Newton's Apple 13Th Season. Free Educational Materials. INSTITUTION Twin Cities Public Television, St

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TITLE Newton's Apple 13th Season. Free Educational Materials. INSTITUTION Twin Cities Public Television, St. Paul, MN.; National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA. SPONS AGENCY 3M, St. Paul, MN. PUB DATE 1995-00-00 NOTE 75p.; Wall poster in rear pocket of document not included in ERIC copy. AVAILABLE FROM Newton's Apple, Twin Cities Public Television, 172 E. 4th Street, St. Paul, MN 55101. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Educational Television; Elementary Secondary Education; *Hands on Science; *Instructional Materials; *Interdisciplinary Approach; Learning Activities; Public Television; Science Education; Technology Education; *Television Curriculum IDENTIFIERS Public Broadcasting Service

A136-1R.i-L' This educational materials packet was designed to help teachers use the Public Broadcasting Service's (PBS) program called "Newton's Apple" in the classroom. This book contains informaticn on hcw th?r.le materials support the latest science standards; an index to the 13th season lesson pages and an index to the past three seasons; a science subject index that gives a quick overview of the science concepts presented in each lesson as well as additional subject applications; lessons which contain background information, interdisciplinary connections, key words, resources, and hands-on activities that are focused on the major topics explored during the season; Hands-on Science Try It experiments and a Street Smart quiz; a guide to enjoying Newton's Apple at home that can be duplicated and sent home with students to encourage family participation in science education; and information on America's Most Scientific Home videos contest. Topics covered include wildlife, human anatomy, physics, chemistry, and technology. (PVD)

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Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent 'z'eNEWTON'SAPP official OERI position or policy 2 Innovation LABLE Greetings from 3M and NEWTON'S APPLE! 3M is proud to continue sponsorship of NEWTON'S APPLE and these companion In her tenth season with materials for the thirteenth season. This season is NEWTON'S APPLE, Peggy works particularly noteworthy, as it introduces a new team up a sweat riding with the of diverse hosts, truly an "innovation" in science MayaQuest bicycle trek through television programming. Each of these hosts shares Belize, as students back in the States that special zest for revealing the interact with the bikers via the insights, thrills, and fun of science Internet. And, in the Warehouse, that has become the hallmark of Peggy learns about reflexes from NEWTON'S APPLE. some very young experts. To supplement the show, we are confident these NEWTON'S Dave comes to NEWTON'S APPLE classroom packets, APPLE with a track record as a produced in partnership with the prize-winning TV journalist. But the National Science Teachers track he follows this season takes Association and KTCA-TV, will him out to the edge, and nearly provide you with high-quality, stimulating materials beyond. He'll be rushing into the that will motivate students to observe and flames surrounding a simulated understand the world around them. airplane disaster, and high-stepping We are also working with NEWTON'S APPLE to it on the circus high wire. provide special programming for National Engineers Week. During the week of February 18, This former electrical engineer and 1996, thousands of engineers around the nation current meteorologist offers his wry will visit classrooms to share their enthusiasm for wit and sense of discovery to science. All of these efforts have common goals: to NEWTON'S APPLE when he encourage our nation's youth to stay in school, to unwraps the secrets of mummies, and make them curious about their world, and to help becomes an expert balloon "baker." In them see how bright their future can be. another show, he gets caught red- handed and becomes a case study in DNA "fingerprinting."

L. D. DeSimone Chairman The 13th season of NEWTON'S and Chief Executive Officer APPLE has David (now in his eighth 3M year with the show) heading off on an African safaricruising over spectacular woodland and savanna in a hot-air balloon. Back on terra firma, David visits a coffee plantation, and explores the unique features of the Earth's equator.

At an age when many teenagers are still \ , hanging out at the mall, SuChin hosts The new five-member hosting test73bik-vrs, ivaq,-er a TV show for young people in skis, ice surfs, in-line skates;:vt-aiallo, northern California. Now, for her first slingshots, and tightrope walks to ferret NEWTON'S APPLE season, she gets on behalf of science j13ns y 'here; into the show's hands-on style in a big C.r) way. That includes being flung into the sky on a human slingshot ride, and ice surfing across a frozen lake.

We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S Al'PLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. Welcome to the NE.,4WTON9S AP Educational Materials packet. These materials were developed to help you use the 13th season of NEWTON'S APPLE in your classroom.

Look what we have for you! Information about how these materials support the latest science standards.

An index to the 13th season lesson pages and an index to the past three seasons of NEWTON'S APPLE.

A science subject index that gives you a quick overview of the science concepts presented in each 13th season lesson.

Lessons, lessons, and more lessons (including background information, interdisciplinary How do I find NEWTON'S APPLE on TV? connections, key words, resources, and hands-on The 13th season of NEWTON'S APPLE will air on most activities) focused on the major topics PBS stations beginning in October 1995 (check your local explored in the 13th season. PBS listings for exact airdates and times). If you don't find NEWTON'S APPLE listed in your local TV guide or PBS viewer's guide, contact your local PBS station to find out when Hands-on Science Try It experiments the 13th season will be airing in your area. and a Street Smart quiz. NEWTON'S APPLE allows three-year, off-air record rights for educational purposes. A Guide to Enjoying NEVTOI\I'S APPLE at lionle You can help ensure the continued airing of NEWTON'S that you can duplicate and send home with APPLE by contacting your local PBS station and letting them know how much you depend on it in your classroom. If you your students to encourage family have trouble finding NEWTON'S APPLE on TV, contact us. participation in science education. We know how much teachers appreciate and support our program, and we want you to be able to see NEWTON'S APPLE in your area. Information about If you have any comments or questions, please write to: America's Most Scientific iforrie Videos contest. Director of Outreach NEWTON'S APPLE Twin Cities Public Television Our 13th season poster, with a listing of PBS 172 East 4th Street stations printed on the back. St. Paul, MN 55101 e-mail: [email protected]

We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is aproduction ofKTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. TEs ON'S Focusing on the Science Education LE.Standards

Call them what you willstandards, Together, these programs represent a benchmarks, frameworks, guidelines widespread effort to improve science you undoubtedly have heard about the Benchmarks for Science Literacy literacy by addressing teaching styles, challenges all science educators face in American Association for the curriculum and content reform, coming up with effective ways to create Advancement of Science, Project 2061 assessment methods, educational a scientifically literate public in the systems, technology, and more. Each decades to come. National Science Education Standards effort may take a slightly different tack National Research Council of the to achieve similar goals, but they are Several national organizations and tens National Academy of Sciences consistent in one message: It is vital to of thousands of scholars and educators get teachers, supervisors, curriculum have been diligently addressing these Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of developers, administrators, parents, and urgent calls to improve science Secondary School Science scientists working together to improve education. We encourage you to become National Science Teachers Association science education and science literacy in familiar with the work of some of these this country. task forces, including: So how can NEWTON'S APPLE help?

NEWTON'S APPLE can be a partner in helping you approach r- - some of the goals of these new standards: identifying what a 7 ( ;4, scientifically literate person should know, developing effective ways to teach that information, and, perhaps most important, creating checkpoints to assess how that knowledge is evident. Since NEWTON'S APPLE began production more than 13 years

ago, we have had as our goal to inform viewers not just of the facts , and numbers related to scientific discovery (however important they may be!), but of the relevance of basic science concepts to our everyday lives. Finding that relevance can be a fun, exhilarating adventure! Our hosts are nonscientists, interacting with and questioning an "expert." Many times the guest expert never really answers the host's questions, but rather guides all of ushost and viewers alikethrough the information until we all reach a moment of understanding. This moment is what we like to call the "A-ha!" moment, when we realize that we actually "get it." The new standards describe such an inquiry-based approach to learning, which you will find in most NEWTON'S APPLE segments and the lessons contained in this guide. Our educational materials are designed to inspire both teacher and student to engage in multimedia, hands-on, inquiry-based activities. We're confident that your science classroom will be enhanced by incorporating our lessons into your curriculum. 5

We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is aproduction of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. Index to the 13th Season Lesson Pages

There are two ways to locate any of the 25 lessons in this guide: Check out the alphabetically arranged subject index found on the inside back cover, or look through the numerically arranged TE N'S show index on this page.

Either way, once you've identified a topic you'd like to explore, look in the upper right-hand corner of each lesson page for the NEWTON'S APPLE show number (e.g., 1301, 1302) that corresponds to that topic. We've also included in the same corner the approximate segment running time.

On the back of this page you will find a guide to the past three seasons of NEWTON'S APPLE. These episodes may be rebroadcast on your local PBS station throughout the year, and we hope you will continue to use them in your classroom.

Show 1301 Show 1307 Show 1312 Waterskiing Disney World Special Bird Songs Reflexes Simulator Rides Ergonomics Dolphin Communication Show 1302 Show 1313 Circus High Wire Show 1308 Jungle Survival Mummies Hazardous Materials Liver In-line Skating Show 1303 Maya Bike Trek Show 1309 Hearing Human Slingshot Ride 'Your chance to appear Bone Marrow on NEWTON'S APPLE! Show 1304 Check out America's Most Scientific Home Africa Special Show 1310 Videos contest in Show 1306. This is a Balloon Safari Wild Lion Vets great opportunity to get students, parents, Bicycles and teachers working together on a Show 1305 project that just might win your team an Ice Surfing Show 1311 appearance on NEWTON'S APPLE! To DNA Fingerprinting Equator Special find out more about this contest, watch Equator Show 1306 and turn to "A Guide to Show 1306* Coffee Enjoying NEWTON'S APPLE at Aircraft Fire Rescue Home," found after the lesson pages. Balloons

RememberIf you have any questions about when NEWTON'S APPLE airs in your area, check your local TV schedule or PBS viewer's guide. You can also call or write your local PBS station and ask. Check the back of the poster included in this packet for a quick reference guide to the PBS stations across the country.

We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLEis a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 6 Index of Paot Sea0on0

NEWTON'S Show 1008 Show 1103 Show 1112 Show 1206 APPLE Cockroaches Memory Garbage Movie Sound Effects 10th Season Broken Bones In vitro Fertilization Infrared Sun Dentist Chair Goose Bumps Shelley Duvall Globetrotters Show 1001 Rhinoceros Hummingbird Polar Bear Hedgehog Behind-the-Scenes Special Show 1009 Show 1104 Show 1113 Show 1207 How TV Works Omnimax Technology Newspaper Mt. Rushmore Dinosaur Extinction Studio Tour Archery Bomb Squad Virtual Reality Floods Control Room/ Lightbulbs Echoes Candles Blue Seas Editing Condor Mosquito Chimpanzee Siberian Tiger Satellite Technology Show 1010 Show 1105 NEWTON'S Show 1208 Show 1002 Aurora Borealis Jumbo Jets APPLE Internet Hollywood Stunts Air Pressure Meteors 12th Season Antibiotics Household Chemistry Al Gore Knuckle Crack Panning for Gold Cream in Coffee Piranha Paper Recycling Show 1201 Taxidermy Musk Ox Hang Gliding Show 1011 Show 1106 Karate Show 1209 Show 1003 Traffic Control Windsurfing Robin Leach Ethnobotany Election Polls and Cryogenics Permafrost Elephant Hubble Telescope Surveys Static Electricity Tumbleweeds Inventor's Fair Electric Car Russian Kids Visit Zebra Show 1202 Komodo Dragons Ceramics Chat Arctic Expedition Cougar Show 1012 Show 1107 Special Show 1210 Locks and Dams Spotted Owl Sled Dogs Raptor Hospital Show 1004 Blood Typing Carpal Tunnel Arctic Travel Photography Monster Makeup Moles Foggy Mirrors Life in Camp Skipping Stones Ozone Penguin Lizards Arctic Weather Snakes Car Mirror Artificial Sweeteners Show 1013 Show 1108 Show 1203 Show 1211 Diabetes Archaeology Aircraft Carrier Redwoods Show 1005 Galaxy Mapping Mazes Carrier Technology Electricity Oil Spills Dweezil Zappa Dolphin Brain Monuments Diet and Nutrition Ostrich Red Fox Crystal Gayle Show 1109 Show 1204 Caribou NEWTON'S Firefighting Brain Mapping Show 1212 APPLE Dairy Farm Garlic Printing Money Show 1006 11th Season Inventor's Fair Sunscreens Gravity Antarctic Special Otter Tasmanian Devil Nature Labs Journey Show 1101 Penguins Rock Climbing Show 1110 Show 1205 Show 1213 Palmer Station Taste Test Bison Roundup Movie Dinosaurs Bridges Krill Monty Hall Heart Attack Bread Chemistry Earthquakes Seals Baby Bobcat Dead Fingernails Scott Hamilton Chromakey Chile Peppers Wallaby Grizzly Bear Show 1007 Show 1102 HIV/AIDS Emergency Rescue Show 1111 Glass Recycling Black Holes The Bends Cement Pizza Compact Discs Science Challenge Reindeer Michael York Wolverine Wolf 7

Here is an at-a-glance index of the science disciplines dealt with in the NEWTON'S APPLE lesson pages, incorporating the National Science NEWTON'S Teachers Association's Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science model. IILPPLE®We've also listed some extended concepts.

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Aircraft Fire Rescue (1306) Engineering Ecology Balloon Safari Environment (1304) 4 W Geography

Balloons Engineering (1306) 4 Wit Meteorology

Bicycles (1310) Engineering

Bird Songs 40 Language (1312) Zoology

Bone Marrow Health (1309) Medical Science

Circus High Wire (1302) Physical Education Botany Coffee Geography (1311) 4 V ft) Meteorology DNA Fingerprinting Criminology (1305) Journalism plphin Communication Language (1307) fl, Zoology Ecology Equator ip Geology (1311) 4 VP Social Studies

Ergonomics Engineering (1312) gi, fil Social Studies

Hazardous Materials Ecology Environment (1308)

6' ,gy .96) Q, c) ,... -c- Additional Segments qy Applications A,(1'

Hearing (1303) Health uman Slingshot Ride (1309) til ilo 4 V Engineering Ice Surfing Engineering (1305) 44 Physical Education In-line Skating (1308) 4 V Physical Education Jungle Survival BotanyEnvironment (1313) 4 Cii) EcologyFood/Nutrition

Liver Health ( 1313) V4 Medical Science

Maya Bike Trek Archaeology (1303) 44 Computer Science Mummies Archaeology (1302) V4 44 History Reflexes (1301) Health

Simulator Rides (1307) it 4 4 Engineering Waterskiing Engineering (1301) 4 ;10 4 Physical Education Wild Lion Vets Ecology Medical Sciena (1310) ii? 4 Environment Zoology

We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. How does the shape of a water ski SHOW NUMBER help keep someone on top of the water? How fast would a boat have to be traveling to pull a barefoot water-skier?

