 948, 949–950 Indigenous cultural heritage, 629–640, 650–668. See ICCPR and, 67 also Intangible cultural heritage on religion, 841, 887 Indigenous peoples and law, 173–200, 208, 221–222 Saramaka People case and, 183 In God We Trust motto, 864 Hungarian Nationalities Act of 1868, 927 “Innocent owner” defense, 495 Hungarian Nationalities Law of 1867, 930 In rem jurisdiction, 318, 319–338 Hungary, definition of religion in, 841 Institute for Archaeologists, 221

996 Index

Institute for Reconciliation, 910 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Institute of Historic Building Conservation, 222 Disputes (ICSID), 65 Intangible cultural heritage, 614–673 InternationalCentrefortheStudyofthe comparative approaches to protection of, 642–673 Preservation and Restoration of Cultural in Australia, 657–668 Property, 735 in Canada, 651–657 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in New Zealand, 650–651 147, 351–352 in Taiwan, 668–673 International Conﬂict Resolution: Consensual ADR in U.S., 642–650 Processes (Nolan-Haley, Abramson & intellectual property law, limits of, 629–640 Chew), 49–52 indigenous cultural heritage, failure to protect, International Congress of Maritime Museums, 220 629–630 International Convention against Doping in Sport, indigenous cultural heritage and IPRs, 630–632 761, 782 copyright, 630–632, 658–666 International Council of Arbitration for Sport IPR protection, appropriateness of, 632–639 (ICAS), 806–807, 815 moral rights, 632 International Council of Museums (ICOM) patent law, 632 Cambodia, return of cultural heritage to, 409, 410 international regimes, 618–628 Committee for Conservation, 727 CBD, 618–620 duty of care and, 727 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of ethics code of, 408, 417, 418, 612, 674–675, 735 the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 628 Goldberg case and, 211 WTO Agreement on TRIPs, 620–628 Holocaust claims and, 370–371 sui generis protection, 640–642, 651–652 role of, 220 traditional knowledge, 615–617, 619–627 Study on Principles, Conditions and Means for Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund, 628 Restitution or Return of Cultural Integrity, cultural, 888 Property in View of Reconstituting Intellectual Property Rights (Dutﬁeld), 619–620 Dispersed Heritages, 416–417 Intellectual property rights (IPRs) International Council on Archives, 223 appropriateness of protection, 632–639 International Council on Monuments and Sites, CBD and, 619–620 222, 292 indigenous cultural heritage and, 629–632 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 838–839 limits of laws on, 629–640 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights traditional knowledge and, 616–617, 620–627 (ICCPR) Intention of universal application principle, capital punishment and, 161 203–204 culture in, 67 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 74 dwarf throwing and, 77 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 198 language rights in, 939–940, 945–949 Intercultural communication studies, 918 religious rights in, 853, 885–886 Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Saramaka People case and, 182–183, 190 Return of Cultural Property to its Streletz case and, 140, 141 Countries of Origin or its Restitution in U.S. as party, 432 Case of Illicit Appropriations, 416 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding of Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 66–67, 182, the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 628 426, 858 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual International Criminal Court (ICC), 248, 353 Property and Genetic Resources, International DanceSport Federation, 822–828 Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR), 620–621, 641 209, 214, 227, 408, 558, 562–563 Internal Revenue Code, 152 International Gymnastics Federation, 798 International Academy of Ceramics, 222 International Indian Treaty Council, 222, 431 International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), International Institute for Conservation of Historic 761–774, 775, 780, 794–795 and Artistic Works, 734–735 International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art, Internationalism, cultural, 391–393, 401 209 International Journal of Cultural Property, 251 International Black Writers and Artists, 222 International Labor Organization (ILO), 68, 174, International Business Transactions: Problems, Cases, 182 and Materials (Chow & Schoenbaum), International Law Association (ILA), 296–297, 357, 12–14 472, 610

Index 997

International League of Antiquarian Booksellers, marriage, 78–85 209 Muhammad cartoon, 834–837 International Museums Ofﬁce, 728 Sharia and, 865, 867–868 International Olympic Committee (IOC), 760, women athletes and, 794 796–797, 806–807, 811, 814 Israel, religion in, 62, 865 International Organization for Standardization, 96 Israel Museum, 223 International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, 888 Italy International Sea-Bed Authority, 340 choice of law and, 519–525 International sports federations (IFs), 760, 797, 798, religious rights, constitutional, 882 815–816 return of cultural materials to, 405, 419 International sports law, process of, 795–799 secularism in, 904 International Standards Association, 95 tombaroli, actions against, 509 International Union of Anthropological and U.S. bilateral agreement on import restrictions Ethnological Sciences, 221 with, 381–384 International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Italy and U.S. Museums Near Art Claim Deal Sciences, 221 (Povoledo), 386 International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Ius gentium, 149 Yugoslavia (ICTY), 248, 352–353 I Want to Speak Like Native Speaker: The Case for International Weightlifting Federation, 778 Lowering the Plaintiff’s Proof in Title VII International Whaling Commission, 77 Accent Discrimination Cases (Smith), International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 963–971 222 International Year for the World’s Indigenous J. Paul Getty Museum, 256, 405, 419, 686, 687 People, 658 Jackson, Sarah, 514 Internet Jackson Hole National Monument, 274 blurring of cultural differences by, 129 James, William, 853–854, 914 freedom of speech on, 1–7 James Ossuary, 223–224 music and, 89, 97 Janis, Mark W., 833 new media and, 125 Janke, Terri, 617 Interpol, 209, 227, 408, 409, 479 Japan TheInterpretationofCulture(Geertz), 127–128 architectural inﬂuences from, 269 Interpreters, role of, 957 baseball in, 747 Intertribal Reinterment Committee (North Confucian philosophy in, 9–11 Dakota), 458–459 sports violence and, 754–755 Intervention in court cases, 777, 781 UNESCO Convention (1970), 406 “Invented tradition,” 128 whaling in, 77 IOC. See International Olympic Committee Jerusalem, suicide bombings in, 600 IPRs. See Intellectual property rights Jeu parti, 741 Iran Jews and Judaism, 73–74, 87–88, 481, 883–884 antiquities from, 509 Jish (medicine bundles), 442 cultural patrimony of, 543 John Paul II (Pope), 858, 859 Iran v. The Barakat Galleries Ltd. (2007), 312, 509 Johnson Wax Company, 269 Iraq John XXIII (Pope), 858 Code of Hammurabi and, 390 Joint authorship, 632 customary humanitarian law and, 352 Jokic, Miodrag, 352 looting in, 248, 348, 355–356 Jones, Steve, 96 military intervention in, 390 Journal of the Indian Medical Association, turmeric Ireland, Gaelic language in, 918 patent and, 624 Irish Football Association, 829 Judaism. See Jews and Judaism Iroquois, 297 Judicature Acts of 1873–75 (England), 152 Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, 226 The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern Islam Rhodesia (Gluckman), 169–171 clash of civilizations and, 36 Judicial review, 273–274, 781 cultural heritage protection and, 294 Judo, 787–793 customary law in, 167 Jurisdiction issues in dispute resolution, 516–519. education and, 863 See also General jurisdiction; In rem headscarf case and, 889–901 jurisdiction; Personal jurisdiction; Tag Huntington on, 27 jurisdiction

