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War Studies Primer™ War Studies Primer™! Michael P. D'Alessandro, M.D.! michael.patrick.dalessandro at gmail dot com! Version: 2012! Updated at the start of each year, look for the latest version at:! www.warstudiesprimer.org! This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Table of Contents! 1 - In the Beginning… - slide 6! 2 - Why We Fight - slide 63! 3 - Philosophers of War - slide 119! 4 - Almost as Good as the Sims (Tools for Studying War / Wargaming) - slide 169! 5 - Follow Me! (Leadership and Personnel Training) - slide 207! 6 - Poor Bloody Infantry (Weapons, focusing on armies) - slide 295! 7 - Planning and Logistics - slide 354! 8 - Intelligence - slide 399! 9 - Naval Warfare - slide 431! 10 - Up in the Air, Junior Birdman (Aerial Warfare) - slide 505! 11 - Tom Corbett, Space Cadet (Space Warfare) - slide 581! 12 - Information Warfare - slide 600! 13 - How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (Weapons of Mass Destruction) - slide 668! 14 - Graceful Degradation (C4I - Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence) - slide 697! Table of Contents! 15 - How To Win a War (A Discussion of Strategy) - slide 746! 16 - Is That All There Is? (How Do Wars End?) - slide 815! 17 - Wars That Never End (Guerilla Wars) - slide 866! 18 - Rosie the Riveter (The Home Front) - slide 961! 19 - Collateral Damage (Civilians and War) - slide 1006! 20 - Lest We Forget (Heroism in War) - slide 1058! 21 - Rise and Fall (Empires) - slide 1114! 22 - Future Wars and Geopolitics - slide 1188! 23 - Future War Technology - slide 1247! 24 - There Will Be No Fighting in the War Room (Lawfare) - slide 1311! 25 - Corpsman Up! (Military Medicine) - slide 1354! 26 - All We Are Saying - Is Give Peace a Chance (How to Keep the Peace / Prevent Wars) - slide 1385! 27 - The Arts in War - slide 1447! 28 - Conclusion - slide 1502! Appendix - How I Teach This Course - slide 1553! Bibliography - slide 1591! Dedication! • To my parents, who encouraged my interests as a child…! • To my wife, who encourages these interests as an adult…! • To my children, who are acquiring the same interests as their father…with my encouragement…! • And to members of the US military past, present, and future: Thank you for your service! User's Manual! • Stop! Before reading any further make sure you have the latest version of this course, which can be downloaded at http:// www.warstudiesprimer.org! • The initial version of this course was published in 2008! • An updated version of this course is published each January! • If you wish to print this course for viewing on paper, print it as "Handouts" with 6 slides per page to save on paper ! Topic 1! In the Beginning...! Song! As I walk through this wicked world! Searching for light in the darkness of insanity! I ask myself is all hope lost?! Is there only pain and hatred and misery?! And each time I feel like this inside! There's one thing I wanna know! What's so funny about peace, love and understanding! What's so funny about peace, love and understanding! - Nick Lowe, What's So Funny About Peace, Love and Understanding? ! Thematic Quote! "In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth; and the earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.! And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.! And God saw the light, that it was good…"! - Book of Genesis! …and ever since then, man has been at war...! The Painting! Losses of the French Army in the Russian Campaign 1812-1813! - Charles Joseph Minard! (Collections de l"Ecole des Ponts, Champs-sur- Marne, France)! [Physical hardships more devastating than battles: 422,000 soldiers go in to Russia; 10,000 return]! The Question! Is war the natural state of man?! Why is this course relevant and important?! Why Study War?! "War is a matter of vital importance to the State; the province of life or death; the road to survival or ruin. It is mandatory that it be thoroughly studied…"! - Sun Tzu! "War shapes culture, history, and souls"! - Rick Atkinson! Why Study War?! "War makes headlines and history books. It has shaped the international system, prompted social change and inspired literature, art, and music. It engenders some of the most intense as well as the most brutal human experiences and it raises the fundamental questions of human ethics."! - Sir Lawrence Freedman! "Compared to war, all other forms of human endeavor shrink to insignificance"! - George S. Patton, Jr.! Why Study War?! "The good offices done by one nation to its neighbor...would afford a very ample and very pleasing subject for history. But, alas! all the history of all times, concerning all nations, does not afford matter enough to fill ten pages...War is the matter which fills all history…"! !! !!!!- Edmund Burke ! Why Study War?! • What is war?! • War is organized armed conflict. Virtually every human society, past and present, makes war.! • Why does war matter to Canadians?! • War has shaped Canada and Canadians for at least 5,000 years.! !! !!!