SuChin flies over Insights the waves on water skis. Who says you have to be in the sky to fly? Your Different lengths and edges of water skis offer feet may never leave the ground (well, the different combinations of speed and control. Segmentlength: 6:15 water), but the amazing sensation of For instance, a beginning skier would want two waterskiing definitely compares to soaring longer skis for stability, with flat bottoms for Resources through the air. riding high and fast on the wake. A more Benzel, D. (1989) Psyching for advanced skier could switch to just one ski, slalom: An illustrated guide to the The first person to master this sport was an 18- called slaloming, and use a beveled bottom for mind e!r muscle of the complete skier. Winter Park, FL: World year -old named Ralph Samuelson. In 1922, more controlled turns. And highly experienced Publications. Samuelson tried skiing over water first on barrel skiers may choose a ski with a concave bottom, staves and then on snow skis. He finally found which holds turns by cupping water Duvall, C. & Crowell, N. (1992) Camille Duvall's instructional guide success on pine boards 2.5 meters (8 feet) long underneath. to waterskiing. New York: Simon & and 23 centimeters (9 inches) wide. Water- Schuster. skiing really picked up speed after World War Some expert skiers even add an underwater Finn, T (1989) Skurfer's guide to II, when affordable, high-horsepower outboard rudder with wings set at a particular angle to water ski boarding.: An illustrated motors meant more people could own the fast aid turning. These wings create drag and slow guide to learning and mastering the boats needed to tow water-skiers. down the ski like a brake, making it easier to sport. Winter Park, FL: World Publications. turn. Then, when the skier leans back to come But how do you stand on water? The pressure out of a turn, the wings become parallel to the Kistler, B. (1988) Hit it! Your on top of the water skis (including the weight flow of water and offer minimal resistance. complete guide to water skiing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics of the ski, the person, and the air above both) Publishers, Inc. remains constant, whether the skier is at rest or Connections moving. However, as the skier picks up speed, 1. Why did Ralph Samuelson's first attempts Scarpa, R. & Dorner, T. (1988) Barefoot waterskiing: An illustrated the water pushes against the bottom of the skis. on barrel staves and snow skis fail? What guide to learning and mastering the The larger or longer the ski, or the faster a boat technological advances allow skiers to go sport. Winter Park, FL: World is traveling, the easier it is for a skier to stay up completely barefoot or to build pyramids of Publications. on the water. The average speed to keep a 68- people on water skis? Scherer, R. (1994, Jan 14) Tug of kilogram (150-pound) adult afloat on water 2. Trick skis are short and stubby and have war with a boat isn't easy. The skis would be 32-40 kilometers per hour beveled edges both on the bottom and top. Christian Science Monitor, p. 17. (20-25 miles per hour). But for barefooting, How would this shape help a skier do side- Additional sources of information where all 68 kilograms of weight are concen- slides, somersaults, and 180-degree turns? Water Skier magazine trated on the soles of two feet, a speed of 56 799 Overlook Drive Winterhaven, FL 33884 kilometers per hour (35 miles per hour) is (813) 324-4341 necessary. (Publication of the American Water Ski Association. Also available: videos, safety and competition Key VOrd.S information, instructional materials.) barefooting to water-ski on bare freestyle type of water ski rudder a sort of fin attached to feet competition using a jump ramp the bottom of a ski, similar to Waterski and Wakeboarding bevel rounded edge on some for somersaults and other tricks ones used to steer boats magazines types of water skis kneeboard extrawide water ski slalom to ski on a single ski, or 330 West Canton, Box 2456 concave inward-curved bottom which is ridden in a kneeling the ski itself Winter Park, FL 32790 on some types of water skis position wake the "V" wave behind a (407) 628-4802 edge side of a ski, used for boat acceleration and deceleration 0 We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 44 NEWTON'S APPLE® Main Activity SHOW NUMBER Every time water-skiers cut into a curve, fluid 2. Tie the button onto the end of the thread. dynamics are at work to keep them upright. In Shape the clay around the button into your 1301 Waterskiing this activity, you'll work withand against most aerodynamic shape from step 1. Using fluid dynamics to learn how water skis are constant speed, pull the clay along the surface designed for different purposes. of the water. Does it spin or travel straight? Now try your most nonaerodynamic shape, Try This Materials using the same amount of clay, and pulling it Dig through some old modeling clay along at the same speed as before. Is it more h clothes and select about five of different fabrics, choosing thread difficult to keep the speed constant? Which of pieces large enough for you to sit button the two sinks faster when you stop pulling? on. Take them to a park that has tub filled with water 3. Start thinking like a water ski designer. a large slide. Experiment with the First, experiment with different bottom friction level for each fabric by sitting on it as you slide. Does 1.First, experiment with the buoyancy of shapessquare, beveled, and concave. What the friction level change if you your clay. Mold different amounts of clay into happens when you alter the bottom of one side switch to squatting rather than aerodynamic and nonaerodynamic shapes. of your clay "ski" but not the other? Can you sitting? What happens when you Drop them into the water from 30 cm (1') create a ski that turns right while your only half-sit on a slippery fabric? above the surface. Do some shapes sink faster "towrope" travels straight? One that dives than others? Does a higher or lower dropping underwater? distance affect how quickly they sink? 4. Try changing the point where your thread exits the clay. Move it up and down in front, Try This as well as back and forth in the body. What Water-skiers hold onto the changes? Add weight with pennies at towrope using an opposed grip, different places on the clay. Can you build rather than an overhand. This a "ski" that still moves straight and increases power and makes it easier to pull your arms close to your stays afloat with five pennies at the body and control speed and tip? How does your design balance. Make a tug-of-war towrope change when you move the using 30-cm (1') lengths of plastic pennies to the back? pipe as handles on each end. Try pulling against a friend, once with your hands gripping with all your fingers the same way, and once with the opposed "baseball bat" grip. Do you notice a difference in your pulling power?

Try This -/,...}_,Water-skiers always wear a personal flotation device made of closed-cell foam covered with vinyl or nylon fabric. Using a blunt table knife, carve different shapes out of Styrofoam®. Fill a sink with water and Try This experiment with the different sizes and shapes. Do different shapes seem to offer O....Powerboat engines are measured according to their more resistance to sinking when you weigh horsepower, with one horsepower being equal to 550 foot- the pieces down with coins? Can you create a pounds per second. You can measure your own horsepower and shape that sinks? compare it to a boat engine. First measure the vertical height of a flight of stairs. Have a friend time how quickly you can run up the stairs. Your horsepower equals:

your weight in pounds x stairway height in feet number of seconds it took you to run up the stairs tl We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S Why in the world do we sneeze, cough, yawn, blink, and belch? How do these reflex actions help protect us?

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Peggy learns Insights about reflexes from some very Sneezing, coughing, and blinking are simple brain stem, for example, manages involuntary young experts. reflexes. But they aren't as simple as they seem. reflexes such as breathing and keeping our Segment length: 6:30 balance. We don't consciously decide to do It's true that reflexes have a simple definition. these things. But a part of our brain is still They're involuntary actions or movements that involved. Resources occur in response to a stimulus. And you may Kittredge, M. (1990) The senses. New York: Chelsea House not think that much goes on when you yawn, Reflexes serve as primitive responses that Publishers. for example. But you might be surprised. protect our bodies from danger and help us adjust to our surroundings. We cough, for Ornstein, R. & Thompson, R.F. (1991) The amazing brain. New Each reflex action can involve countless example, when an irritant enters our windpipe York: Houghton-Mifflin. complex communications and intricate and we need to expel it through our mouth. coordination among nerve cells called neurons. We sneeze when we need to clear our nasal air Restak, R.M. (1994) Receptors. New York: Bantam Books. These neurons are found in the central nervous passages of irritants and allergens. We blink system, which includes your brain and spinal when danger threatens the sensitive tissues of Xenakis, A.P. (1993) Why doesn't my cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which the eye and when we need to moisten and clean funny bone make me laugh: Sneezes, hiccups, butterflies, and other funny includes all the nerves that reach your body's the cornea. (This reflex occurs 900 times an feelings explained. New York: Villard extremities. Not all neurons are alike, however. hour!) We yawn when nerves in the brain stem Books. find there's too much carbon dioxide in the Additional resources Sensory (or afferent) neurons carry messages blood. A yawn makes the muscles in our mouth Coronet Films: Human body: to the brain and spinal cord. and throat contract and forces our mouth wide Nervous system and Human body: Motor (or efferent) neurons carry messages open, allowing us to expel carbon dioxide and Brain. Videotapes. (800) 777-8100. away from the brain and spinal cord. They take in a large amount of oxygen-rich air. Encyclopedia Britannica Films: The tell muscles to contract or relax and spur nervous system. Videotape. (800) glands into action. Without these reflex actions, we would be 621-3900. Interneurons send messages between nerve unable to survive. So even though they may be Queue, Inc.: Experiments in human cells within the brain, spinal cord, and the simple, these reflexes are a really big deal. physiology. Software for Apple II. periphery. These busy characters make up (800) 232-2224. over 99 percent of the more than 10 billion Connections Queue, Inc.: Nervous and hormonal neurons in our nervous system. 1. What other reflex actions do we have? How systems. Software for Apple II, IBM do they protect us? Which reflexes can we and compatibles, or Macintosh. (800) 232-2224. But why is the brain involved in reflex actions control more than others? at all? As part of the nervous system, the brain 2. If you could.design new reflexes for Additional sources of information has specialized functions, only some of which yourself, what would they be? American Academy of Neurology 2221 University Ave. SE control thought or voluntary movement. The Suite 335 Minneapolis, MN 55414 Vord.s (612) 623-8115 afferent carrying toward a given interneurons connecting receptor specialized cell or point neurons ending on a sensory neuron that BrainLink: Explorations in central nervous system the part patellar tendon reflex knee-jerk a stimulus can excite Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine of the nervous system in reflex synapse tiny gap between the Houston, TX 77030 vertebrates that consists of the peripheral nervous system axon of one neuron and the cell (800) 798-8244 brain and spinal cord nerves and nervous tissue outside body of another neuron across efferent carrying away from a the central nervous system which messages are transmitted given point chemically or electrically

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. aTt_ Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEwroms I APPLE®

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER How fast do your nerves send and receive 8. Repeat this experiment with your partner messages? Involuntary reflexes are very fast, catching the stick. Record the results. 1301 traveling in milliseconds. The nerve impulses 9. Then switch hands and perform the same Reflexes in the neurons that control these reflexes travel experiment. Record these results as well. Is an express route. In fact, the fastest impulses there a difference in reaction time between reach 520 kilometers (320 miles) per hour! your writing hand and your other hand? Try This Our conscious muscular response to a 10. See if an auditory stimulus affects your rauvL Check your knee-jerk stimulus takes a much longer route. See just reaction time. Close your eyes and have your reflex. Ask a partner to sit how fast your brain and nerves respond to partner say "go" when he or she on the edge of a table stimuli in this experiment. releases the stick. React as soon as with legs hanging freely. possible. Record your results. Use the side of your hand Materials 11. Does distraction affect your to chop lightly at your meter stick (yardstick) partner's leg just below the reaction time? Have your partner ask kneecap (patella) at the table and chair you simple math questions and repeat patellar tendon. Switch chart to record results the experiment. Again, record your places and repeat the results. experiment. What could 1. Sit with your forearm on a table surface 12. Compare your reaction time averages you do to prevent this reflex from happening? so the hand extends over the edge. with those of your classmates. Derive a class 2. Have your partner hold the meter stick average. (yardstick) with the zero end between, but not touching, your thumb and fingers. Questions 3. Ask your partner to release the meter 1. Are there differences in reaction times stick without warning. between right- and left-handed people? 4. Catch the stick as quickly as you can Between genders? Between younger and between your thumb and fingers. older people? Experiment with test groups. 5. Record the centimeter (inch) mark What accounts for any differences? Try This where you caught the stick. 2. How can you improve your reflex Research a disease that 41,-. affects our reflexes, such 6. Repeat steps 3, 4, and 5 ten times. Have reactions? Test your theories. What can you as polio or amyotrophic your partner vary the waiting time before conclude about the effects of practice and lateral sclerosis (ALS, for each drop. Record the results on a chart. fatigue on reaction time? short). Read the inspiring 7. Cross out the highest and lowest stories of people who numbers on your chart, so only eight Adapted in part from A+ Projects in Biology suffered from these diseasesfor example, numbers are left. Find the mean (average) by Janice VanCleave. Published by John Franklin Delano Roosevelt, of these numbers and record it. Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1993). Lou Gehrig, and Stephen W. Hawking.

Try This Hold a pane of clear 'Try This 41,-. plastic or Plexiglas Hold a ruler horizontally just below your in front of your eyes, resting it on the cheekbones. Close face, with your nose your eyes for a minute. As you open touching it. Have them, have a friend shine a flashlight directly someone throw a into your eyes and measure the distance the crumpled ball of paper pupils contract. Test to see if this pupillary at the plastic, aiming at reflex works with both eyes or just the eye your eyes. Can you exposed to the light. Why does this reflex control your blinking occur? reflex?

-1 3 We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER 0 How do high-wire artists balance on such a thin wire? Why do they I carry such long poles? Circus High Wire How do tightrope walkers keep their balance?