998 Index

Jurors, bilingual, 957 “Language Death” (Crystal), 954 Jus ad bellum, 354 Languages and linguistic expression, 915–979. See Jus cogens, 417 also specific languages Jus gentium, 324–325, 327, 330–336, 344 accent discrimination, 963–972, 978 Jus in bello, 348, 354 cultural identity and, 915–919 dying languages, 951–955 K.-H. W. v. Germany (2001), 138–145 linguistic human rights, 939–951 Kabul Museum, 253, 294 linguistic profiling, 972–979 Ka Mate haka, 640 linguistic rights, 955–963 Kampmark, Binoy, 834 multilingualism, state responses to, 919–939 Kanthoul, Vora H., 71 Lanham Trademark Act of 1946, 642–650 Kauten, United States v. (1943), 854 Laos, hunting rights in, 743–744 Kawesquar language, 951, 953 Lassus, Orlando, 92 Kaye, Lawrence M., 543, 553 Lasswell, Harold, 146 Keefe, Patrick Radden, 247, 403 Lauder, Ronald, 366, 599 Kelly, William H., 100 Lautsi v. Italy (2009), 904 Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, 725 Lau v. Nichols (1974), 962–963 Kennedy, Anthony M., 158, 165 Law, xxvi, 134–205. See also Cultural-legal Kennedy-Mateos accord of 1962, 21 interaction; Legal process, cultural Kennewick Man, 443–455 dimension of Khomeini, Ayatollah, 836 comparative law, 151–173 Killing the White Man’s Indian (Bordewich), beyond common and civil traditions, 157–158 434–436 civil law tradition, 156–157 King, J.C.H., 688 common law tradition, 152–156 Kiss, Alexandre, 860 customary law, 166–173 Klimt, Gustav, 373, 575–576, 599, 605 foreign law, judicial use of, 158–166 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 100, 127, 130 indigenous law, 173–200 Korean Olympic Committee, 799 international law, 147–151 Kornstein, Daniel, 99 sources of, 148–151 Korte, Willi, 370 jurisprudential foundation of, 134–147 Koru logos, 626–627 natural law and legal positivism, 135–145, Kosher foods, 73–74 200 Kosovo, NATO intervention in, 33 other schools, 145–147 Kremnitzer, Mordechai, 864 legal pluralism, 200–205 Kris (Roma dispute resolution mechanism), 152, Law-and-society movement, 146 200 Law Concerning Religious Denominations 1969, Kroeber, A. L., 127, 130 860 Kuhn, Thomas, 834 Law of the Sea Conference, 857 Kuketz v. Petronelli (2005), 784–787, 793 Law 117 (Law on the Protection of Antiquities, Kungax (oral history), 653–657 Egypt), 500, 501–503, 507–508 Kunstkammer, Peter the Great’s founding of, Law on Importation of Pre-Columbian 679 Monumental or Architectural Sculpture Kurdish language, 947 or Murals of 1972, 484 Kuwait Museum, 253 Laws for the Protection of Cultural Patrimony Kwakiutls people, 24 (Honduras), 493 Lazarus, Sarah, 70 Lacey Act of 1900, 54, 56, 74 League of Nations, 392, 728, 883, 884 Laches doctrine, 514, 570–572 Leclerc, Marc, 539 Lacrosse, 746 Led Zeppelin, 626 Ladd, William, 857 Lefort, Rene,´ 748 La Forrest, Gerard,´ 238 LegalConsequencesoftheConstructionofaWallin La¨ıcité (secularism), 903 the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2004), Land title, aboriginal, 651–657 838–839 Lane, Hugh, 613 A Legal Perspective (De Witte), 921–930 Language and Culture (May), 915–918 Legal positivism, 135–145 Language and Freedom of Expression in International A Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections Law (Varennes), 944–950 (Malaro), 729

Index 999

Legal process, cultural dimension of, 1–36. See also standing, 514, 515–516 Cultural-legal interaction statutes of limitations, 514, 543–570 cultural identity paradigms, 24–36 Littleton, Thomas, 153 dispute resolution and cultural diversity, Llewellyn, Karl, 146 1–12 Local knowledge. See Traditional knowledge legal discourse, 12–24 Locatelli crime syndicate, 478 diplomacy, 18–24 Locke, John, 136, 137, 862 international business transactions, 12–18 The Log from the Sea of Cortez (Steinbeck), 844–845 relativism and universalism in, 49–53 Logos, sports. See Sports team logos and trademarks Legal Systems of Aboriginal and Indigenous Peoples Loi du 16 janvier 1991 portant generalisation de (Strouthes), 174–175 l’utilisation de la langue arabe (Algeria), Lego Corporation, 627 947 Lending of artworks, 607, 609 London Olympic Games, 65 Leopold Museum, 513 Long-arm statutes, 765, 766–767, 769, 772 Lessig, Lawrence, 89 Longhouses, dispute resolution in, 869–870 Lester, Toby, 831 Lookout Mountain (Colorado), 430 ALetterConcerningToleration(Locke), 862 Looting, 217–219, 248, 252–258, 348, 355–356. See “Let Them Die” (Malik), 952 also Smuggling Lex loci celebrationis, 78 Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Lex loci delicti commissi rule, 526–527 Archaeological Resources (Elia), 252–256 Lex mercatoria, 149, 830 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 599 Lex non scripta, 134, 152, 168 Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, Lex posterior derogate priori, 150 686–687 Lex rei extra commercium (“outside of commerce” Los Angeles Olympic Games, 757 rule), 536–543, 604 The Lost Museum (Feliciano), 365 Lex situs, 521, 524. See also Choice of law The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the Lex specialis, 829 World’s Greatest Works of Art (Feliciano), Lex sportiva, 149, 760, 830 698–699 Lex talionis, 857 Louisiana, German language in, 960 Libraries, 271–273 Louvre, 357, 390 Library of Congress, 272 Lowenthal, Constance, 370 Ligon, United States v. (2006), 473–477 Lubicon Cree, 702 Lind, Robert, 676 Lubicon Lake First Nation, 701 Linguistic expression. See Language and linguistic Lubow, Arthur, 404 expression Ludovica, Anna Maria, 678 Linguistic nationalism, 923, 931 Lufkin, Martha, 372, 379 Linguistic profiling, 972–979 Lynch, Robert L., 686 Linguistics Minorities in Democratic Context Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass’n (Williams), 955 (1988), 36–43 Linguistic Unification and Language Rights (Akinnaso), 931–938 MacGregor, Neil, 696 Linz (Austria), Hitler’s planned museum in, 363, Machu Picchu, 404 699, 700 Madchen¨ aus den Sabiner Bergen (Winterhalter), Linz Project, 699 375–379 Lisbon Treaty of 2009, 813 Madonna (singer), 744 List of Intangible Cultural Property in Need of Madonna and Child (Cranach), 367 Urgent Safeguarding, 628 Madsen, Richard, 846, 851 List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, 826 Maffi, Luisa, 952 Litigation, 514–603 Magic, belief in, 124 choice of law, 519–543 Magpie Geese and Water Lilies at the Waterhole cultural patrimony and, 298 (Bulun Bulun), 667 foreign sovereign immunity, 573–600 Mahathir, Tun, 33 in Japan, 11 Mahr (bridal money), 87 jurisdiction, 516–519 Maine, Henry, 146 laches doctrine, 514, 570–572 Malaro, Marie C., 729 remedies, 600–603 Malaysia, return of cultural heritage to, 390 repose doctrine, 514, 572–573 Malewicz v. City of Amsterdam (2005), 585–598, 599