- Canadian War Museum! Man is a Competitor - a Warrior! "In all of recorded human history, there have only been 29 years when there was not a war occurring somewhere" ! - Will Durant, historian ! "In over 3,000 years of recorded history, only 268 years have been without major wars"! - Arnold Ludwig, King of the Mountain! "Homo sapiens should be renamed homo furens, man the fighter"! - Jay Glenn Gray! Health is Dependent on War! • 90% of variance in illness and premature death is related to factors other than access to medical treatment! • 50% = Behavioral - Diet / Nutrition / Exercise! • 25% = Environmental - Presence or absence of war, sanitation, toxins! • 15% = Genetic! • 10% = Access to medical treatment! • Immunization mainly! • Your physician is almost inconsequential ! • Unless you live in the western world and are susceptible to ills of affluence / lifestyle! - MHS 2025 - Toward a New Enterprise, Section 4 page 2! Focused Case Study - Iraq 2003! "The future is unknowable."! - Donald Rumsfeld, early 2003! ! !! "Mission accomplished!" ! - George HW Bush, May 1, 2003! "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."! - George Santayana! Focused Case Study - Iraq 2003! • August 1990! • Iraq invades Kuwait / Operation Desert Shield defense of Saudi Arabia! • January - February 1991! • Operation Desert Storm / liberation of Kuwait! • March 1991 - March 2003 / (September 2002 - March 2003)! • No fly zone enforcement / (Preparation of battlefield)! • March 20, 2003! • Ground combat operations begin! • April 9, 2003! • Baghdad falls! • May 1, 2003! • End of major combat operations! • ~ June 2003! • Insurgency begins! • June 30, 2004! • Power returned to Iraqi government! • 2007-2008! • The Surge / Insurgency ends! • 2011! • US troops leave Iraq! • ?! • Peaceful and prosperous Iraq! Why did it have to happen this way?! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! "…not to take the first step without considering the last"! - Clausewitz! "To win victory is easy; to preserve its fruits, difficult"! - Sun Tzu! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! • Who had invaded Iraq previously?! • The Persians, the Greeks, the British in 1914, the British in 1941! "Our armies do not come into your cities and lands as conquerors or enemies, but as liberators."! - General Frederick Stanley Maude, 1917 in Iraq! • …but by 1920 there was a revolt against the British! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! • British invade Iraq November 1914! • Seize Basra first! • Advance towards Baghdad! • Retreat to Kut and surrounded, British surrender in April 1916! - John Lee Anderson, Invasions, New Yorker, March 24, 2003! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! • March 1917! • British troops sweep from south of Iraq to Baghdad in weeks! • Regime change against Ottoman Turks! • British government disclaimed desire to rule Iraq directly! • Hastened to install legitimate government! • Imposing law and order more difficult than military victory! - Niall Ferguson, Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 2003! - Niall Ferguson, The Last Iraqi Insurgency, New York Times, April 18, 2004! - Niall Ferguson, Success Requires Patience, Washington Post, May 3, 2004! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! • May 1920! • Full fledged revolt! • After referendum on Iraq's future + announcement Iraq would be League of Nations mandate under British trusteeship! • 150,000 British troops facing undisciplined militias! • Insurrection had religious origins ~ soon involved everyone! • Rebels attacked British lines of communication - rail + telegraph! • British troops + civilians besieged, British bodies mutilated! - Niall Ferguson, Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 2003! - Niall Ferguson, The Last Iraqi Insurgency, New York Times, April 18, 2004! - Niall Ferguson, Success Requires Patience, Washington Post, May 3, 2004! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! • August 1920! • British request chemical weapons - denied! • December 1920! • Put down rebellion with aerial bombardment + village burning! • Despite technological superiority 2,000 dead+wounded ! • 1921 - Pro-British monarch installed! • 1922 - Handed sovereignty over to monarch! • 1932 - Iraq achieves independence! • 1955 - British troops leave! - Niall Ferguson, Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 2003! - Niall Ferguson, The Last Iraqi Insurgency, New York Times, April 18, 2004! - Niall Ferguson, Success Requires Patience, Washington Post, May 3, 2004! Focused Case Study - Iraq 1920! "Sir, I am deeply concerned about Iraq. The task you have given me is becoming really impossible ... if they (Sunni and Shiite) are not prepared to urge us to stay and to co- operate in every manner I would actually clear out. ... At present we are paying eight millions a year for the privilege of living on an ungrateful volcano out of which we are in no circumstances to get anything worth having."! - Winston Churchill to British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Sept.
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