Dave tries to find In-Sights his balance for a high-wire act. Imagine yourself 20 meters (66 feet) above the The artist often carries a balancing pole that ground on a platform, as thousands of faces may be as long as 12 meters (39 feet) and Segment length:6:15 watch and wait for you to style. Now imagine weighs up to 14 kilograms (31 pounds). This taking a step, with only a 1/2-inch metal wire pole increases the rotational inertia of the artist, between you and the ground. Welcome to the which allows more time to move his or her le.go-tirces world of high wire. center of mass back to the desired position Antekeier, K. & Aunapu, G. (1989) Ringmaster! My year on the road with directly over the wire. This effect can be "The Greatest Show on Earth. "New High wire's roots are as old as ancient Egypt magnified by making the pole as long as York: E.P. Dutton. and first century China, where the art of "rope possible and by weighting its ends. Burgess, H. (1976)Circus dancing" was performed over knives. In the techniques: Juggling, equilibristics, 1850s, Jean Francois Gravelet received world The pole also helps balance the funambulist by vaulting.New York: Drama Book acclaim for cooking and eating an omelette lowering the center of gravity. High-wire artists Specialists. (complete with stove and neatly set table) on a use drooping, rather than rigid, balance poles. Collins, G. (1994, Dec 8) An inner high wire stretched over Niagara Falls. It's possible, in fact, to have such heavy weights light, a leap of faith.The New York attached to the ends of a long, drooping pole Times,p. Bl. Three different types of Anambulism have that the center of gravity of the performer/pole Cushman, K. & Miller, M. (1990) evolved. Slack wire, where the rope or wire system is below the wire. In this case, the Circus dreams: The making of a hangs a bit loose, is popular for juggling, performer would require no more sense of circus artist.Boston: Little, Brown and Company. clowning, and sword fights. Sloped wires are balance than a person hanging from the wire. attached to the ground at one end and to a pole Dubner, S.J. (1991, Apr 22) Four at the other, creating an angle of about 40 Acrobats train for years and use mechanics to little girls that fold.New York, p. 28. degrees. The most popular of all is the high- safely develop routines. Although a high-wire wire act, where a taut, springy wire is used to performance may seem like a combination of Moss, M. (1987)Fairs & circuses. launch dizzying acrobatic tricks and courage and magic, remember that there's a lot New York: The Bookwright Press. phenomenal feats of balancing. of work and good, old-fashioned physics Rosenfeld, M. (1993, Oct 31) Body thrown into the balance as well! & Soleil.Washington Post,p. Cl. One way to view the high-wire act is to see the Vial, V. & Dufresne, H. (1993) wire as an axis and the center of mass of the connections Cirque du Soleil.New York: performer as having the potential to rotate 1. How would maintaining control over your International Publications. about the axis. If the center of mass is not center of balance change as you moved from a Wallenda, D. & DeVincentis- directly above the wire, gravity will cause the high wire to a slack wire to an angled wire? Hayes, N. (1993)The last of the performer to begin to rotate about the wire. If 2. Why do squirrels have long tails? Wallendas.Far Hills, NJ: New this is not corrected, the performer will fall. Horizon Press.

Wiley, J. (1974)Basic circus skills. Key fords Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. center of mass the point at an object at rest to remain at rest to style circus term for a Additional resource which the entire mass of a body mechanics circus term for the performer's particular way of Encyclopedia Britannica:Circus! can be considered to be safety wire attached to a bowing and posing to Videotape. (800) 621-3900. concentrated performer executing a difficult or acknowledge the audience Additional source of information funambulism tightrope dangerous trick or feat rotational inertia the resistance Circus World Museum walkingfrom the Latin fiinis riggers circus term for the of a body to a change in its 426 Water Street (rope) and ambulare (walk) people who hang the cable and rotational motion Baraboo, WI 53913-2597 inertia tendency of an object in wires for performers (608) 356-8341 motion to remain in motion and static not moving

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S API'LE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. What conditions are needed for SHOW NUMBER mummification to take place? How NEWTON'S did ancient Egyptians prepare mummies? What can mummies teach scientists about the way people lived in the past? Mummies How are mummies able to "survive" the tests of time?

Brian unwraps the Insights mysteries of mummies. Imagine that you could step through a time the walls of tombs, scientists have learned that portal and get a firsthand look at what daily life the mummification process evolved over time. Segment length: 7:30 in ancient Egypt was like. For decades, In early days, preparers would simply treat the archaeologists have been taking just these types body by covering it with a natural salt, called of journeys, and their tour guides have been the natron (now called baking soda), to help dry it .Resources mummified remains of individuals who died out, and then wrap it in bandages soaked in a Hadingham, E. (1994, Apr) The mummies of Xinjiang. Discover, centuries ago. Even though their lips are silent, type of resin. By about 1500 B.C., the art of pp. 68-77. mummies speak volumes to those who know mummification reached its peak. Before how to ask the right questions. treating the body, morticians would remove the Handt, 0., et. al. (1994, June 17) Molecular genetic analysis of the brain and many vital organs. Then they would Tyrolean ice man. Science, When most people hear the word "mummy," pack the abdominal cavity with natron, sand, pp. 1775-1778. they usually think of ancient Egypt. But or sawdust and immerse the body in more Polosmak, N. (1994, Oct) A mummies have been found all over the world, natron for about 40 days. After that, the body mummy unearthed from the including China, Europe, Peru, and Mexico. In was washed, repacked with spices and more pastures of heaven. National fact, many mummies have formed naturally natron, and wrapped in bandages. The whole Geographic, pp. 80-103. without any human preparation at all. process took about 70 days. Roberts, D. (1993, June) The iceman: Lone voyager from the For mummification to occur, all water must be People were often buried with food, tools, Copper Age. National Geographic, pp. 36-67. removed from the body. Little or no decom- jewelry, clothes, and even pets. By studying position from bacterial action can take place. these artifacts and using modern-day clinical Ross, P (1992, May) Eloquent remains. Scientific American, As you might expect, most mummies have been analysis on the mummies, scientists have pp. 114-125. discovered in desert environments. But they unlocked many mysteries about diet, health, have also been found in peat bogs, where the and even grooming habits. With the help of Schobinger, J. (1991, Apr) Sacrifices water is extremely acid and has little or no CAT scans, X rays, MR1s, and other clinical of the high Andes. Natural History, pp. 63-68. oxygen, and in the tundra, where individuals techniques, these silent sentries of past have become trapped in glacial ice. In both civilizations tell us much about how they lived. Sjovold, T. (1993, Apr) Frost and environments, bacteria cannot break down the found. Natural History, pp. 60-63. body tissue. Some scientists argue whether "bog Connections Svitil, K. (1994, June) What the men" and "ice men" are true mummies, but 1. Some believe that opening tombs to study Nubians ate. Discover, pp. 36-38. these bodies still can reveal a great deal about mummies shows disrespect for the dead. Others Wright, K. (1991, July) Tales from the world they lived in. feel that it is justified for the valuable inform- the crypt: With the help of modern ation it reveals. Does the need for scientific medical imagery and a The earliest Egyptian mummies date back to knowledge outweigh the rights of the dead? supercomputer, an archaeologist probes an ancient mummy. around 3200 B.C. By interpreting the text on Discover, pp. 54-58. Jey Vord.s archaeologist individual who Mill magnetic resonance ancient Egyptians to dry and studies past human cultures imaging; imaging technology preserve mummies bog stagnant pond of oxygen- based on magnetic fields and used X ray imaging technology used poor water with low pH to view soft tissue in the human to view the hard tissue (bones) in CAT scan computerized axial body a body tomography; imaging technology mummy body whose skin and used to view soft and hard tissue soft-tissue remains are preserved in the human body natron naturally occurring salt (sodium carbonate) used by

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. -14 Salt of the Earth NEWTON'S Discover how you can make your own mummy. APPLE®

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER Have you ever wondered why every time you 3. Repeat the same procedure for cups 4-6 eat salty foods, you get thirsty? Or why fresh using a 50:50 mix of Epsom and table salts in 1302 vegetables tend to shrivel up when you cup 4, 50:50 mix of table salt and baking soda Mummies sprinkle salt on them? The answer is simple. in cup 5, and a 50:50 mix Salt is a desiccantit helps remove water from of baking soda and things, including human bodies. In this Epsom salts in cup 6. activity, you will experiment with different Again, make sure each Try This Salts and special drying salt compounds and discover which cup has the correct label. solutions played important makes the best mummified apple. 4. In cup 7 make a roles in preserving mixture of 1/3 mummies, but they also Materials baking soda, 1/3 served another purpose. Before 2 fresh apples Epsom salts, and refrigerators and freezers, people had to preserve food by large box of table salt 1/3 table salt. Leave pickling, drying, salting, and large box of Epsom salts cup 8 alone as a smoking. Visit a local food store large box of baking soda control. Place the cups and see how many foods you knife on a shelf out of direct can find that have been eight 12-oz disposable plastic cups sunlight and let them sit for preserved the same way as mummies. Try your hand at measuring cup seven days. After a week has gone by, drying different fruits. How do large mixing bowl take out each apple slice, brush off as much the textures and tastes compare? permanent marking pen salt as possible, and reweigh. (Do not rinse the roll of masking tape apple off because that will rehydrate it.) sensitive balance or food scale Compare the starting and ending weights of piece of graph paper and pencil each slice and calculate the percentage of weight which is moisture lost for each by 1. Slice the two apples into quarters so that dividing the difference in weight by the you have eight slices similar in size. Place a starting weight. piece of tape on each cup and write the words "starting weight." Select one slice, weigh it, Questions Try This and record the weight on the outside of cup 1. 1. Which compound would seem to work Find out how hard it is to Follow the same procedure with the other best at making an apple mummy? e)-. reconstruct pottery at an seven apple slices until each cup has been 2. Would you have achieved the same results archaeological site. Assemble labeled with the appropriate starting weight. if you used a whole, unpeeled apple? Try it five or six old clay flower pots 2. Add exactly 1/2 cup of baking soda to and find out. and decorate them on the outside with either magic marker cup 1, making sure to completely cover the 3. What was the point of leaving one of the or paint. Try to make each apple. Write the words "baking soda only" on apple slices in a cup without any salt at all? design distinctive. Now, place all the outside label. Fill cup 2 with 1/2 cup 4. Where did the moisture in the slices go? the pots into a large paper bag Epsom salts. Fill cup 3 with 1/2 cup table salt. How could you confirm this? and close the top. With a Make sure you label each cup. hammer, gently bang on the pots inside the bag until they are all broken into pieces. Next, shake the bag several times and dump Try This out half the pieces. Using white How do you look inside something without opening glue, try to reassemble as many

Cy. it up? This is a problem that archaeologists face every of the original pots as you can. time they find a new mummy. To get an idea of how tough this really is, try the following activity. Take an old shoe box with a lid and have a friend place a "mystery object" inside. Tape the lid closed and try to figure out what's inside by sliding it back and forth, shining a light in it, tapping on it with a pencil, etc. The only thing you can't do is open it up and look inside!

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLEis a production of KTCA Twin Cities Jr educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 17 Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER What's it like to travel through 0 NEWTON'S Central America with nothing but a bicycle, a laptop computer, a satellite dish, a few supplies, and a few hundred thousand friends? Maya Bike Trek How can technology help you take a bike trip through Central America?

Peggy travels Insights through Belize with a high-tech tour What if you had the chance to go on a three- bottle purifiers allowed them to drink whatever guidethe Internet. month trip to Central America to explore la water they could find. Segmentlength: 8:30 ruta Maya? What if you planned to cover over 2,000 miles but had only your bike for trans- A unique aspect of the trek was the technology portation? What if you brought the maps you that encouraged anyone with access to the Resources Internet to interact with the team. Using a Brosnahan, T. (1994) Guatemala, needed, but wouldn't know exactly where to go Belize & YucatanLa ruta Maya. A until students from over 40,000 schools sent laptop computer powered by solar panels, team travel survival kit. Berkeley, CA: you e-mail to vote on your route? What if you members recorded daily journal entries, Lonely Planet. had to go on this trip with your brother? calculated distances, and communicated via Dreher, D. (1992) Explorers who got e-mail with students and others who followed lost. New York: Tom Doherty Explorers (and brothers) Dan and Steve the trek. With a portable satellite telephone, the Associates. Buettner did all this and more on their team sent faxes, photos, and data and voice Maynard, C. (1995) Questions and MayaQuest expedition. But this wasn't their transmissions. Using two 8mm video cameras, answers about explorers. New York: first bike trip. They rode 15,536 miles from they recorded sights and discoveries and Kingfisher Books. Alaska to Argentina, covered 12,888 miles in transmitted the images via satellite. Taylor, B. (1993) Maps and the former Soviet Union, and biked 12,107 mapping. New York: Kingfisher miles from Tunisia to South Africa. During the Team members entered information onto a Books. MayaQuest trek, each team member rode over computer, connected to a suitcase-sized satellite Trout, L. (1991) The Maya. New 1,200 miles. transmitter. The information was sent as a radio York: Chelsea House Publishers. signal to a satellite orbiting 22,400 miles above Dan, team leader, and Steve, team journalist the equator. The satellite relayed the signal to a Volkmer, J. (1994) Song of the chirimia: A Guatemalan folktale. and videographer, were joined by Julie Acuff, station in Southbury, Connecticut, which Minneapolis, MN: Carolrhoda who served as the epigrapher, and photographer transmitted it over 800 miles of phone lines to Books. Hamline University in St. Paul, Minnesota. Doug Mason. To prepare for the trek, they Additional resources consulted with Maya researchers, including There the message was placed on the Maya- MayaQuest home page: archaeologists and ethnobotanists. They studied Quest home page on the Internet. In just three [email protected] Maya history for clues to the collapse of this months, it received over 1.1 million visits. On Prodigy: mayaquest advanced civilization during the ninth century. MayaQuest theme-based projects: Connections http:/www. ties. k12.mn.us/ The team limited the supplies they brought 1. What effect might the MayaQuest trek have mayaquest clothing, passports, money, bicycle repair on the lives of modern Maya? MECC: Maya Quest, Africa Trail, supplies, maps, medical supplies, sleeping bags, 2. Why do we study other civilizations? and Oregon Trail. Software/CD- tents, pots and pans, food, and toiletries. Water ROM for Macintosh or Windows. (800) 685-6322.