1000 Index

Mali, protection of manuscripts in, 273 Mehinaku people, 88 Malik, Charles, 858 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 3 Malik, Kenan, 952 Memorandum on Distribution of Eagle Feathers for Malinowski, Bronislaw, 125, 172 Native American Religious Purposes, 75–76 Malouf, Albert, 541–542 Menski, Werner, 200 Malraux, Andre,´ 478, 837 Mercedes-Benz, 814 Mandela, Nelson, 757 Merryman, John Henry, 395, 401 Mansﬁeld, Lord, 154 Messenger, Phyllis Mauch, 691 Mansﬁeld, Mike, 20–21 Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 254, 419, Manuscripts, preservation of, 273 681, 683, 686 Maori Heritage Council, 468 Mexico Maori language (te reo Maori), 650 cultural patrimony of, 297 Maori Language Act 1987, 650 pre-Columbian art and, 390, 485–490 Maori people religious freedom in, 861 cooperation efforts with, 361–362 return of stolen cultural property, 480–481 customary law and, 167 UNESCO Convention (1970), 425 deaccessioning and, 725 Mexico Olympic Games, 794 haka and, 640 Meyer v. Nebraska (1923), 960–962 human remains protection, 467–469 Middle Ages, museums in, 677–678 koru logos and, 626–627 Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 442 offensive marks and, 650–651 Milpurrurru v. Indofurn Pty. Ltd. (1994), 658–666 sale of objects of, 695 Milwaukee Public Museum, 439 Te Papa Tongarewa and, 701 Minimum-contacts test, 535, 766, 767–768, 770–771 Maori Trade Marks Advisory Committee, 651 Minorities La Marquesa de Santa Cruz (Goya), 422 as actors in cultural heritage law, 208, 221–222 Marriage rights, 78–88 linguistic rights of, 923–930, 936–937, 940, 947, Marshall, John, 166 950–951, 956, 958–963 Martens clause, 293 Minority Schools in Albania (1935), 885, 922, 938 Marty, Martin E., 837, 909, 910 Mistake of law, defense of, 507–508 Martyrdom, 854 Mithun, Marianne, 951 Maryland, repatriation of cultural heritage law, 458 “Mixed” systems of law, 151–152 Marzio, Peter, 420 Model Provisions for National Laws on the Masks, Navajo, 442 Protection of Expressions of Folklore Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, against Illicit Exploitation and Other 784 Prejudicial Actions, WIPO-UNESCO, 640 Mass culture, globalization of, 62–64 Mohawks, 702 Mataatua (Maori meeting house), 361–362 Moiwana Village v. Suriname (2005), 199 Mataatua Declaration on the Cultural and MOMA. See Museum of Modern Art Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Mondrian, Piet, 298 Peoples of 1993, 650 Monet, Claude, 513 Matisse, Henri, 736–738 Montana State University, 712 May, Stephen, 915 Montebello, Philippe de, 368, 420 Mayagna(Sumo)AwasTingniCommunityv. Montesquieu, Baron, 136, 145 Nicaragua (2001), 199 Mooney, Jerye, 70 Mayan culture, 242–243 Moon rocks, theft of, 490–499 McCann, Anna Marguerite, 338 Moral rights, 260–262, 267–268, 632 McClain, United States v. (1979), 479, 483–490 Morgan, J. Pierpont, 681 McDonald’s, 62, 73, 129 Morgenthau, Robert, 369 McReynolds, James C., 961–962 Morguard Investments Ltd. v. de Savoye (1990), 238 Meca-Medina & Majcen v. Comm’n (2006), 805–811, Morison v. Rawlinson (1940), 881 813 Mormonism, 832 Mechel, Chretien´ de, 679–680 Morning Star Pole sculpture, 631 Media, role in sports of, 750–751 Moscow Olympic Games, 757, 778 Medici family, 678 Mostaert, Jan, 373 Medicine bundles (jish), 442 Mostar bridge, destruction of, 352, 354 Medicines, traditional, 620, 623–625, 629–630, 632, Movable Cultural Property Program, 314 634, 635 “Moveable property,” 493–494

Index 1001

Movement, freedom of, 801–805, 808–809 Napoleon Bonaparte, 680 Muhammad, cartoon of, 834–837 Naranjo, Tessie, 436 Mullick v. Mullick (1925), 236–237, 515 National Academy Museum and School of Fine Multiculturalism, 51, 130–131 Arts, 724–725 Multilingualism, state responses to, 919–939. See National Antique and Art Dealers Association of also Bilingualism America, 422 Mummies, 454 National Association of Women Artists, 222 Munch, Edvard, 226 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Municipal Gallery of Modern Art (Dublin), 613 750 Municipal Museum of The Hague, 298 National Eagle Repository, 75–76 Murakami, Takashi, 686 National Endowment for the Arts, 686 Musee´ du Quebec, 537–538, 542 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 280 Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), 419 National Gallery (London), 613, 723 Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), 366, 513, 586 National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC), 373, 713 Museum of Natural History (Rouen, France), 725 National Gallery of Australia, 414 Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa Tongarewa), National Gallery of Canada, 537–538, 542, 704, 713 700–701, 725 National Geographic Society, 404 Museum of the American Indian, 439 National Heritage Resources Act (South Africa), Museums, 674–739. See also specific museums 464–466 as actors in cultural heritage law, 208, 220–221 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 274 museum culture through history, 676–704 National Hockey League (NHL), 754 biculturalism, 700–704 National Institute of Culture (Peru), 404 in Canada, 701–703 Nationalism in New Zealand, 700–701 comparative law and, 151 collecting, culture of, 687–695 cultural, 391–392, 393, 401 generally, 676–683 ethnic, 30–31 global museum, 695–700 linguistic, 923, 931 ritual of secular, 683–687 Nationality issues in sports, 798, 813 organization and governance of, 704–739 National monuments, establishment of, 274 ethical constraints, 735–739 National Monuments Act (South Africa), 464–465 fiduciary duties of museum managers, 710–735 National Museum Directors Conference, 739 conservation of cultural material and duty of National Museum of African American History and care, 726–735 Culture, 675–676 deaccessioning, 713–726 National Museum of Natural History, 444 settlements and partnerships, 359–363 National Museum of New Zealand, 700 Museums Act 1990 (Canada), 713 National Museum of the American Indian, 700 Museums and Galleries Act 1992 (U.K.), 720, 722, National Museum of the American Indian Act, 431, 724 466–467 Museums Australia Incorporated, 675 National origin discrimination, 964–965 Musical Pitch and International Agreement National Park Service, 441 (Weinstein), 94–96 National Register of Historic Places, 223, 274 Music in cultural law, 88–99 National security, religion and, 838 TheMusicoftheLaws(Kornstein), 99 National Security Council, 888 Music That Moves: Popular Music, Distribution and National Security League, 959 Network Technologies (Jones), 96–97 National Stolen Property Act (NSPA) Muslims. See Islam CPIA and, 505–506 Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange cultural patrimony and, 299 Program, 592–593 in Goldberg case, 534 Mycenaean jewelry, 481 offenses under, 226 TheMythofNations:TheMedievalOriginsofEurope pre-Columbian art and, 483–486, 489 (Geary), 696 stolen, definition of, 479–480, 506–507 stolen Egyptian antiquities, 500–504, 506–508 Nader, Laura, 172 National Trust for Historic Preservation, 222–223 NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement Native American Graves Protection and NAGPRA. See Native American Graves Protection Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 427–456 and Repatriation Act archaeological resources, protection of, 280 Namanya (Sebei contract), 175 Australian aboriginal protection and, 469, 471

1002 Index

Native American Graves Protection (cont.) Nebraska benefits of, 432–434 burial site protection in, 458 collecting, ethics of, 691–695 German language in, 959, 960–962 competing claims under, 439 Nebraska State Historical Society, 435 conservation of art and, 729–730 Neem trees, 623 cooperation efforts and, 362–363 Nefertiti, Bust of, 405 cultural patrimony defined in, 297 Negotiating across Cultures: International human remains, repatriation of, 427–428, Communication in an Interdependent 437–438 World (Cohen), 19–23 Kennewick Man and, 444–452, 454 Negotiations, 14–23 legal foundations for, 431–432 Nemo plus juris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse museum obligations, 439 habet, 535 origins of, 429–431 Netherlands, ethics code in, 422 review committee of, 429, 440–441 Nettle, Daniel, 952 sacred objects under, 542 Neue Gallerie (New York), 599, 687 scientific study under, 438 Neues Museum (Berlin), 405 South African cultural heritage and, 466–467 Newman, Barnett, 735 strengths and weaknesses of, 456 New Statesman on Art Loss Register, 370 summary of provisions, 427–429 New York Convention (Convention on the Native American Graves Protection and Recognition and Enforcement of Repatriation Act (Utah state law), Foreign Arbitral Awards, UN), 765, 459–460 815 Native American Rights Fund, 435 New York Peace Society, 857 Native Americans New York Statute of Limitations, 544, 547–553 assimilation, 172 New Zealand burial site protection, 456–460 biculturalism in, 700–701 collecting material, ethics of, 690–695 cooperation efforts in, 361–362 conservation of art and, 729–730 export controls in, 306–310 eagle feathers for religious purposes, 75–76 human remains protection in, 467–469 free exercise clause and, 36–43 indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426 games of, 744–746 intangible cultural heritage protection in, NAGPRA and, 427–428, 430–443 650–651 “redskins” trademark and, 642–649 UNESCO Convention (1970), 425 sports teams logos and, 626 New Zealand Historic Places Trust, 468 unredeemed artifacts of, 434–436 New Zealand Maori Council, 725 worldviews of, 436–437 Ngati Awa tribe, 361–362 Native Hawaiian organizations, 427–428, 432–433, Ngati Toa Rangatira (Maori tribal chiefs), 640 441 NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 208–209, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 33 221–222 Natural Heritage List (Australia), 206–207 NHL (National Hockey League), 754 Natural law, 135–145, 200 Nicaragua, baseball in, 756 Natural Law Theory (Hoeflich), 135 Nicholas, Lynn, 364, 365 Natural resources, right to use and enjoy, 176–197, Nigeria 199 claims for return of cultural heritage, 390 Natural rights theory, 633 language rights in, 932–938 Navajo people, 442, 443 Sharia in, 866–869 Nazis The Night Watch (Rembrandt), 678 cultural property damage by, 348 Nixon, Richard Holocaust art claims and, 363–379, 547, 565–567 Chamizal dispute and, 21 “law” concept of, 137–138 China visit of, 22 musical cultural and, 96 “No-fire target list,” 350 Spoliation Advisory Panel and, 738 Nolan-Haley, Jacqueline, 49 stolen art and, 363–371, 698–699 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 208–209, Ukraine, looting of materials from, 391 221–222 Yahoo! case, sale of Nazi-related goods in, 1–7 Nonregistrable subject matter under Lanham Act, Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act of 1998, 567 642–650 NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 859 750 Norodom Sihanouk, 409

Index 1003

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), The One and the Many: America’s Struggle for the 32, 65–66, 392 Common Good (Marty), 909–910 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 33 One Lucite Ball Containing Lunar Material (2003), North Carolina Museum of Art, 367 490–499 North Dakota, burial site protection in, 458–459 On Tenures (Littleton), 153 North Korea On the Laws and Customs of England (Glanvill), 153 Holy Valley Temple and, 99 Open Source as Culture – Culture as Open Source music diplomacy and, 97–98 (Vaidhyanathan), 63–64 North Koreans Welcome Symphonic Diplomacy Open Source models, 63–64 (Wakin), 97–98 Operation Chameleon, 74 Norton Simon Museum, 687 Operation Dinero, 478 Norway Opinio juris, 149, 150, 343 UNESCO Convention (1970), 612 Opportunity Knocks (Waldbaum), 385–386 whaling in, 77 Oral histories, 653–657 Norwegian National Library, 612 Oregon, religious dress regulation in, 904–908 NSPA. See National Stolen Property Act Organization of African Unity, 889 Nullum crimen sine lege principle, 138, 141, 143 Organization of American States, 888 Number symbolism, 132 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 294 Nuremberg trials, 145, 223, 248, 348, 363 Oriental Institute, 543, 600 Nye, Joseph, 66 Orientalism, 129 Nyerere, Julius, 935 Orientalism (Said), 696 Orkin v. Taylor (2007), 565–569 Oba, Abdulmumini Abebayo, 866 Orth,JohnV.,152 Objets hors de commerce (inalienable property), 536, Ortiz, Attorney-General of New Zealand v. (1982), 725–726. See also Choses hors commerce; 306–310, 311, 313 Res extra commercium Otago Museum, 361–362 Obligatio, 203, 204 “Other” Obscene materials, 268 fear of, 909–910 Oceanic Art Society, 209 Orientalism and, 129 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 158 Otis, Pauletta, 832, 838 L’Odalisque (Matisse), 367, 736–737 Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (1994), 268 Offensive marks, 650–651 Ou, Seng, 70 Office on International Religious Freedom, “Our Culture: Our Future” (Janke), 617 888 “Outside of commerce” rule (lex rei extra Of Myth and Memory art exhibit, 692 commercium), 536–543, 604 Oh, Gods! (Lester), 831–832 “Ownership” in copyright, 667–668 O’Hagan, Jacinta, 24, 66 Oxford University, 414 O’Keefe, Georgia, 545, 560 O’Keefe, Patrick J., 207, 421 Pacem in terris (John XXIII), 858 O’Keefe v. Snyder (1980), 545 Pacific Arts Association, 222 Olivecrona, Karl, 200 Pacific Regional Framework for the Protection of Olympic and Amateur Sports Act of 2000, 760 Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Olympic Charter, 760, 795–798, 814 Culture, 640–641 Olympic Games Pacta sunt servanda principle, 149, 150, 417, 857 in Athens, 799 Palestine, wall case and, 838–839 in Atlanta, 626 Pan-African New Partnership for African in Barcelona, 763 Development, 273 in Beijing, 757, 758, 798 Pan American Games, 760 boycotts of, 760 Papal Nuncio, 859 CAS and, 815–816 Paper, acidic, 271 international relations and, 756 Paralympic games, 760 in London, 65 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial in Mexico, 794 Property, 621 in Moscow, 757, 778 Paris Peace Conference of 1919, 883 in Sochi, 758 Parkinson v. Murdock (1958), 727 women’s events in, 794 Parkman, Francis, 436 Olympic Movement, 147, 757, 760, 795–797, 816 Parlett, David, 740 Omar, Mullah, 294, 295, 296 Parthenon Marbles. See Elgin Marbles

1004 Index

The Parthenon Marbles Custody Case (Brysac), La Poésie (Boucher), 517 393–395 Pollock, Jackson, 414 Partnerships for cooperation in cultural matters, Polygamy, 60–61, 86 358–379 Portrait of a Courtier (Mostaert), 373 Pataki, George, 514 Positivism, legal, 135–145, 200 Patents, 623–625, 632, 634–635 Poskocil, Sophia, 963–965 Patent & Trademark Office, U.S. (PTO), 623, 625, Posner, Richard, 781 642 Posp´ısil,ˇ Leopold J., 147, 202 Patrimony, cultural. See Cultural patrimony The Possessed (Lubow), 404–405 Patrimony laws, 247, 500–503 Postcolonial theory, 129 Patterns of Culture (Benedict), 126 Potlatch ceremonies, 24 Patterson, Leonardo, 244 Potter, Pitman B., 881 Pauketat, Timothy R., 744 Pound, Roscoe, 146 Pawnee Tribe, 435 Povoledo, Elisabetta, 98, 386 Pax Cahokiana, 745 Powhatan’s mantle, 413–414 PCIJ. See Permanent Court of International Justice Pozol, 625 Peale, Charles Willson, 680–681 Precautionary rule, 349 Pelletier, B., 537 Pre-Columbian art, 242–247, 390, 479, 483–490, Penal Code (Honduras), 495 570–572 Peng Zhen, 881 Pre-Columbian Artifacts, United States v. (1993), 480 Pennsylvania Declaration of 1970, 418 Pre-Columbian Monumental or Architectural Pentacostalists, 753, 832 Sculpture or Mural Statute, 480 People’s Police Act 1968 (GDR), 139, 141 Preponderance-of-evidence test, 441 Peregoy, Bob, 435 Prescription statutes, 399 Performance-enhancing drugs. See Doping in sports Preservation, digital, 271–273 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), Preservationists, historic, 208, 222–223 885, 922–923, 938 Preservation of Historic and Archaeological Data Persepolis collection, 543, 600 Act of 1974, 280 Persian Gulf War of 1991, 350, 354 Preserving Research Collections (Reed-Scott), Personality, athlete’s right of (Personlichkeitsrecht),¨ 271–272 817 Preserving What Is Valued: Museums, Conservation Personal jurisdiction, 323, 736, 765–774 and First Nations (Clavir), 731–734 Peru Prevost,´ Roger, 539, 542 looting in, 217–218, 254, 255 “Priam’s Treasure,” 253 religion, definition of, 842 Princeton University Art Museum, 419 return of cultural objects to, 404–405, 480 Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual Protection Peter the Great, 679 and Transfer of Cultural Material, Petrarch, 479 610–611, 613 Petroglyphs, 206, 473–477 Principles with Respect to Nazi-Confiscated Art, Petropoulos, Jonathan, 363, 699 359, 371–372 Pettkus v. Becker (1980), 238 Prior declaration rule, 480 Peyote exception, 877 Privacy, right of, 9, 630, 637, 639, 650 Pfizer, 624 Private dealers in art, 208–220 PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001), 793 Private international law, 148 Phillips, Herbert, 57–58 Probable cause, 496–497 Philpott, Daniel, 910 Profiling, linguistic, 972–979 Phoebe Hearst Museum, 441 Property rights, 176–197, 199, 743–744 “Ping-pong diplomacy,” 98, 757 Proposition 227 on English language usage, 963 Pinion, In re (1965), 705–707 Proselytizing, 861, 906 Pirates, 147 Prosthetic devices, runners’ use of, 794 Pistorius, Oscar, 794 Protected Objects Act of 1975 (New Zealand), 695 Pitch, musical, 94–96 Protection of cultural material, 252–356 Pius II (Pope), 299 armed conflict and, 345–357 Plato, 90 customary humanitarian law, 351–352 Pledge of Allegiance, 864 Geneva Convention IV of 1949 and Protocol I, Pluralism, 200–205, 867, 909 348–349 Pocahontas, 413 Hague Convention of 1954, 349–351