Additional source of information Key Ifstords Earthwatch Expeditions, Inc. archaeologist a scientist who epigrapher someone who la ruta Maya Spanish for "Maya 680 Mount Auburn St. studies the life and culture of deciphers hieroglyphs route." The term refers to the PO Box 403 ancient people ethnobotanist scientist who regions of Mexico, Belize, Watertown, MA 02272 (800) 776-0188 e-mail electronic mail sent from studies how humans use and Guatemala, and Honduras where E-mail: [email protected] one computer to another by relate to plants the Maya lived. World Wide Web: means of special software and a videographer person who http://gaia.earthwatch.org modem connected to a telephone records events with a video line, or between computers camera connected to a network

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. Hit the Trail NEWTON'S Choose a location and prepare for a bike trek. APPLE®

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER 4111 Want to design your own bicycle trek? A lot of you'll see? How will you collect the careful planning is required to make sure information? Will you share it with 1303 everything's ready before you get started. anyone? Maya Bike Trek Is someone in the group an expert Materials photographer or videographer? Do you paper need to learn more about photography Try This markers before the trip? Students around the world area maps Do you need to obtain ify. will be helping direct the special permits? MayaQuest II bike trek, scheduled to depart for Central 1. Work with a group to decide what area Are there any special America in 1996. Find out how you'd like to explore. questions that you want to you can be a part of this 2. Create a list of questions, then come up explore? adventure by contacting with some answers. You might want to 3. Create a list of basic MayaQuest by e-mail: [email protected] consider these issues: supplies you'll need. You You can also find them on the Who will be involved? How )may want to get suggestions World Wide Web: long will the trek last? What route from a company that outfits http://mayaquest.mecc.com will you take? What modes of wilderness trips. Or write to MayaQuest, transportation will you 4. Calculate how much 529 S. 7th St., Suite 320, Minneapolis, MN 55415. use? food you'll need to take per What physical person and make a training do you shopping list. Who will need to get in Iprepare it? What cooking shape for the trip? utensils will you need? What should 5. Discuss the roles you research about assigned to the team Try This the terrain, the sites members. Will you need Much of what we know on the way, and the to rotate duties so that ,Cy. about a culture, including our own, is found in folk history of the region? What everyone can try every stories. Many folktales explain information do you want to role? why something happened, or collect about the sites how something got its name. Write your own folktale to explain something about your culture. You could even be the main character!

Try This Try This In the math you do daily, you use a The Maya Quest team traveled over e"-- base 10 system. Computers use a K.3.71- 1,200 miles on their bicycle trek binary system (zero and one are the through the Maya region. Set up a only numbers). The system developed by stationary exercise bicycle (someone's parent the Maya was base 20. It used a dot for probably has one you can borrow) in your one, a bar for five, and a shell for zero. classroom. Attach an odometer if it doesn't How would you create your own math already have one. Take turns riding it daily, system using another base? What and keep a journal of how "far" you travel, symbols would you use to represent each how long it takes, and how you feel when group of numbers? you're done. What is the ratio between how far you ride each day and how far the trekkers went daily? How long would it take you to match the miles ridden by the MayaQuest team?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National. Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S How can noise be hazardous to your hearing? What causes hearing loss? What can we do to protect ourselves .13P from noise pollution? Hearing Can I damage my hearing by listening to loud music?

Dave hears all Insights about the ear. Have you ever heard a ringing in your ears after When sound waves travel down the ear canal Segment length: 7:30 a loud concert? Did sounds seem muffled? and strike the eardrum, it vibrates. This causes These could be early signs of permanent the ossicles to vibrate. The sound is then hearing loss. Constant or even occasional loud transmitted to the inner ear. Vibrations set the noises can damage your hearing beyond repair. fluid within the cochlea in motion, stimulating Resources Bahadori, R.S. & Bohne, B.A. More than 35 percent of the 28 million cases ofthe hair cells. The movement of the hair cells (1993, Apr) Adverse effects of noise hearing loss in the United States are caused, at stimulates the auditory nerve endings, which on hearing. American Family least in part, by exposure to hazardous noises. send the sound pattern to the part of the brain Physician, p. 1219. that interprets it. Jaret, P. (1990, July-Aug) The rock Hazardous noise can be anything from loud & roll syndrome. Health, pp. music to the sounds of a lawn mower. To find Hearing problems in the outer and middle ears 50-57. out how hazardous a sound is, we measure its can cause conductive hearing loss. An example is Kittredge, M. (1990) The senses. loudness in decibels, which tell us its power or otitis media, fluid in the middle ear caused by New York: Chelsea House intensity. The decibel scale is logarithmiceach infection. These problems can often be Publishers. 10-dB increase is a factor of 10. corrected with medicine or surgery. Sensori- Vernick, D. (1993) The hearing loss neural hearing loss is usually permanent and is handbook. New York: Consumers The normal human ear can hear sounds down caused by damage to hair cells in the inner ear. Union. to 0 dB. The roar of a rocket lifting off registers When hair cells or auditory nerves are Additional resources over 140 dB. Experts consider noise levels above destroyed, they cannot be repaired. Loud and Boston Broadcasters: The ear. 85 dB hazardous, particularly when you're persistent sounds can damage hair cells and Videotape. MTI: (800) 777-8100. exposed to them for long periods. The louder cause permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. Centron Educational Films: Ears: the noise, the less time it takes to damage your Have you heard the latest? Videotape. hearing. Many rock concerts are 110 dB or Next time you listen to music, keep the volume Simon & Schuster Communi- cations: (212) 698-7000. more. If you attend often, you can damage your low and rest your ears often. Use earplugs at hearing before you know you are in danger. concerts. Remember, once your hearing is Pyramid Film & Video: I am Joe's damaged by loud noise, it's gone forever! ear. Film and videotape. (800) 421- 2304. The ear has three partsthe outer, the inner, and the middle ears. The outer ear includes the Connections Queue Inc.: Learning all about heat visible part outside our head and the ear canal, 1. Name ten jobs that involve loud noise. How & sound. CD-ROM for Macintosh or MS-DOS. (800) 336-2481. which ends at the eardrum. The middle ear could you protect your hearing at these jobs? contains three tiny bones called ossicles. The 2. How would society and life as we know it 3M Learning Software: What's the inner ear contains the cochlea, housing change if no one could hear? secret? CD-ROMs for Macintosh or Windows. (800) 219-9022. thousands of hair cells and nerve endings. Additional sources of information Key Vords American Speech-Language- cochlea spiral-shaped cavity of eardrum membrane forming a tinnitus ringing, roaring, or Hearing Association the inner ear that contains hair tight seal between the outer ear other sensation of noise in the 10801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 cells and nerve endings and middle ear ears (800) 638-8255 conductive hearing loss hearing ossicles the three bones loss caused by a problem in the malleus, incus, and stapesthat Hearing Education and Awareness outer and middle ears send sound from the eardrum to for Rockers decibellogarithmic system of the inner ear PO Box 460847 rating where the larger the sensorineural hearing hearing San Francisco, CA 94146 number, the louder the sound loss caused by a problem in the (415) 773-9590 inner ear, along the auditory nerve, or in the brain

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 20 Name That Noise NEWTON'S Identify the type and location of a sound without the help of youreyes. Hain. Activity SHOW NUMBER How good are you at listening when you can't 3. Ask the blindfolded student to point back rely on your eyes for help? Test your skill at in the correct direction of the sound and identifying odd sounds coming from identify it. different directions when you're Repeat this step with five other students blindfolded. Gain a new in the circle, each of whom makes Try This appreciation for the way different sounds. Record how often Get a stopwatch and hold it close to those two little funnels on 1the blindfolded student identifies 1 a classmate's ear. either side of your head the correct location and sound. Then move it out work. 5. Ask the blindfolded student to from the ear until unplug her or his ear. Repeat the your partner can no Materials process. Is she or he better able to longer hear the sound. objects to make noise Measure and record identify the location and source of this distance. Repeat with, such as blocks, /the sounds? for the other ear. Is stones, coins, a glass, 6. 6. Select other students in the class the distance the same? empty can, or pen and repeat the experiment. Are some scarf or handkerchief for a students more accurate in distinguishing blindfold sounds and locations than others? Why do -..../ earplugs (available at most you think this is so? Try This hardware, drug, music, or sporting- Watch your favorite goods stores) Questions TV show with the 1. What sounds were easiest to identify? t"--- sound off. How much of the plot or dialogue did 1. Choose a classmate to sit blindfolded in Which were hardest? Does this tell you understand? What did the middle of a circle of students seated at you anything about the way we you find yourself paying various points around the room. Have this hear and the sounds we expect attention to that you might student place an earplug in one ear. to hear? not have noticed normally? 2. Silently point to a student in the 2. What are some things you surrounding circle, who then makes a sound can do to improve your hearing with one of the or listening ability? objects you've gathered. For instance, that person can use the object to clap, tap, click, snap, or rattle.

l'iry This Bats and dolphins use 5\--- ultrasonic sound waves to "see" with sound. Conduct research on how they navigate and sense the world by echo. Find out how insects, birds, reptiles, and fish hear. Do they have ears? What kind of ossicles do they have?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 21 Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S Where is the Serengeti? What JPLE® makes its ecosystem unique?

MIP or'

David explores the Serengeti eco- Insights system in a hot-air To the Maasai people, Serengeti means "endless predators lie camouflaged in the grasses, balloon. readying themselves for the kill. plain." To others, it means Africa itself. The Segment length: 5:30 Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya and the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania As in all ecosystems, the animals of the preserve much of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, Serengeti have adapted to their habitat. The Resources Collinson, A. (1992) Ecology watch: a 26,000-square-kilometer (10,000- square- giraffe's tough 46-centimeter-long (18-inch- Grasslands. New York: Dillon Press. mile)home to three million animals. This long) tongue reaches between the thorns of the ecosystem is defined as much by the boundaries acacia to eat its tender leaves 5 meters (16 feet) Estes, R.D. (1993) The safari companion. White River Junction, of the wildebeest migration as by the above the ground. The cheetah's flexible spine VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. characteristics of the land and climate. enables it to sprint over 97 kilometers (60 miles) per hour to topple and kill a gazelle. The Iwago, M. (1986) Serengeti: Natural order on the African plain. San Twice a year the rains come to the Serengeti. hippopotamus's eyes, ears, and nose are located Francisco: Chronicle Books. The heaviest rains pour from March until May; at the top of its head so that its 3,175-kilogram the lighter rains fall from November to (7,000-pound) body can stay submerged under Lindblad, L. & S. (1989) The Serengeti: Land of endless space. New December. Two million grazers, including water. The vulture's keen eyesight can spot a York: Rizzoli International wildebeests, have spent the dry months dead animal from 300 meters (1,000 feet). Publications. browsing in the northern woodlands of the Silver, D.M. (1994) One small park. As the rains come, the wildebeests make The Serengeti remains one of the last places on square: African savanna. New York: their several-hundred-mile journey to the earth where life in the wild surpasses the W.H. Freeman and Company. Serengeti Plain and the new grasses of the imagination. Yet with the encroachment of Stelson, C.B. (1988) Safari. savanna. people, pollution, and poaching, the balance of Minneapolis, MN: Carolrhoda nature is being disturbed. If the world doesn't Books. The grass knits the Serengeti together. As the cry out for the Serengeti's preservation, this vast Additional resources great herds return to the plains, the new grass wild place could soon be gone. D. Moss Productions: Portrait of awaits them and will form the staple of their Africa. Videotape. Tapestry Video: diet. These grazers have evolved a set of front Connections (212) 505-2288. teeth for biting and back teeth for grinding. 1. What are the characteristics of the National Geographic: African Each species grazes on specific parts of the ecosystem in which you live? How is it similar wildlife. Videotape. (800) 368- grass. Zebras bite off the grass's tough tops, to the Serengeti? How is it different? 2728. wildebeests chew on the middle leaves and 2. Animal adaptation in the Serengeti is Sunburst Communications: Animal stems, and gazelles and other antelopes eat the fascinating. How have the animals adapted to trackers. Software for Apple II. stems closest to the ground. The food chain the ecosystem in which you live? (800) 321-7511. doesn't stop there. Carnivorous (meat-eating) Tom Snyder Productions: What's the difference? The classification key toolkit. Software for Macintosh. ley `cords (800) 342-0236. camouflage to blend in with the grazer animal that feeds on migration movement of animals Additional sources of information growing grass to find food, warmth, or breeding environment Nature Conservancy grounds ecosystem community of habitat place where a plant or 1815 N. Lynn St. organisms occupying a habitat, animal lives and grows naturally savanna plain with grasses and Arlington, VA 22209 together with the physical Maasai native tribal people of scattered trees, especially near the environment it interacts with the Serengeti who maintain their equator where rainfall is seasonal World Wildlife Federation food chain succession of plants traditional village life wildebeest a hoofed mammal of POBox 96220 and animals, each of which is the Serengeti with a face like a Washington, DC 20077 eaten by the next higher organism cow and a body like a horse

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! ' Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 22 1 Main Activity SHOW NUMBER Naturalists who study the Serengeti and its sketch the grass in detail. Do all blades look animals have sharp observational skills. They alike? Quietly study one animal or insect. spend hours watching and recording data. Identify the trees in your plot. Press samples of One of their most useful tools is a log book, their leaves. Make bark rubbings. Tape these where they record notes, sketches, and samples into your log. Try This questions for further research. You may not be Take a trip to your nearest able to sharpen your observation skills on the Discover animal tracks zoo. Choose an animal to Serengeti, but you can by walking out your observe. Using a log book, Place a pan filled with sand in your plot and jot down your observations door. Adopt a plot in your backyard, check it daily. Are there any animal footprints? and make sketches of your playground, or park. Start your own log and Can you identify them? animalits coloration, observe the environment at your toes. movement, food, sleeping Measure precipitation position, etc. When you return, Materials continue gathering information Make a rain gauge with a jar and a funnel. about this animal at the library notebook with unlined paper Paint a measuring scale on the outside of the or by computer. Design, write, pencil jar and put the funnel in the opening. Put and illustrate several pages about magnifying glass your rain gauge in an open area of your plot your animal. Combine your plot of land approximately 6 m x 6 m and record the amount of precipitation. pages with those completed by (20' x 20') classmates to create a book (Remember to empty the gauge after each about the animals at the zoo. large pan with sand rainfall.) jar and funnel Design other experiments Adopt a plot Share and compare your observations with Find a spot that is home to a variety of plants your friends. What did you learn about your and animals. Visit your plot over a specific own environment? periodtwo weeks or more. Schedule visits at different times of Try This day. Start The migrations of the recording in (3-- wildebeests play a critical role in the Serengeti. Which your log by mammals, birds, or insects entering the migrate where you live? Do some date, research. Where does each weather migratory animal make its home conditions, in the winter and summer? Draw a map to show the migratory temperature, patterns of as many animals in and time. your area as possible.