Index 1005

Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, 347–348 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ICTY, ICC, and Afghanistan and Iraq crises, Act (RICO), 226 352–357 Racquetball, 784–787 cultural patrimony, 297–299 Radbruch’s formula of statutory injustice, 144, 145 export controls, 299–315 Radwan v. Radwan (1972), 86–87 Canadian model on, 302–305 Ramirez v. Plough (1993), 955–956 enforcement of, 305–315 Rape, statutory, 60–61, 86 implementation problems, 300–302 TheRapeofEuropa(Nicholas), 365 international law on, 299–300 Rare Pre-Columbian Relics, at Any Cost (Honan), regional law on, 300 242–247 general protections of cultural heritage, 273–297 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 834 Canadian law, 284–287 Ratio decidendi, 156 international law, 288–297 Rawls, John, 52 Swiss law, 287–288 Reasonable care requirements, 780 U.S. law, 273–284 Recommendation on the Promotion and Use of federal, 274–281 Multilingualism and Universal Access to state, 281–284 Cyberspace of 2003, 293 threats to cultural resources, 252–273 Recommendation on the Safeguarding of archaeological, 252–258 Traditional Culture and Folklore, architectural, 269–270 UNESCO, 628 archival, 271–273 Recommendation to Member States on the artistic, 258–269 International Exchange of Cultural underwater cultural heritage, 316–345 Property, UNESCO, 416 Protocol I of Geneva Convention IV of 1949, 347, Reconciliation, 910–911, 912 348–349, 351 Recording Industry Association of America, 89 Protocol II of Geneva Convention IV of 1949, Rectification, 389–473 350–351 indigenous heritage, 425–473 Prott, Lyndel V., 207 other approaches to, 464–473 Provenance: Twelve Collectors of Ethnographic Art in Australia, 469–471 England (Waterfield & King), 688–690 Canada, 471–472 Przeracki, David J., 9 New Zealand, 467–469 PTO. See Patent & Trademark Office, U.S. South Africa, 464–467 Public accommodation, right to, 784–787 in U.S. law, 427–464 Publication, right of, 268 federal law, 427–456 Public domain, 634, 638 state law, 456–464 Public goods problem, 633 international return and restitution, 389–424 Public international law, 147 adversarial model and common heritage Public policy, 238–240 alternative, 391–405 Purposeful availment, 771 codes of ethics, 417–424 Putin, Vladimir, 758 UNESCO, UN, and ICOM resolutions, 416–417 Quakers(SocietyofFriends),857 UNESCO Convention (1970), 405–410 Quantum meruit compensation, 600, 603 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Quareshi cow-slaughter case, 851 Exported Cultural Objects, 410–416 Quasi-contract concept, 636 Redfield, Robert, 127 Quebec Redmond-Cooper, Ruth, 509 L’Ange Gardien treasures in, 537–542 “Redskins” trademark, 642–649 language rights in, 939, 945–946 Reed-Scott, Jutta, 271 Quebec Charter of the French Language, 939, Refugees, protection of, 859 945 Regionalism, 32 Quedlinburg Indictment Comes Too Late Reid tests, 265–266 (Redmond-Cooper), 509–512 Relativism, cultural, 49–53, 123–124, 126–127, Quedlinburg treasures, 509–512 887 Quest International, 625 Religion Act (Russia), 904 Religion and International Law (Janis), 833–834 Rab, A.S.M. Abdur, 132 Religion and War in the Twenty-First Century (Otis), Race, Thomas, 688 832–833

1006 Index

Religions, 831–914. See also specific religions RiceTec, Inc., 623 definitional problem of, 839–856 RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt freedom of, 840–842, 872–909 Organizations Act), 226 comparative law, 904–909 The Rights of Minorities in Europe (Weller), 950–951 international law, 883–888 Rights of Women: From Prohibition to Elimination of national laws, 872–883 Discrimination (Tomasevski),ˇ 887 regional law, 888–904 Ritchie, Guy, 744 religious association laws and, 840–842 Rituals of secular, 683–685 free exercise clause and, 36–43 Rivera, Diego, 219–220 globalization of, 831–839 Riveredge Collection, 716–717 governmental establishment of, 860–872 Roam, right to, 744 international system, functions in, 856–859 Rodriguez, Alex, 65 aspirational, 858 Roerich Pact of 1935, 248–249 creative, 857–858 Rolland, Romain, 66 custodial, 858–859 Romaine, Suzanne, 952 didactic, 858 Romania, Jewish-owned property in, 481 mediative, 859 Romansh language, 924, 925, 927, 928, 930 museums and, 684 Roma people, 152, 200, 866 sports and, 753–754, 787–793 Rome, museums in ancient, 676–677 Religious dress, regulation of, 889–909 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 789, 353 872–880 Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Rembrandt van Rijn, 678 Act for Fiscal Year 2005, 343 Remedies in dispute resolution, 600–603 Roney, Paul, 56 Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 338 Rooibos tea, 625 Renvoi doctrine, 524 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 858 Replevin actions Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jackson Hole National art theft and, 226–227 Monument and, 274 demand-and-refusal rule and, 548, 550–551 Roosevelt, Theodore discovery rule and, 555 Grand Canyon National Monument, 274 Goldberg case and, 215, 527–528 on language issue, 958, 959 in Holocaust art claims, 377, 379 Roper v. Simmons (2005), 158–164 Report of the Committee on the Export of Works of Rosenberg, Alfred, 96, 348 Art, etc. (Waverley Report), 302 Rosenberg, Paul, 513 Report of the Panel for a National Dialogue on Rosenberg v. Seattle Art Museum (1999), 736–737, Museum/Native American Relations, 431 738 Repose doctrine, 227, 514, 572–573 Rosetta Stone, 405 Representative List of the Intangible Cultural ROVs (Remotely operated vehicles), 338 Heritage of Humanity, 628 Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 209 “Repugnancy clauses,” 169 Royal Shakespeare Company, 640 Reserve Bank of Australia, 631 Rudio, Charles de, 738 Res extra commercium, 288, 297 Rudolf,Beate,138 Res judicata doctrine, 174, 867 Rugby, 640, 747, 755, 757 Resolution Methods for Art-Related Disputes Rugby World Cup, 757 (Byrne-Sutton), 605–610 Rushdie, Salman, 836 Res sacrae concept, 542 Russia Restatement Second of the Law of Trusts, 704 Georgia, attack on, 757 Restoration of art, 727–728 religious rights in, 904 Restraint-of-trade exception, 782 return of Jewish cultural property from, 599 “Return of Innocence” (Enigma), 626 in Security Council, 390 Review Committee under NAGPRA, 429, 440–441 Reynolds, Joshua, 728 Sackler, Elizabeth A., 690, 695 Reynolds v. International Amateur Athletic Sacred truce (ekecheiria), 757 Federation (1994), 761–774, 781, 782 “Safe conduct” legislation, 513 Ricardo, David, 392 Safe Havens Model Contract, 357 Ricci, Matteo, 846–847 S¸ahin v. Turkey (2005), 889–901, 902–903 Rice, basmati, 623–624, 625 Said, Edward, 29, 31, 35, 129, 696, 697