Observe your plot Find out how many Try This different birds, animals, insects, and plants come to your plot. Which can you identify? The animals of the Serengeti depend upon its grass. Find out more about grass. Plant Research the rest. Using a magnifying glass, several types of grasses in cut-off milk cartons. After the grass sprouts, start observing. Using a magnifying glass, compare and contrast characteristics of the different grasses. Cut the plants at the top, middle, and bottom. Observe these plants over the next few weeks. Dig up the grass and study the root system.

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! 23 Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER How does ice surfing compare to wind surfing? How fast can ice surfers go? How is it possible for ice surfers to travel into the wind? Ice Surfing How do ice surfers go so fast?

SuChin surfs the Insights bright, white ice.

Grab your board and hit the beachit's surfing involved, ice surfers can go much faster than Segment length: 7:00 time again. But instead of baggies and a tank wind surfers, often approaching speeds of 113 top, you might want to put on a parka and kilometers (70 miles) per hour. thermal socks, because the kind of surfing we're talking about only happens on solid water. Just like wind surfers, ice surfers power up on an Resources That's right, the topic is ice surfing, and it's the ice board by using a sail. In fact, most ice Evans, J. (1992) Windsurfing. New York: Crestwood House. hottest sport on frozen lakes around the world. boards use the same type of sail as wind surfing boards. But because there is less friction on the Hewitt, P. (1992) Conceptual physics Ice surfing is really a hybrid sport, mixing the ice, an ice surfer can get away with a much (2d ed.). New York: Addison- Wesley. speed of ice boating with the agility and power smaller sail. To make the board go, the rider of wind surfing. The ice surfing board is similar sets her or his back to the wind and sheets in by Robberson, K. (1988, Jan) The in size and shape to a big skateboard. Most pulling in on the booma bar attached to the thrill of sailing on ice. Women's Sports and Fitness, p. 82. boards have two blades in the back for stability bottom of the sail. As the sail catches the wind, and either one or two blades in the front to the board starts moving forward. The highest Additional resources control the steering. Just like the wheels on a speeds are attained when moving nearly NEWTON'S APPLE Show 1106 (windsurfing). skateboard, the blades on an ice surfing board perpendicular to the wind. By trimming the sail GPN: (800) 228-4630. Or call your are mounted on flexible "trucks" so the rider at the correct angle, the ice surfer can actually local PBS station to find out when can control the steering by leaning forward or move almost three times faster than the wind it will be rerun. backward while standing sideways on the board. itself. It's not possible to sail directly into the 3-2-1 Classroom Contact: Friction: wind, but by tacking at an angle, surfers can Getting a grip. Videotape. GPN: As with ice skates and ice boats, the blades on zigzag across the wind, heading upwind little by (800) 228-4630. the ice board are quite sharp on the bottom, little. Additional sources of information putting a great deal of pressure on the ice Fiberspar below. This pressure, combined with the Connections West Wareham, MA 02576 (508) 291-2770 friction between blade and ice, causes some of 1. How do you think an ice surfing board (ice board manufacturer) the ice to melt directly below the blade. A thin would work if it were fitted with skis instead of film of water lubricates the ice under the blade, blades? U.S. Windsurfing Association PO Box 978 which helps it glide smoothly over the ice. This 2. Do you think it would be possible to adapt Hood River, OR 97031 really cuts down on the drag and means that the the design of an ice board to make a two- (503) 386-8708 ice surfer is actually riding on liquid water, not passenger commuter vehicle? How might you solid ice. Because there is far less friction do it?

ney V01"01..5 boom horizontal post on the mast vertical pole, extending up sheet out to let the wind out of bottom of the sail which the rider from the board, that supports the the sail, thereby slowing the uses for control sail and boom board drag force of resistance between power up to lift the sail and tack to sail in a zigzag pattern the bottom of the blade and the capture wind to get the board across the wind to move upwind surface it's riding on moving trim sail to adjust the sail to luff flapping of the sail when it sheet in to pull in on the boom either capture more wind or let it is pointed directly into the wind so that the sail can capture wind Out or the sail is sheeted out and move forward

We encourage duplication 'NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 24 Angling Your Attack Discover the best angle for sailing into the wind.

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER While it is impossible to sail directly into the front of the mast. Turn it on low and aim it wind, it is possible to move upwind by sailing directly at the mast. The sail should 14' If the 1305 at an angle across the wind. This is called sail and mast blow over, move the dryer tacking. Construct a simple model sail and test farther back. it to see what your minimal tack angle is. 3. Slowly pull the loose end of the string out at right angles across the protractor and watch Try This Materials the sail. As soon as the sail begins to fill with How does the amount of small lump of clay air, measure the angle that the boom makes If, water or surface protractor with the zero line on the protractor. Repeat roughness affect how much friction there is between pair of scissors this so you get an accurate reading, and then a blade and the ice surface? transparent tape average your readings. Freeze water in a rectangular metric ruler 4. Place the hair dryer directly behind the sail pan. Try dragging a brick unsharpened pencil at the same distance that you had it in front of across the ice, using a spring clear plastic wrap the mast. Start with your sail out perpendic- scale to measure the amount of force needed. What plastic straw ular to the barrel of the hair dryer and slowly combination of water and ice kite string about 30 cm (1') long use the string to pull the sail in until it ends produces the least resistance? blow dryer up parallel with the wind direction. Watch the Which produces the most? sail and mast and feel the tug of the string as 1. To construct your sail, cut a piece of plastic you do this. wrap into an equilateral triangle whose sides are each 15 cm (6") long. Cut the straw to Questions 14 cm and roll the clay into a ball. Insert the 1. At what angle did the sail first fill with air Try This pencil into the clay so that it is standing when you were running into the wind? What Ever since the vertically. This will be your mast. Wrap one does this tell you about the minimum angle at Egyptians first built side of the triangle around the pencil so that it which you can sail into the wind? f the pyramids, overlaps about 1 cm and tape it in place. 2. When you were sailing with the wind, at people have been Thread the string through the straw and tie looking for ways to what angle did the sail appear to have the reduce friction. Today, one loose end around the base of the pencil most power? many superlubricants where it sticks into the clay. Hold the straw 3. Can you calculate how far you would have exist for specialized out from the mast and tape the bottom edge to sail to move directly upwind one kilometer? purposes. Research of the plastic wrap 4. Why do you get maximum power out of a some of these products and explain why each to it. The straw will sail when it is at an acute angle to the wind? can work under certain be your boom. conditions. 2. Place your protractor with the zero point directly under the mast and press the clay down to hold it in place. (The boom should line up parallel with the zero Try This line on the protractor.) Research how sail designs for Place your hair dryer's boats have changed over time. barrel 30 cm (1') in What were some of the disadvantages of old-fashioned square riggers compared to modern vessels? Why do racing yachts have three or four different sails? What purpose does each one serve?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER 1305 What is DNA fingerprinting? Why is it so important, so useful, and so argued . about in court cases? DNA Fingerprinting Can blood found at a crime scene really identify a criminal?

Brian gets caught Insights red-handed as he investigates DNA The O.J. Simpson trial has generated much 100 cells but requires several steps: evidence. interest in DNA. Formerly used only in research 1.Scientists extract DNA from the cells. labs, DNA fingerprinting (called DNA profiling 2.Restriction enzymes cut the DNA into pieces Segment length: 8:00 by scientists) has entered an intense public of various sizes. spotlight, where lawyers, crime investigators, 3.Gel electrophoresis separates pieces by size. 13.esources Fackelmann, K.A. (1994, Nov 5) and scientists constantly discuss its merits and 4. Separated pieces are transferred to a nylon Beyond the genome: The ethics of pitfalls. Although usually used to establish membrane, and some sequences are labeled DNA testing. Science News, pp. paternity, DNA profiling is such good evidence with a radioactive substance called a probe. 298-299. that prosecutors are relying on it more and 5. X-ray film is exposed by the radioactive Glausiusz, J. (1994, Jan) Royal D- more to help convict suspects in criminal cases. emissions of only the labeled sequences. The loops: Remains of Russian Czar developed film, called an autorad, shows the Nicholas 11 and family proved authentic with DNA. Discover, p. 90. A DNA molecule resembles a long, twisted familiar track pattern of a DNA profile. ladder. The supports of the ladder are the same Horgan, J (1994, Oct) High profile: for everyone, but the rungs are what make us allTo eliminate any possibility of a mistaken The Simpson case raises the issue of different. Each rung is made of a pair of organicidentity, analysts use several different probes to DNA reliability. Scientific American, pp. 33-36. molecules called nitrogen basesadenine, look at several different DNA fragment patterns thymine, cytosine, and guanineusually in a sample. More than one person might have McElfresh, K.C., Vining-Forde, D., & Balazs, I.C. (1993, Mar) DNA- symbolized as A, T, C, and G. The sequence of a particular RFLP pattern, but it becomes less based identity testing in forensic the rungs is important. The bases constitute a likely that multiple people will have two or science. BioScience, pp. 149-157. code for different proteins, much like the letters more sequences in common. Statisticians call Zurer, P. (1994, Oct 10) DNA of an alphabet form words and sentences. this the multiplication rule, because the profiling fast becoming accepted tool Certain areas of the DNA molecule have no individual probabilities of a mistaken identity for identification. Chemical and currently understood function, but they appear for each pattern are multiplied together to find Engineering News, pp. 8-15. to vary widely among individuals. The most the overall probability. Additional resources common form of DNA profiling, abbreviated Several catalogs sell complete DNA RFLP, is a way of showing the unique patterns Connections fingerprinting kits: Flinn Biological Catalog Reference of bases in some of these areas. 1. Should an individual have the right to refuse Manual (800) 452-1261. to give a blood sample for DNA analysis, or Fisher CatalogEducational Before the "fingerprint" analysis, the DNA should the authorities have the right to take Materials Division (800) 955-1177. such samples without permission? Fotodyne CatalogEducational must be sampled and stored properly. Even Products Division (800) 362-4657. blood or semen that has soaked into a rug or 2. Biotechnologists want to map the DNA of Ward's CatalogBiology and Lab dried in the sunlight can be a source for sample the entire human population. How would this Supplies (800) 962-2660. help us? What problems could it create? cells. An analysis can be done from as few as America Online: Select in order: Reference. Access Excellence Key VOrCIS Biotech. (Includes experiments, DNA genetic material contained considered in court if the type of than one event occurring information, resources, and monographs on biotechnology, in every cell and unique to the evidence is generally accepted by simultaneously including DNA profiling.) individual the scientific community. restriction enzyme protein that DNA profiling identifying gel electrophoresis technique cuts DNA at specific base people by visual representations used to separate pieces of DNA sequences of unique regions of their DNA by size Frye standard of admissibility multiplication rule method Scientific evidence may only be used to obtain likelihood of more

lb " I 111 APPLE®

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER You can separate different mixtures of of the filter paper, in a horizontal row about chemicals by using chromatography, a 1/2" from the bottom. Repeat on a second technique similar to the electrophoresis that piece of the paper. Allow the spots to dry. scientists employ to separate DNA fragments. 3. Make a fold These techniques depend on matching a in the filter standard mixture with the unknown mixture papers and producing a visual representation of the about 1/2" Try This components. A band that appears at the same from the Collect newspaper location for the sample and the standard is top and ,,,.f."64, clippings and magazine articles on court cases likely to be the same substance. place one that involved DNA in each profiling evidence. What Materials freezer box. do lawyers usually criticize 2 freezer storage boxes or other The top about this kind of tall, square, flat-bottomed containers fold should evidence? What do they with lids usually try to prove with hook over it? What other kinds of filter paper, cut into rectangles just the side of the evidence do they also need narrow enough to fit into each box, and the to win a case? storage box and about 1/2" taller bottom 1/4" of the than the box (Coffee filters or other paper should be absorbent paper may be substituted, butdipped in the liquid. the resolution will not be as good.) Cover the box. Do not water immerse the spots in the liquid. Try This Write a descriptive isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol 4. The alcohol and water will crawl up the ts.,profile of each suspect toothpicks papers, pulling the components of the food 1,-7/from a Clue board game. food coloring in a set of four different coloring along. When the liquid reaches an What type of evidence colors (preferably the three primaries inch from the top of the paper, remove it and, might each suspect leave at a red, blue, and yellowand one with a pencil, mark how far the liquid crime scene that would distinguish him or her from secondary color, such as green or traveled. Dry the papers. Did the secondary the other suspects? Pass out purple, that is a mixture of those color separate into two primary colors? Did the weapon cards, one for primaries). The box should give the dye similar colors travel the same distance? each suspect. What evidence names on the back, so the food might the suspect leave at a colorings can serve as standards. Questions crime scene using that particular weapon? 1. What other artificially colored food items 1. Pour about 1/4" of rubbing alcohol into could you analyze in this way? one freezer box and cover it. Keep the lid on 2. If someone used a black felt-tipped pen to as much as possible, since the alcohol scrawl graffiti on a building, could you use evaporates readily. Pour about 1/4" of water chromatography to identify the ink? How into the other freezer box and cover it. would you design the experiment? What 2. Use the toothpicks to make four spots of might interfere with the analysis? different food colorings evenly across a piece

Try This Collect fingerprints from the class by inking the thumb and index finger on a stamp pad and then rolling each firmly on an index card. Enlarge them on a photocopier. Do any two match exactly? If there is a set of twins in your school, are their fingerprints identical?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. a32-LInnovation Educational materials developed with 27 the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER How is an airplane fire different NEWTON'S from a regular fire? When 1306 firefighters crash jets to practice on, how do they keep people from APPLE® getting hurt? Aircraft Fire Rescue How does a firefighter put out an airplane fire?

Dave feels the Insights heat during a simulated air A passenger jet has crashed. Flames shoot into crashes and the interior begins to burn, crash rescue. the air. Dozens of people are trapped inside. firefighters would only have about two minutes Segment length: 7:00 How can firefighters rescue anyone in a raging to rescue the passengers. (Fortunately, inferno like that? passengers can survive most jet crashes if they follow evacuation directions given on board.) Resources It takes skilled professionals with special Andriuolo, R. (1993) Firefighter: Written tests, physical exams (10th training. That's why men and women from Every effort is made to see that nothing gets ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice around the country come to the new Aircraft hurt during trainingnot the firefighters, not Hall. Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Facility in the environment. For example, in a real crash, Field, F. (1992) Get out alive: Save Duluth, Minnesota. firefighters would use aqueous film forming your family's life with fire survival foam (AFFF). The chemicals in AFFF mix with techniques. New York: Random There, they practice rescue techniques in a water and are "fluffed up" into a foam, but they House. state-of-the-art airplane crash simulator won't mix with the fuel in a jet crash fire. This Maas, R. (1989) Firefighters. designed to replicate a Boeing 757 jet. Nearly a means the water can float on top of the fuel Jefferson City, MO: Scholastic. hundred computer-controlled nozzles in and and smother the fire. AFFF creates a seal Smith, D. (1988) Firefighters: Their around the simulator shoot propane gas flames. around the firefighters' boots as they try to lives in their own words. New York: When that happens, the firefighters pump foam rescue the passengers. If the foam didn't do this, Doubleday. onto the fire. But since this is a simulator, the the fire could flash back and endanger the Smith, D. (1978) The history of fire foam doesn't actually put the fire outthe rescuers as well as those being rescued. fighting in America: 300 years of computer turns off some of the nozzles instead. courage. New York: Dial Press. The foam used during the simulation, however, Watson, T.W. (1992) Unhappy When the fire outside is under control, is biodegradable dish washing soap. Once it is landings: Why airplanes crash. firefighters cut their way through replaceable sprayed, it slides into a pit under the simulator Melbourne, FL: Harbor City Press. panels and into the jet's "cabin." Smoke is where it is treated and released into the regular Additional resource everywhere, so they may wear goggles equipped water treatment facility. NEWTON'S APPLE Shows 1102 with IRIS (infrared imaging system). In the (emergency rescue), 1105 (jumbo simulation, however, the smoke isn't real. It's Connections jets), and 1109 (firefighting). GPN: (800) 228-4630. Or call your local hydraulic fluid that has been heated to 427°C 1. What other situations could be simulated to PBS station to find out when it will and blown out nozzles. give people the practice they need to face an be rerun. emergency? Additional sources of information If trainees don't put out the fire in two and a 2. What would you include in a simulation to Duluth Technical College half minutes or less, they fail the test. That may prepare firefighters for a fire in a skyscraper ARFF Training Center sound like a tough challenge but if a real jet during the middle of a working day? 11501 Highway 23 Duluth, MN 55808

National Fire Protection Key .14.01"01..5 AssociationNFPA biodegradable substance that fuselage central body of an mockup scale model used for (800) 344-3555 can be broken down by natural airplane that holds passengers, demonstration, study, or testing Source for two books: SFPE processes crew, and luggage propane a natural gas, C3H8, handbook of fire protection FAA Federal Aviation infrared electromagnetic usually used to make heat engineering and Fire protection handbook (17th ed.). Administration; government radiation invisible to the human radiative heat heat transferred agency that operates the national eye but detectable as heat from a distance. The sun and car air traffic control system IRIS infrared imaging system; radiators emit this kind of heat. foam mass of gas bubbles in a allows firefighters to see heat simulator apparatus that gener- liquid film matrix images even through smoke ates test conditions close to real

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. ZE_ Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 28 Rescue Squad NEWTON'S Simulate a plane crash and practice saving passengers. APPLE®

ILiain Activity SHOW NUMBER Time is critical in an airplane crash rescue. The duffel bags, backpacks, or pillow cases From the moment they arrive, firefighters have will represent the people you must save. Make 1306 less than two and a half minutes to put out a sure to vary the weights in these bagsyou Aircraft Fire Rescue fire and make a rescue. How many people could even include one that is the weight of an could you rescue in a similar situation? This adult. simulation will help you find out. 4. With the masking tape or red chalk, mark irry This Xs to indicate your fire. Or make represen- Wrap your hand in a "glove" Materials tations with the red construction paper. you've made from aluminum masking tape, red chalk, or red 5. Your fire and rescue team will stand foil and then slip a big mitten over that. Slip a construction paper 6 meters (20 feet) from the outline of the thermometer in next to your a large, open area such as a playground fuselage. Start the timer and race to get into hand. Record the temperature at duffel bags, backpacks, or pillow cases the "plane." Before you can enter the fuselage, five-minute intervals. What do filled with heavy books or weights you must put out all the fires. A fire will be you begin to feel after the first blindfolds or sunglasses with all but a considered "put out" when you have drawn a ten minutes? Switch so that the mitten is next to your skin and narrow strip blocked out with tape to wet circle around it with a squeeze bottle. the foil is wrapped on the simulate smoke 6. Then rescue as many "people" as possible outside. Any differences? a stopwatch or a watch with a from inside the burning fuselage. second hand 7. Record the initial' time it takes to rescue squeeze bottles, enough for each the victims. rescuer. Empty, rinsed-out bottles of 8. Now repeat the entire exercise, this time dish washing soap work well. wearing the blindfolds or sunglasses to represent smoke. Is there any variation in your 1. In your open area, mark out a times? rectangle 40 meters (130 feet) 9. Repeat the rescue process a number of long and 4 meters (13 feet) times, keeping track of each team's time. wide. This will be your Chart each team's progress. fuselage. If you don't have access to a space Questions this large, reduce 1. Do you get quicker with each the lengths simulation? What are some ways accordingly. you could improve your rescue 2. Mark emergency time? exits, three on each 2. How do the "sighted" rescues side, so they are compare with the "blinded" evenly spaced apart. rescues? Try 'rills 3. Place chairs and 3. In what ways did you use Interview several other items in the area teamwork rather than simply acting firefighters and find out to serve as obstacles. as a group of individuals? r why they chose this job. Ask about their "scariest" fire and find out why it was so scary. If you can, try and find one who has had special training for fighting jet crash fires. Ask why she or he went into this special field.

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities 2 for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER

What are balloons made of? How do they hold air? What are they used for? .PPR ' a ID at;

Brian pops the Insights question about balloons. We make funny animals out of them. We The only problem for the serious balloon celebrate birthdays with them. We use them to collector is that the open mesh structure of Segment length: 7:30 play games. Balloons are a blast, but they're also latex, particularly when it's stretched tightly, lets super for science. helium and other gases escape right through the tangled molecules. Mylar, a type of polyester Zesources Dane, A. (1993, Feb) A new Meteorologists monitor atmospheric conditions that can be rolled into thin films, is better at balloon. Popular Mechanics, pp. by sending up weather balloons. Doctors open trapping helium because its molecules are more 106 -107. blocked veins and arteries by inserting special closely packed and Mylar does not stretch out deSeve, K. (1994, Nov 18) He, he, medical balloons into them. Scientists are even like latex. But even a Mylar balloon can't hold helium. Science World, pp. 12-15. investigating something called superpressure all the tiny helium atoms forever, and balloons. Sealed against leakage and strong eventually it loses lift also. Mullen, M. (1988, Nov-Dec) The return of scientific ballooning. enough to handle the sun's heat, these helium- Technology Review, pp. 8-9. filled balloons would float in the upper reaches Balloons are a great example of how the pressure of Earth's atmosphere. They may replace some and the volume of a gas are interconnected. Walker, J. (1989, Dec) Why are the first few puffs the hardest when you satellites because they're so much cheaper to When you blow up a balloon, you exert blow up a balloon? Scientific launchjust let them go! pressure on the inside walls of the balloon. American, pp. 136-139. When that pressure exceeds the outside air Additional resources The material that makes balloons stretch is pressure plus the pressure exerted by the latex Flinn Biological Catalog Reference latex, obtained from rubber trees. Latex is itself, the balloon begins to expand. The Manual: Lung volume activity. collected as it flows out of cuts in the tree bark. pressure inside a balloon is always a little higher Catalog #AB1242. (800) 452-1261. At this stage, it is fairly gooey. People make than the surrounding air pressure, because the Flinn Chemical Catalog Reference balloons by dipping a balloon mold into the latex is pushing back as the air inside pushes Manual: Dynamic gas behavior. latex and then heating it for a while to make out. When a weather balloon rises in the Software for Apple II. Catalog #AP4420. (800) 452-1261. the latex firmer and more elastic. atmosphere, for example, the outside pressure decreases and the balloon expands. Eventually, Flints Chemical Catalog Reference Latex is a polymer, which means that it has the inside pressure causes the balloon to burst. Manual: Soap bubblestheir colors and forces which mold them. Book. long, chainlike molecules made up of repeating Catalog #AP1852. (800) 452-1261. units. When it first comes out of the rubber Connections tree, its molecules are loosely tangled up,.so 1. How many different uses for balloons can Producers Studio: Balloon animal safari. Videotape. (503) 683-1400. they flow slowly. If you heat the latex, you you think of? create chemical cross-links between the molecule 2. What effects do balloons have on the Additional source of information strands. Long, tangled polymer molecules that environment? The Balloon Council PrincetonHouse have a few cross-links between them can extend 160 West State St. and then regain their original shape. These Trenton, NJ 08608 stretchy materials are called elastomers. (800) 233-8887 (Literature on the history of balloons and an inexpensive balloon Key Vords experiment kit for schools.) cross-links chemical bonds latex principal raw material used volume the space that a between the molecules of to make balloons particular quantity of a gas polymers polymer a long, chainlike occupies at a specific temperature elastomer general name for any molecule and pressure polymer that stretches and then pressure force per unit area that weather balloons helium-filled can regain its shape a gas exerts on the walls.of a balloons released to lift helium gas that is less dense container instruments that record than air atmospheric conditions

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE® ain Activity SHOW NUMBER 1111 Air is mostly a mixture of oxygen and dioxide, or the tablets have stopped fizzing, nitrogen, but it also contains smaller di\tie off the balloon and measure its 1306 amounts of other gases, such as carbon circumference with a string or Balloons dioxide. That's the gas that is released tape measure. when you drop a stomach-acid 5. Inflate another balloon with air irry neutralizer like Alka- to the same circumference. (Two Submerge an upside-down Seltzer into water. spherical objects of the same test tube or small beaker in a Do you think a circumference will have the same large beaker of water. What balloon full of volume.) do you notice about the level of carbon dioxide water in the tube as it is raised 6. Weigh both balloons again. and lowered in the beaker? Can will weigh more you explain why this happens in or less than a Questions terms of pressure and volume? balloon full of air? 1. Which balloon is heavier Why doesn't the air come out of the one with carbon dioxide or the tube? Tip the tube slightly. What happens? Materials the one with an approx- balloons of equal size imately equal volume of air? a small, empty, glass soda (Be sure to take into account bottle or other narrow- any difference in the initial mouthed jar or flask weights of the balloons.) What that can hold some pressure is the weight of the gas in each string or tape measure balloon? Why do you think cotton one is heavier than the other? a balance that weighs to the If you repeat the experiment, nearest .01 gram do you get similar results? Try is water 2. Part of the weight of a full Pretend that you and your Alka-Seltzer or its generic balloon is supported by the air classmates are gas molecules. equivalent, broken into around it, a phenomenon How is the inside of your classroom like a balloon? How pieces small enough to fit called buoyancy. Therefore, could your group of gas through the mouth of the balance measures a lower molecules escape? Is the the bottle )value than the actual mass playground like a balloon? Is it of either gas. The size of easy or hard to get out? At 1. Weigh two balloons and the buoyancy is the same absolute zero, you're packed all record their weights. together in a corner of the room. for two balloons of equal As the temperature goes up, you 2. Pour about 150 ml of water into the volume. How might you find begin to vibrate and move bottle. the value of that buoyancy so you could add its around. Can you stay close as the 3. Working as quickly as possible, drop in six effect to find the actual mass of the gas in temperature increases? Alka-Seltzer tablets. Lightly stuff the mouth of either balloon? the bottle with cotton and stretch the open end 3. If you let the balloons sit out for a while, of a balloon securely over the top of the bottle. which one loses gas pressure faster? Why do (The cotton allows the carbon dioxide through, you think that occurs? but soaks up any splashed water.) 4. When the balloon is filled with carbon Try 'this Inflate two balloons to 10-. equal size. Place one in a pan of hot water and the other in a pan of cold water. What happens? What will happen to equal-sized balloons in a range of temperatures?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Jr educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with 31 the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER When should you not believe what your NEWTON'S eyes and ears are telling you? How do amusement ride designers create the illusions that make you think you're doing something when you're not?