Index 1007

St. Clair, William, 394 Jews and, 883 Sale of Goods Act 1893 (U.K.), 520 Maori and, 651 Salvage and ﬁnds, common law of, 316–317, 319, NAGPRA and, 432 326–329, 335–338, 344 Semenya, Caster, 794 Sami languages, 924, 925, 928 Seoul Olympic Games, 758 “Samuhel Evangeliar” (Samuhel Gospels), 510 Services, freedom to provide, 800–811 Sanchez v. Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Settlements for cooperation in cultural matters, (2005), 570–572 358–379 Sanction authority, 203, 204–205 Shabbats, 863 Santeria, 43–49 Shahn, Ben, 220 Sapir, Edward, 916 Shakespeare in the Bush (Bohannan), 918 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 915, 916, 918–919 Shame, Thai concept of, 58 Sarajevo Olympic Games, 757 Shanghai communique´ of 1972, 21–22 Saramaka people, 176–198 The Sharia Court of Appeal in Northern Nigeria: The Saramaka People v. Suriname (2007), 176–197, 199 Continuing Crisis of Jurisdiction (Oba), Sassoferrato, Bartolus de, 857 866–869 The Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 836 Sharia law, 200, 865–866, 865–869 Saudi Arabia Shaybani, 857 religious freedom in, 861 Shelton, Dinah, 860 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, Shipwrecks, 279–280. See also Underwater cultural 859 heritage protection Savage, David G., 164 Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Savigny, Karl von, 146 Rights (Gomien), 268 Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay A Short History of the Museum (Ullberg et al.), (2006), 198, 199 676–683 Say No More (Hitt), 951–954 Shoshone people, 174–175 Scalia, Antonin, 158, 164–165, 166, 793 Shweder, Richard A., 130 ScaliatoCongress:ButtOutofCourt’sUseofForeign The Siege of Corinth (Byron), 215 Law (Savage), 164–165 Sikhs, 904–908 Schedel, Hartman, 909 Simon, Norton, 606–607 Schiele, Egon, 372–373, 513 Simon Foundation, 607 Schipper, Kristofer, 848 Singapore, return of cultural heritage from, 390 Schliemann, Heinrich, 253 Singleness of work test, 263–264 Schoenbaum, Thomas J., 12, 17 Sipan´ (Peru), looting from, 217–218 Schools. See Education Siripongs, Jaturun (“Jay”), 56–60 Schøyen, Martin, 611–612 Siripongs v. Calderon (1998), 56–60 Schultz, United States v. (2003), 500–508, 509 Siva sculpture, theft of, 227–235 Scientology, Church of, 904 6 + 5 rule, 813 Sea Hunt, Inc. v. The Unidentiﬁed Shipwreck Vessel or Sixth Amendment (U.S. Constitution), 57, 59–60 Vessels (2000), 318 Sloane, Hans, 679 Sease, Catherine, 729 Smith, Adam, 392 Seattle Art Museum, 367, 736–738 Smith, Charles, 395 Sebei people, 175 Smith, Gerrit B., 963 Second Hickenlooper Amendment, 593 Smithsonian Institution, 418, 431, 435, 675–676, Sects, 842, 872–880 704 Secularism, 683–687, 862, 871, 890, 902–904 Smuggling, 54–56, 74–75, 217–218, 223, 242–248. Security Council, UN, 354, 356, 390 See also Looting Security Council Resolution 8727 of 1993 Snow v. Eaton Centre Ltd. (1982), 267 establishing ICTY, 352 Snyder,Barry,545 Seidemann, Ryan M., 464 Snyders, Frans, 373 Selden, John, 392 Soccer. See Football/soccer Self-determination “Soccer diplomacy,” 98 Australia, indigenous culture in, 657 Sochi Olympic Games, 758 biculturalism and, 700 Socialist law, 151, 157 burial rights and, 430 Society for American Archaeology, 221 human rights and, 66 Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan’s indigenous groups and, 425, 693 Cultural Heritage, 295

1008 Index

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Stalin, Joseph, 365 70–71 Standards Regarding Archaeological Material and Society of Fine Art Auctioneers and Valuers, 209 Ancient Art (AAM), 424 Society of Friends (Quakers), 857 Standing to sue, 240, 514, 515–516, 708–710, 713 Society of Wildlife Artists, 222 Stare decisis, 156, 829 Sociological jurisprudence, 146 State Borders Act 1982 (GDR), 139, 140–141 Soft law, 173, 612, 672 State Commissioner of Transportation v. Medicine Soft power, 66 Bird Black Bear White Eagle (2001), Solicitudo rei socialis (John Paul II), 858 460–464 Soller, Carl R., 245 State Council for National Defense (Nebraska), Somalia, language policy in, 935–936, 938 959 Somers (brig), 257 State Council for National Defense (South Dakota), Sonderauftrag Linz, 699 959 “Song of Joy,” 625–626 State Department, U.S., 843, 888 Sontag, Susan, 687 Statement of Principles and Proposed Actions, 739 Sotheby’s, 211, 243–245, 373, 374, 479 Status Quo, 911, 912–913 South Africa The Statute of Limitations in Art Recovery Cases: An human remains protection in, 464–467 Overview (Kaye), 543–548 language rights in, 936 Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article sports in, 757–758, 761, 798 38 of, 148, 150–151 South Dakota Statutes of limitations, 543–570 burial site protection in, 459 art theft and, 227 German language in, 959 “California rule,” 545–546 Southeast Asia, traditional knowledge in, 616–617 demand-and-refusal rule, 546–553, 570 Sovereign immunity, 573–599 discovery rule and fraudulent concealment Sovereignty, cultural, 439–440 doctrine, 545, 553–564, 568–570 S.P. Mittal v. Union of India (1983), 851 Elgin Marbles and, 399 Spanish language, 955, 957 Holocaust claims and, 357–358, 514, 544, Special protection rule, 349 547–548, 564–569 Specificity, rule of, 811–812 procedural or substantive, characterization as, Specific jurisdiction, 767 564–570 Speedo, 799 Quedlinburg treasures and, 511–512 Spiegler, Howard, 367 Statutory rape, 60–61, 86 TheSpiritoftheLaws(Montesquieu), 145–146 Stedelijk Museum, 586–588, 597–598 “The Spirit Sings” art exhibit, 359–360, 701–702 Steinbeck, John, 844 Spiritual but Not Intellectual? The Protection of Stela of Matara (2004), 345–347 Sacred Intangible Knowledge (Gervais), Stern, Max, 373 615–616 Stevens, John Paul, 165 Spoliation Advisory Panel, U.K., 721, 724, 738–739 Stickball, 746 Sport and Society (Frey & Eitzen), 749–751, 755–756 Still-life with Fruit and Game (Snyders), 373 Sport as Culture in EC Law (Weatherill), 756–757 Stolen art, 473–514, 519–525, 544 Sports, 740–830. See also specific sports Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v. Germany (2001), characteristics of, 740–758 138–145 commercialization of, 749–751 Strict liability rule, 817–821 doping in, 761–783, 805–811, 816–828 Strong,Roy,719 legal framework of, 759–830 Strouthes, David, 174, 175 CAS, 814–829 Strugar, Pavle, 352–353 European law, 799–814 StudyofthePrinciples,Conditions,andMeansfor international sports law, process of, 795–799 the Restitution or Return of Cultural lex sportiva, 760, 830 Property in View of Reconstituting national litigation, 761–795 Dispersed Heritages (ICOM), 220, discrimination, 784–795 416–417 overview, 759–761 Suarez,´ Francisco, 147, 857 logos and trademarks, 626, 642–650 Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination violence in, 754–755, 756–757, 760 and Protection of Minorities, UN, 617, Sports Law of 1995 (China), 813–814 855, 856 Sri Lanka, language policy in, 935 Submerged Lands Act of 1953, 280