SuChin has a "real" in.gight.S experience on a simulator ride. Have you ever tried one of those motion will tell you that you're seeing moving pictures. simulator rides at an amusement park? How do When you watch a movie, you're seeing at least Segment length: 6:00 the designers manage to fool you into thinking 24 individual pictures per second. you're on an incredible journey? Even your ears can be fooled. In your inner ear, Resources three semicircular canals contain fluid and tiny Adams, J. (1991)The American For the answer, look at how your own eyes play amusement park industry: A history tricks on you. Anthropologists believe humans hairs connected to nerve endings of the of technology and thrills. Boston: developed peripheral vision to survive in the auditory nerve. Rapid movement causes the Twayne. fluid to move back and forth through these wildwe needed to see predators out of the Funston, S. & Ingram, J. (1994)It's corners of our eyes. Designers of simulators and canals, bending the hairs. This triggers the all in your brain.New York: Grosset virtual reality rides make use of this to create nerve endings, sending electrical signals to the and Dunlap. illusions. When the lights go off, your seat brain that demand you move your eyes and Heweston, S. (1994)Eye magic. moves in conjunction with peripheral images head to adjust to rotating movements. New York: Western Publishing projected around you. Company. Some nerve endings are very sensitive to gravity, Koenig, D. (1994)Mouse tales: A Ride designers also take advantage of our abilityhelping the brain know what postion your body behind-the-ears look at Disneyland. to sense the distance of objects as we move. Ouris in. On a ride that uses hydraulic lifts to move Irvine: Bonaventure Press. eyes perceive nearby objects moving more than your seat or that spins your body, your inner ear Lefkon, W. (Ed.) (1993)Birnbaum's objects in the distance. This visual cue to depth adjusts to provide a sense of orientation and Walt Disney World for kids by kids. is called motion parallax. Sixty years ago, Disney movement. After you've stopped moving, the New York: Hyperion and Hearst Studios developed a camera to make cartoon Coriolis illusion causes you to feel like you're still Business Publications. characters look real. They placed several layers spinning for awhile. That's why it's hard to Salzsider, J. (1994, Feb) Exposing of celluloid drawings at different distances from walkyour brain is trying to adjust to the the bathtub Coriolis myth.The the camera lens. When the layer of objects in spinning or abrupt movements rather than the Physics Teacher,p. 107. front of a character was moved to the right and ground. The surprise behind the rides. the layer behind to the left, the viewer's eyes (1994, Sept)Discover,pp. 44-52. sensed the characters moving in three Connections Additional resources dimensions. Today, designers use motion 1. What makes your favorite ride scary? 3M Learning Software:What's the parallax in rides. 2. Nerves in your ears that are sensitive to secret?CD-ROMs for Macintosh or gravity send messages to your brain about your Windows. (800) 336-2481. Another visual trick involves persistence of body's position. Do you think astronauts in NEWTON'S APPLE Shows 907 vision. Your brain retains an image for about space would feel better floating or attached to a (amusement parks) and 1113 one-tenth of a second after the image is gone. If corner of the spacecraft? (virtual reality). GPN: (800) 228- 4630. Or call your local PBS station you see 10 still pictures per second, your brain to find out when it will be rerun.

Scholastic:Magic School Bus explores Key Fords the human body.CD-ROM for celluloid old-style film made hydraulic lift equipment that simulator device or ride that Windows. (800) 426-9400. from camphor and pyroxylin creates movement in rides with creates the illusion of an Coriolis illusion an illusion pressure from liquids forced environment caused by the apparent spinning through tubes virtual reality illusion of reality of a body motion parallax ability to sense created by computers and other how far things are from us as we technology move peripheral vision what we see at the edges of our field of vision

Main Activity SHOW NUMBERI'LL Your inner eyeball is lined with a light- periphery only sees the movement of the sensitive membrane called the retina, which is handthe fovea can see how many fingers. 1307 connected to the brain by the optic nerve. The 4. Keep moving your hand forward until your Simulator Rides retina has lots of cells-120 million rods and partner can count the fingers correctly. 8 million cones. The periphery of the retina 5. Switch roles, and see how you do. contains rods and does not see images clearly 6. Switch again. This time, as your partner but sees motion and where things are. The stares straight ahead, slowly bring a colored Try This fovea of the retina contains mostly cones, and object forward from behind that person's head. Think about the best you use it to see what something is. Try this 7. Tell him or her to say "stop" as soon as he fm_ parts of every ride you activity to see how these two areas of your or she sees the object. Ask what color it is. The remember and design a retina differ. rods of the periphery see motion, but not ride that would be the color. Only the cones, found in the fovea, can coolest you and your Materials friends have ever been on. see color. Use construction materials partner 8. Continue moving the object forward until to create a model of your chair your partner can tell you the correct color. ride. several objects of different colors Question 1. Ask your partner to sit on the chair and 1. The rods in your retina see movement look straight ahead. You should stand behind better in the dark, but they don't see as clearly the chair. as the cones. You think you 2. Raise two fingers and, starting from behindare focusing on the pattern, your friend's head, slowly bring your hand but your eyes may be into view. moving enough to make the 3. Ask your partner to say "stop" as soon as pattern seem to move. Try s she or he sees your hand. Stop moving your Think about the Get a book of drawings by hand, and ask how scary things you ® M. C. Escher. Study the many fingers may have imagined illusions in the drawings. Do you see connections you have raised. seeing in the dark. between the animals that turn The number Does this help explain into other animals, or people will probably why you saw them? that seem to be suddenly be wrong walking up the down stairs, or because Adapted from an down the up stairs? Try to create a pictorial illusion of the .0°1* activity in You Won't Believe Your At& your own. (First you might Eyes by Nancy Crystal and have to copy one of his.) Milan Tytla. Published by Annick Press, Ltd., Toronto (1992). 4.1*) r Try This Test your peripheral vision and find your blind spot with the apple and the 3M logo on opposite ends of this page. Turn the page so that the apple is on the left and the 3M logo is on the right. Hold the page in front of your face; your nose should face the middle of the page. Cover your left eye with your hand and stare at the apple. Slowly move the page closer to your face. At some point you will no longer see the red 3M. Next, cover your right eye and repeat the exercise. Now, hold the page about one foot in front of you. Cover one eye and focus on the apple. Move the page from right to left and back to find your blind spot, the place where the 3M logo disappears.

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with 33 the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER Can humans really understand animals? How would animals and humans benefit by learning to speak a common language?

Peggy dives into Insights the language of dolphins. You're hiking in the woods with a friend one each key had a related cubbyhole containing an evening when a wind kicks up and rain starts toobject that represented the word. Humans Segment length: 6:00 pour down. Suddenly you realize your friend activated the keyboard by touching a key. isn't with you anymore. You shout, but your Dolphins activated it by inserting their beaks voice gets lost in the storm. Taking out your into one of the cubbyholes. Inside each Resources flashlight, you signal "SOS" in Morse Code. A cubbyhole was an infrared beam. When that Cohen, S. (1994) The intelligence of dogs. New York: Bantam. few hundred feet away you see your friend's beam was broken by a dolphin's beak, the flashlight signaling, "I'm coming." human word was heard on an overhead speaker. Dawkins, M. (1993) Through our Dolphins used vision and echolocation to eyes only? The search for animal consciousness. New York: W.H. Humans and animals both communicate in determine which cubbyhole to select when the Freeman and Company. many ways. Humans use almost 6,000 spoken, keyboard was activated. written, and code languages and also depend on Ganeri, A. (1991) Animal talk. New York: Barron's Educational Series. body language, sight, touch, and smell to relay The dolphins seemed to expect certain messages. Animals communicate with many behaviors from the trainers. When a human Linden, E. (1993, Mar 22) Can sounds, actions, and cues as well. touched the key, the dolphins would swim animals think? Time, pp. 54-58. ahead, then turn to make sure their trainer was Peterson, I. (1992, Nov 14) Dolphins, toothed whales, and porpoises following them to the right place. Dolphin sonar: Using their heads to depend on vocalization, echolocation, and click. Science News, p. 325. ultrasound to communicate with each other and Scientists don't know if the dolphin's Wexler, M. (1994, Apr/May) navigate. With echolocation, dolphins emit and interaction with humans is sophisticated Thinking about dolphins. National process up to 700 clicking sounds per second to communication or a conditioned response Wildlife, pp. 4-9. detect the size and location of an object motivated by a reinforcer (food). It may be a Additional resources hundreds of meters away. Researchers at the long time, if ever, before we can speak 3M Learning Software: What's the Living Seas exhibit at the Epcot® Center in "dolphin" and find out what's on their minds. secret? CD-ROMs for Macintosh or Windows. (800) 219-9022. Orlando, Florida, found that dolphin echolocation is sensitive enough to detect a Connections NEWTON'S APPLE Multimedia three-inch steel ball from 100 yards away. 1. How do you communicate with your pet? Collection: Life Sciences: Bees. Videodisc with software for How does your pet communicate with you? Macintosh. National Geographic: Another experiment at EPCOT Center What do you communicate about? (800) 368-2728. involved a communications keyboard. Each key2. If you could speak dolphin language, what SeaWorld Education Department: on the keyboard had a word written on it, and questions would you ask? http://www.bev.net/education/Sea World Or send e-mail to: [email protected]

Additional sources of information Key words Dolphin Research Center body language use of facial response to the bell was to ultrasound high frequency sound PO Box 2875 expressions, posture, gestures, and salivate in anticipation of food. that humans are unable to hear Marathon Shores, FL 33052 other nonverbal communication echolocation bouncing sound off vocalization formation of sounds The Living Seas conditioned response first objects to provide information Epcot Center demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov, a about size, location, and PO Box 10,000 Russian scientist. Dogs heard a movement of those objects Walt Disney World bell when fed, teaching them to frequency the number of cycles Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830-1000 associate food with the sound of a or complete "waves" (sound, bell. Eventually the dogs' radio) per unit of time

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! ,Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation "Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. '3 '4 OP NEWTON'S ' APPLES lain Activity SHOW NUMBER Many animal communication systems depend string or yarn to pull through the holes. Tie a on matching scents or sounds to identify knot in the yarn to complete the bracelet. friends and enemies. Explore what it would be 2. Poke several holes in the canister lids to like to use your nose to find out who your allow the scent to escape. friends and enemies are. 3. Place the same scent in pairs of canisters to create matching sets of scent-filled canister Materials bracelets. For the liquid scents, such as vanilla Try This 1 plastic film canister or similar small or peppermint flavoring, pour a small amount Cut out pictures of faces container per person of liquid onto a cotton ball and place it in the c", that show different expressions. Mount each on poster board canister. Cover each canister with a lid to hide a separate piece of poster yarn or string the contents. board. Ask several friends, one scissors 4. Distribute the bracelet sets at random to at a time, to look at each and cotton balls the participants. tell you what emotion they see. spoons 5. Instruct the participants that they may use Record each person's answers. How do the answers compare? a variety of strongly scented materials, only their noses to find the other person with Did everyone see the same such as vanilla flavoring, peppermint the same scent. No words, sounds, or gestures thing in each picture? flavoring, pine-scented room freshener, are allowed. When they find their friend, they lemon-scented cleaning liquid, cedar should report to you. chips, freshly chopped or pressed garlic, 6. Record on a poster board which pairs were vinegar, oregano, cloves, bubble gum, easiest or hardest to peanut butter, and cinnamon find. 7. Repeat the exercise, Try This 1. Make a scent bracelet for but be sure that each each participant by poking participant has a different scent. Use a dictionaryry of Americ two holes opposite each 4:7)--Sign Language (ASL) to lea to communicate a short other about 1 cm Questions . story. Ask a friend who doesn't know (3/8'') 1. What factors could have any ASL to watch you tell the story. from affected the discovery Ask that person to write down what the top process? your story is about. Then teach your of each 2.Is it easier for the new friend what you learned about ASL 40) and try telling the story again. Did film canister. pairs to locate each other your friend understand it better? Cut a 25-cm (10") after learning to use their noses in the length of first session? Why is that the case?

Try This Try This Humans speak almost The same sound produces 6,000 different different echoes in different t languages. Make a list of t"--- locations. Try making the same 10 important words or set of noises (a whisper, a loud phrases and find out how to shout) in different places. You say them in five other might try standing in a large room languages. If you have friends with a high ceiling, a bathtub or who speak other languages, shower, outside next to a building, ask them (or their parents or outside in the middle of a field, grandparents) for help in and in a car. What does the sound pronouncing the words tell you about the environment? correctly.

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with 35 the National Science Teachers Association. Important Information about Receiving Important Information about Receiving These Materials in the Future These Materials in the Future If the mailing label of this packet has "NSTA-13" If the mailing label of this packet has "NSTA-13" printed on itand you want to continue printed on itand you want to continue 0 receiving the NEWTON'S APPLE Educational receiving the NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materialsthen you MUST fill out and return Materialsthen you MUST fill out and return this card. this card.