Index 1009

Sui generis protection of intangible cultural heritage, Thailand 640–642, 651–652 cultural values of, 56–60 Sunken Military Craft Act of 2005, 343–344 UNESCO Convention (1970), 410 SunTzu,18 Thames Conservancy, 688, 690 Superior responsibility principle, 353 Theodoratus Report, 41, 42 Supremacy clause (U.S. Constitution), 166 Thieves, art, 226–241 Supreme Council for Sports in Africa, 761 Thinking about the Elgin Marbles (Merryman), Supreme Council of Antiquities (Egypt), 405 395–401 Supreme National Council (Cambodia), 409 Thomas Aquinas, 135, 858 Survival (indigenous group), 222 Thomas Jefferson University, 713 Survival or Extinction? Animistic Dispute Resolution Thomas v. Norris (1992), 173 in the Sultanate of Brunei (Black), 869–871 Thoughts on Two Worldviews (Naranjo), 436–437 Sustainability in cultural heritage, 207 Three Gorges Dam project, 207 Sutherland, George, 961, 962 Tibetan civil law, 174 Sutherland, William, 951–952 Tillich, Paul, 854–855 Swahili language, 935 Titanic v. Haver (1999), 317–318, 319–338, 344 Sweden, UNESCO Convention (1970) and, 406 Title to land, aboriginal, 651–657 Swimming, 799, 805–811 Tiv tribe, 918 Swimsuits, 799 Tlingit tribe, 172–173 Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law, 830 Toi moko (preserved tattooed human heads), 468, Swiss Federal Act on the International Transfer of 725–726 Cultural Property, 287–288 Tokyo tribunals, 145, 248 Swiss Federal Tribunal, 815, 819 Toledo Museum of Art v. Ullin (2006), 570 Switzerland Tolofson v. Jensen (1994), 564 Nazi stolen art and, 364 Tomasevski,ˇ Katarina, 887, 888 protection of cultural heritage in, 287–288 Tombaroli (tomb raiders), 241, 509 Swiss law in CAS, 815, 817, 826 Tomono, Kei, 54–56, 74–75 UNESCO Convention (1970), 406 Tomono, United States v. (1998), 54–56, 74–75 “Symbolic ethnicity,” 918 Tomonowos (Willamette meteorite), 441–442 Symbols, use on warning labels of, 957 Tortious injury test, 766, 769–774 Symeonides, Symeon, 535–536 Totemism, 852–853 “The Totems Museum,” 690 TAC. See The Athletic Congress of the United States, Trade languages, 935 Inc. Trademarks, 625, 637–638 Taco Bell, 73 Trade Marks Act 2002 (New Zealand), 651 Tag jurisdiction, 518 Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, 649 Taiwan, intangible cultural heritage protection in, Trade Practices Act (Australia), 658 668–673 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Talaq (divorce), 79–81, 83–85, 86–87 Rights, Agreement on (TRIPs), 93, Taliban, 206, 270, 293–295 620–628, 637 Tamaki Paenga Hira, 701 Tradescant Collection, 414 The Taming of the Shrew (Shakespeare), 640 Trade secrets, intangible cultural heritage and, 637 Tarnished Reputations (Herscher), 417–418 Traditional knowledge, 615–617, 619–627 Task Force on Museums and First Peoples, 359, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property 702–703 Rights in Australia and Southeast Asia Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi (Antons), 616–617 World War II Era, 368–369 Transacting business test, 766–769, 772 Tate Gallery, 225, 723 Transsexuals, 794 Taylor, Elizabeth, 565, 567–569 Treaty Establishing the European Community Tennessee, burial site protection in, 460–464 (Treaty of Rome), 300, 801–805, 807–810 “Tennis diplomacy,” 98 Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on Te Paerangi National Services, 701 European Union and the Treaties Te Papa Tongarewa (Museum of New Zealand), Establishing the European Communities, 700–701, 725 812 Terralingua, 952 Treaty of Berlin, 883 Territorial Lands Act (Canada), 285 Treaty of Rome. See Treaty Establishing the Terrorism, 354, 543 European Community

1010 Index

Treaty of Saint-Germain, 95, 389–390 bilateral agreements under, 386 Treaty of Sevres,` 884 in Bumper case, 237, 239 Treaty of Tordesillas, 859 common heritage of humankind and, 270 Treaty of Trianon, 95 cultural heritage protection under, 249–250, Treaty of Versailles, 389, 884 289–290 Treaty of Waitangi, 362, 468, 640, 650 cultural patrimony under, 298 Trial of the Century, 223–224 export controls under, 300, 312–315 TRIPs. See Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual foreign export controls under, 482 Property Rights, Agreement on in Goldberg case, 532–534 TRIPs and Traditional Knowledge: Local illicit excavation and, 242 Communities, Local Knowledge, and indigenous heritage, repatriation of, 425 Global Intellectual Property Frameworks international cooperation and, 312 (Arewa), 620–627 Peru’s claims against Yale University under, 404 True, Marion, 216 rectification under, 405–410, 416–417 Trustees of the British Museum, Attorney General v. stolen cultural material, 355 (2005), 719–723 UNIDROIT Convention and, 410–411, 413 Trusts, charitable, 704–707, 711 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Tseycum First Nation, 428 Exported Cultural Objects of 1995 Tunis Model Law on Copyright for Developing ADR and, 607, 608 Countries, 640 antiquities, title to, 509 Tupuna Maori, Re Estate of (1988), 725 cultural heritage protection under, 250 Turkey, headscarf case in, 889–903 cultural patrimony under, 298 Turmeric, patent on, 624 rectification under, 410–416 Turner, Victor, 685 repose doctrine and, 572 Turning the Page: Forging New Partnerships Between Unification Treaty (FRG–GDR), 139 Museums and First Peoples (Task Force on Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 152, 225 Museums and First Peoples), 359, Uniform Conflict of Laws-Limitation Act, 564 702–703 UnionRoyaleBelgedesSociété de Football Ass’n v. Tutu, Desmond, 858–859 Bosman (1990), 761, 800–805, 811–812 Tylor, E. B., 125 United Kingdom ethics codes in, 422–423 Ubersee¨ Museum, 725 export controls and, 305–312 UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 152, 225 UNESCO Convention (1970), 406 Ukiyo-e (Japanese “floating world” prints), 219 United Methodist Church, 857 Ukraine United Nations Jewish-owned property in, 481 Charter of, 417 looted objects, recovery of, 390–391 Commission for the Prevention of Crimes, 408 Ullberg, Alan, 676 culture and policy issues before, 13 Ullberg, Patricia, 676 language rights and, 932, 937 UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on as legal actor, 147 International Trade Law), 65 resolutions on return of cultural heritage, 416 UNCLOS (Convention on the Law of the Sea, UN), sports and, 798 338–341 United Nations Commission on International Trade Understanding a Primitive Society (Winch), 124 Law (UNCITRAL), 65 Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention. See United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Convention on the Protection of the Organization (UNESCO) Underwater Cultural Heritage of 2001 cultural diversity and, 8 Underwater cultural heritage protection, 279–280, cultural heritage protection and, 249, 294 316–345 culture, definition of, 67 UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Goldberg case and, 211, 214 Scientific, and Cultural Organization ICOM and, 220 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting language rights and, 932 and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, musical pitch and, 94, 96 and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural sports discrimination and, 798 Property (1970) United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia AAMD Guidelines and, 420 (UNTAC), 409 AIA ethics code and, 419 United Parcel Services of America, Inc. (UPS), antiquities, title to, 509 65–66

Index 1011

United Parcel Service v. Canada (2002), 66 Valery,´ Paul, 66 United States Value, archaeological, 475–477 cooperation efforts in, 362–363 Vandalism to archaeological resources, 253 cultural patrimony of, 297 Vang, Chai, 743 El Salvador bilateral agreement with, 380 Van Gogh, Vincent, 565–566 export controls and, 305–312 “Vanishing Voices” (Nettle & Romaine), 952 ICCPR and, 432 Varennes, Fernand de, 944 indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426 Vatican, 857 indigenous heritage protection in, 427–464 Vedantam, Shankar, 845, 855 intangible cultural heritage protection in, Vermillion Accord on Human Remains, 431, 642–650 472–473 Italy bilateral agreement on import restrictions “Victory Boogie Woogie” (Mondrian), 298 with, 381–384 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 149 museums in, 680–683 See also speciﬁc museums View from the Universal Museum (Cuno), 696–697 protection of cultural heritage in, 273–284 Vineberg v. Bissonnette (2007), 375–379 religious rights, constitutional, 882 Violence in sports, 754–755, 756–757, 760 treaty obligations of, 354–355 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 373 UNESCO Convention (1970), 279, 380–381, 406, Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990, 260, 261–267 407, 425, 482 Vitoria, Francisco de, 147, 857 United States Figure Skating Association, 781 Vizenor, Gerald, 435 United States Forest Service, 473–474 The Volcano Lover (Sontag), 687–688 United States Holocaust Assets Commission Act of Volksgeist (“spirit of the people”), 146 1998, 567 Von Doussa, John, 668 United States Olympic Committee (USOC), Von Gomperz, Philipp, 367 774–780, 788, 797 Von Holst, Niels, 682 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Von Mehren, Arthur, 535 language rights in, 939, 944 NAGPRA and, 432 Wach, Joachim, 855 Pope John XXIII on, 858 WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency), 761, 782–783 religious rights in, 858, 885, 887 WAI 262 claim, 650 Saudi Arabia’s abstention from, 859 Waitangi Tribunal, 362, 650 Streletz case and, 140 Wakin, Daniel J., 97 Universalism, cultural, 49–53 Waldbaum, Jane C., 385 Universality principle, 700 Walden, David A., 313, 394 Universal Military Training and Service Act, 839 Wall case in Israel, 838–839 University of Birmingham, 129 Wall Street Journal on private sector support for University of Chicago, 543, 600 arts, 686 University of Fine Arts, 409 Walt Disney Company, 13 University of Ghent, 221 Walton, Alice L., 713 University of Minnesota, 625 Walton-Floyd v. U.S. Olympic Committee (1998), University of Mississippi Medical Center, 624 774–780, 781, 782 University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux, 649 Wampum belts, 297 University of Olso, 612 Wang Zhaoguo, 882 University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology War criminals, 223, 248 and Anthropology, 418 Wari empire, 24 Unjust enrichment, 238, 636 Warn, duty to, 955–957 Unmarked Human Burial Sites and Skeletal The War on German Language and Culture Remains Protection Act (Nebraska), 458 (Finkelman), 958–962 UNTAC (United Nations Transitional Authority in Warren, Earl, 154–155 Cambodia), 409 Warren, Karen J., 691 Updike, John, 913 Wars. See also Armed conﬂicts and protection of UPS (United Parcel Services of America, Inc.), cultural material 65–66 archaeological sites, destruction of, 253 Urice, Stephen K., 685–686 linguistic rights in time of, 958–963 USOC. See United States Olympic Committee religion and, 832–833, 837 Utah, burial site protection in, 459–460 Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets, 371 Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 63–64 Washington Consumer Protection Act, 787

1012 Index

Washington Council for National Defense, 959 Woodman, Gordon R., 166 Washington Law Against Discrimination, 787, Working Group on Indigenous Populations, UN, 788 173–174, 615 Washington Redskins football team, 642–649 “Working It Out”: A Japanese Alternative to Fighting Waterﬁeld, Hermione, 688 It Out (Przeracki), 9–11 Waterlilies (Monet), 513 Works made for hire, 265–267 Watson, Adam, 28 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 761, 782–783 Waverley Report (Report of the Committee on the World Anti-Doping Code, 761, 782–783, 806 Export of Works of Art, etc.), 302 World Archaeological Congress, 221, 431, 472 Weatherill, Stephen, 756, 812 World Bank, 932 Webber, Anne, 366 World Conference on Women, 49 Weimar, Kunstsammlungen zu v. Elicofon (1982), World Council of Churches, 857, 858 546–547 World Council of Indigenous Peoples, 222 Weimar Museum, 546–547 World Cup (football/soccer), 98, 756, 758 Weinstein, Jerry L., 94 World Forum on the Protection of Folklore, 628 Welsh language, 954, 955 World Heritage Committee, 291, 294–295 Welsh v. United States (1970), 839–840 World Heritage Convention. See Convention for the Wembley Exhibition, 361 Protection of the World Cultural and West, Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins, 953 Natural Heritage of 1972 West,W.Richard,439 World Heritage List, 291, 294 Whaling, 77 World Heritage sites, 350, 352 What’s A-O.K. in the U.S.A. Is Lewd and Worthless World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Beyond (N.Y. Times), 132–134 615–616, 617, 620–621, 628, 640 What’s in a Game? (Lefort & Harvey), 748–749 World Jewish Congress, 366 Wheelchair users, 784–787 World order, culture in framing, 24–35, 66 Where the Wild Things Are: A Defense of Cheeseheads, World Trade Organization (WTO), 13, 90, 299–300, the Chop, and Ecstatic Religion in the 392, 621, 628 Stands (Ehrenreich), 751–754 World Wide Web. See Internet Whitacre v. Indiana (1993), 281–284 W.R. Grace & Co., 623 “Whole Lotta Love” (Led Zeppelin), 626 Wrestling, 816–822 Whorf, Benjamin, 916 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 219, 269–270 Wight, Martin, 28 Wrongful death actions, 778–779 Wikipedia, 63 Willamette meteorite (Tomonowos), 441–442 Xenophobia, 958 Williams, Colin, 955 Winch, Peter, 124 Yahoo!, Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et Wingrove v. United Kingdom (1996), 268 L’Antisemitisme (2001), 1–7,36 Winkworth v. Christie Manson and Woods Ltd. Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay (1980), 519–525, 535 (2005), 198, 199 “Winter” (Giaquinto), 557–563 Yale Museum (Peabody Museum of Natural Winterhalter, Franz Xaver, 375 History), 404 WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Organization Yale University, 273, 405–406 Withdraw or repent artistic expression, right to, 268 Yang Tae Young, 799 Wolfe, Alan, 861 Yanomami case (1985), 74 Women Yildirim, Seval, 850 cultural relativism and, 49–51 Yugoslavia, 1949 Hague Convention and, 350 cultural rights of, 887 Yumbulul v. Reserve Bank of Australia (1991), 631, gender equality, 69 666 moral reasoning of, 24 Yu v. United States Postal Service (2009), 967 religious dress of, 889–909 religious tribunals and, 62 Zande people, 124 in sports, 794–795 Zhou Enlai, 15, 16 Wong, “Anson” Keng Liang, 74 Zuni people, 297, 430, 694