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Thanks! Thanks! stampPlacehere Unitedmailed StatesinnecessaryNo the postage if PostageFIRST will BUSINESSCLASS be paidMAIL by PERMIT addressee NO. 3826REPLY ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA MAIL SAINTBOXNEWTON'S172 MM 4TH PAUL ST APPLE MNE 55101-1447 SAINTTWINNEWTON'S172 4THCITIES PAUL ST APPLE PUBLICMNE 55101-9851 TELEVISION I 11111111111111111111111O1 1111111111 11111111111111111111 111110111111111111o0111o1Iloloolooloolol000 ollolu 1111 0 I H stampPlacehere 1 il Unitedmailed Statesin thenecessaryNo postage if PostageFIRST BUSINESSCLASS will beMAIL paid PERMIT by addressee NO. 3826"EPLY 8T PAUL, MINNESOTA MAIL SAINTNEWTON'S172BOX 4TH MMPAUL ST APPLE MNE 55101-1447 SAINTTWINNEWTON'S172 4THCITIES PAUL ST APPLE PUBLICMNE 55101-9851 TELEVISION 11101110111111111111111111111110 1101111111i 10111111111111111111 IIdi,I, IH. 11110II, IollI,I,.1oa1.11,111.11111,1,1 38 by2. r O CrCD Cr nro 0CD Er C0 a 0rtOP 0-, 0 z 0, A Plane? Bird? ro 0 z0 C0 0z THEA firstFlying "flying[I Tube tube" was B ENGINEERINGEngineersNature's achievements help AboardFrom One Another Endeavor a0 Cr2. ro 0tn 0 0Ca American.chance by Hean ancientor she pickedNative up aprobably engineered by natural world. Gigantic bridgesus preserve and observe our WOMEN proud history among the have a long and cro Cs On 0 ro0-ti tri short piece of hollow tree branch. Theblend computerized with their barsurroundings. code on Theyranks hold of patentsengineers on andeverything inventors. P-CD a ,C10 tri 0 spinawayAs this and it was"tube" the accidentally flying was tubebeing wasgiven tossed a toyour fit grocerieson a honey has bee's been wings adapted by frombottle the stopper,windshield the wiper forerunner to the of col 0 C")0 ri) on0 07 0 bi born. You can engineer your own inventorsscientists andstudying engineers their Buthabits. derived have clever human African-Americantamper-proof packaging. womanThe went first topatent awarded to an '0 CD 0I,a 0-a0 -a (-7 H together.bottomintoflying a tube.cylinder and Rolltape from this the top bookmarkends to justobservingsome a"engineered" few of examples their what greatest naturebefore? from ideas hadthis Here by are couch.similarinventedSarah toIn Goodetoday's1892, the "Cabinet Sarahin convertible 1885. Boone SheBed," `Z. 0- CD 0 O Cro on C 6ez0 - Principleasprinciple called jumbo Bernoulli's jetsThe andtube uses the same Observedmightsource have of "inspiration" resulted: and what Invented andboard.received astronaut In a1992, patent Mae chemical for Jemison the ironingengineer qa trl aC 00- .r actuallyrequiresboomerangs. simple.trial and To With flyerror the your but tube armsis PoisonousWasps making snake a nestfang HypodermicPaper from woodneedle pulp womanSpacebecame in Shuttle space the first Endeavor.as African-American she rode the ft,a a0 05a-ro Cr TAMtrl youronehanging hand, fingers down, by and the hold thumb.sides, the between tubePoint in the BirdsAirborne flying seeds The airplaneparachute History Month, NationalIn Engineers conjunction with Black R. O an C0EL: g ,-;- hardend oftoss the forward tube forward. while sharply Give it a thisadd list.many By moreobserving "inventions" nature'sWith a to little thought you can womencontributionsWeek reminds in technology African-American you of thehave made roa C < thetwisting tube will your spin wrist. and flyDoneYou far. canright, engineer the tube by willengineers find an at "inspiration" work, perhaps for you to improve our quality of life. 7-3co" co changingmaterials. its shape, size, or thesomething human thatworld! is brand new to ro 0-a TurningENIEZ Ideas E;E:11% TurninglaGEM Ideas MENEMTurning Ideas ron. 0 FebruaryNational Engineers18-24, 1996 Week® \4 Into NationalFebruary Engineers 18-24, 1996 Week® Into Reality. FebruaryNational Engineers18-24, 1996 Week® into Reality. C- 40 NEWTON'S APPLE and others salute National Engineers Week, February 18-24, 1996

Engineers transform ideas into reality, solving practical problems Our nation's engineers can take great pride in their contributions to to serve people's needs. They have our country's growth and prosperity. By transforming the latest built much of our past and they innovations and the most advanced ideas into realities, they harness will build much of our future. I the engine of scientific discovery. am happy to take part in honoring them during National President Bill Clinton Engineers Weekand throughout the year. National Engineers Week provides a tremendous opportunity to plant a seed in Regardless of who you are or what L.D. DeSimone the minds of millions of people nationwide. you do, rule technology. Don't let it Chairman and CEO, 3M rule you. Get smart! Discover science Honorary Chair, National Engineers Week Engineering is essential to life and, more important, to a better quality of life. and mathematics now.

Jack Ferrell James Doohan, "Scotty" onStarTrek 1996 President, Society of Manufacturing Engineers Chair, National Engineers Week

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NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of Twin Cities Public Television, Saint Paul/Minneapolis, and is made possible by a grant from 3M. ZZI Innovation

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NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of Twin Cities Public Television, Saint Paul/Minneapolis, and is made possible by a grant from 3M. ZW Innovation SHOW NUMBER What is a hazardous material NyirplyNil spill? What is hazardous waste? How can we clean up spills safely and dispose of hazardous waste properly?

Peggy dons in.Sight.g protective gear to handle a Headlines about hazardous material spills can The response to a spill depends on the hazardous spill. be scary. Sometimes entire communities must situation. When the emergency response team be evacuated until a spill is cleaned up. Who is notified of a spill, it must quickly decide Segment length: 7:30 performs this sometimes dangerous work? what sort of danger is likely. Members of the They're called emergency response teams, and team collect appropriate clothing and Resources they have to be ready for just about anything. equipment and travel to the scene. There they Brooks, A. (1995, Jan. 21) A glass melange: New options for try to contain the spill, sometimes testing a hazardous waste? Science News, pp. Hazardous materials are chemicals (such as sample to identify it. If necessary, they 40-41. paints or bug killers), biological agents (such as decontaminate themselves before leaving the Hazardous waste at home: Handle disease-causing materials), or physical agents area. Once the material has been identified, with care. (1994, Feb) Consumer (such as radioactive materials) that are other personnel arrive to remove it. Reports, p. 101. dangerous to humans or to animals and plants. Peart, K.N. (1994, Apr 15) Three Hazardous waste is unusable hazardous material In the past, hazardous wastes were buried in deadly legacies. Scholastic Update, that results from the activities of human society. special landfills. Some industrial and PP.6-9- Research institutes, industrial plants, individual government operations also used fields, pits, Additional resources households, and government agencies all ponds, and lagoons as disposal sites. Over the American Online: Select in order: generate chemical waste. About one percent is years many of these leaked, contaminating soil Reference. Environment. Network classified as hazardous. and drinking water. Spill cleanup can take many Earth. Search with keyword "hazardous waste." more permanent forms, including incineration, A hazardous spill occurs when hazardous neutralization, and vitrification (sealing the Flinn Biological Catalog Reference material or waste gets into the environment in waste at high temperature in glass). New Manual: Oil spill cleanup. Classroom activity. an uncontrolled fashion. Many manufacturing techniques look very promising. For example, (800) 452-1261. processes use hazardous materials or generate certain bioengineered organisms can digest hazardous waste, but a hazardous spill doesn't specific hazardous chemicals. Some of these Focus Media: Easy search: Chemical hotline. Software for Apple and always come from a chemical plant or a factory. organisms have already been used on oil slicks IBM. Creative Computer Visions: Any substance in the wrong place at the wrong from ocean spills. (800) 843-5576. time in too large an amount can cause harm to Georgia DNR: The disposal the environment. What if a tank truck dumps ConneCtion.S dilemma. Videotape. (404) 657- milk into a small stream, for example? Or a 1. How can we as a society prevent hazardous 9851. giant vat of mayonnaise splits open at a food spills from happening in the first place? Educator's Progress Service, Inc. processing company? Those spills may be 2. What would you want to know if a 214 Center St. classified as hazardous, too. hazardous waste spill happened near your Randolph, WI 53956 home? (Request guide to free science materials.)

1.ey. Words MECC: Cleanwater detectives. emergency response team the hazard material or situation that spill cleanup process of Software for Apple. Creative people first on the scene to help causes harm under particular removing hazardous materials Computer Visions: (800) 843-5576 with a hazardous material spill circumstances from the spill site and rendering Additional source of information EPA Environmental Protection risk likelihood of a hazard them harmless or storing them Project WET Agency; federal agency actually causing harm. A hazard is under safe conditions 4614 Chatham Lane responsible for formulating an event, situation, or thing; risk Houston, TX 77027 regulations under which people is a statistical evaluation. (K-12 curriculum and activity dispose of hazardous waste guide.)

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. vtInnovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 42 Stop the Spill NEWTON'S Build a lakeshore and try to stop hazardous waste from spreading through it. APPLE. amain Activity SHOW NUMBER A hazardous waste spill might look or smell into the lake and allow it to seep under- bad, but often the worst problem for cleanup ground. Add more water if necessary to make 1308 crews is finding out where it goes after it gets it about .6 cm (1/4") deep. Hazardous Materials into the ground. How far do you think a 2. Spill several drops of food coloring on your hazardous waste spill can spread? How can it model, using different colors in different 'Cry l'his be stopped, at least temporarily? places. Take core samples with the drinking Take an inventory of the straws in various places on the model to track potentially hazardous Materials the progress of the spill, recording the results chemicals in your home and materials for simulating the of the core analysis on a chart. (These core school. (Don't forget the art geology of a lakeshore, such as sand, samples will work best if the land parts of the departmentthey use many paints and solvents that are aquarium gravel, clay, chalk, and a few model are slightly moist.) potentially hazardous.) Are the large stones (Try to obtain materials as 3. Spray water on the land part of the model, chemicals stored properly? lightly colored as possible, to ensure and evaluate how this affects the spread of the What can you get rid of? How clear observation of the colors.) spill. can you get rid of them? large rectangular glass or clear 4. Try various methods of cleaning up or plastic baking dish blocking in the spill, such as plastic wrap, clay, four colors of food coloring digging, etc. water miniature shovel (a toy or one Questions for house plant gardening) 1. What geological features does the spill a spray-type watering can to spread through fastest? In what direction does simulate rain the spill spread? Does it get into the narrow drinking straws, cut in 7.5 cm groundwater? How long does it take to reach (3") lengths the lake? Are there geological features that prevent it from 1. With the materials, spreading? build a model of a How do you Try This lakeshore in the baking think the spill Study the hazard warnings dish. Leaving a space for would spread if in a chemical supply the lake water, build up no water were 1 catalog or on the labels of chemical reagent bottles. the geology first with present? Do Under what conditions would the gravel and large some of the spills each of these chemicals be stones. Add a meet underground considered a hazard? What partial layer of and mix together? specific problems would be clay and then 2. How could you caused if each of them spilled? the sand and Would the location of the spill change the model to matter? How does the labeling chalk. make it more realistic? differ between chemicals sold Carefully What would you add for home use and for pour water or delete? laboratory use? What would the best cleanup procedure be for each one? Try This Pretend you're an ant rg.}, marching along. is' What kinds of events or substances would constitute hazardous waste for you?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities fir educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 43 Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. Nliky' SHOW NUMBER How does physics keep you zipping along on your in-line skates? I

Dave improves his Insights skating technique with a lesson in Push and glide. Push and glide. Faster and it but you're finding your center of gravity physics. faster, until you're cruising along somewhere every time you try to keep your balance while near 25-32 kilometers (15-20 miles) per hour. you're slaloming, tweaking, or wall-riding. And Segmentlength: 7:30 The wind whistles around your helmet. The if you don't find it, you experience the forces of wheels on your in-line skates whisper as you gravity (and friction) firsthand. Ouch! Resources Freeman, I.M. (1990) Physics made race along. Science and math are a long way simple. New York: Doubleday from your mind. But they aren't a long way When you're stair-riding or checking someone Books. from the sport. Side-surfing, crossovers, into the boards during a roller hockey game, you're dealing with another principle of Giancoli, D.C. (1991) Physics: backward skating, swizzling, arabesques, and Principles and applications. roller hockey all depend on physics. physicsinertia. Newton's first law of motion Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice talks about inertia, which is the tendency of a Hall. moving object to maintain a constant velocity. Physics is the science that tries to explain things Gutman, B. (1992) Blazing bladers. like matter and energy. Energy added to matter It's the principle you benefit from in the "glide" New York: Tor Books/Tom Doherty can produce motion. Motion can be changed part of "push and glide." After you push, you'll Associates. by force. And when you're having fun skating, keep on going until friction within the wheels' Powell, M. & Svensson, J. (1993) serious forces come into play. bearings, between the wheels and the ground, In-line skating. Champaign, IL: and between you and the air rob you of your Human Kinetics Publishers.

For starters, you push and glide to increase forward motion. Rappelfeld, J. (1992) The complete your speed. But you aren't just moving, you're blader. New York: St. Martin's Press. moving in a certain directionhopefully The physics of motionacceleration, velocity, center of gravity, inertia, and frictionare all Sullivan, G. (1993) In-line skating: forward, though backwards works and "down" A complete guide for beginners. New happens a lot when you're first learning. part of every in-line race, hockey game, or zing York: Cobblehill Books. Motion in a particular direction is velocity. You around the park. Who knowsunderstanding Walpole, B. (1987) Fun with science: increase your speed while trying to pass the the science better may help you become a Movement. New York: Warwick slowpoke on the bike in front of you, decrease faster, better, and more powerful skater! Press. your speed to let the five-wheeled in-line racer Additional sources of information pass you, or swerve to avoid a pothole. All of Connections In-line magazine these actions involve changes in velocity and are 1. How would lowering your center of gravity 1919 14th St., #421 therefore accelerations. (by squatting down) change your velocity? How Boulder, CO 80302 is doing an arabesque the ultimate exercise in International In-line Skating Still not convinced that something so popular finding your center of gravity? Association could have anything to do with physics? Then 2. How might the hardness of the wheels on Lake Calhoun Executive Center 3033 Excelsior Blvd. how about center of gravity?You may not realize the in-line skate affect your speed? Minnetonka, MN 55416

U.S. Amateur Federation of Roller Kerr Vords Skating acceleration change in the speed friction force that acts against newton unit used to measure the 4739 South St. or direction of motion forward motion amount of force you need to PO Box 6579 Lincoln, NE 68506 center of gravity point around inertia tendency of an object in accelerate a one-kilogram object which the entire mass of an motion to remain in motion and to a velocity of one meter per object can equally balance an object at rest to remain at rest second in one second force push or pull exerted on or mass amount of matter an object velocity the speed and direction by an object has of motion of a body

We. encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant From 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. I I

Hain Activity SHOW NUMBER-1-.1-4t Arnold Schwarzenegger is a powerful human 6. Stop the stopwatch when the person being, no doubt about it. But how much force crosses the 20-meter mark. That number (in do you think he can generate in newtons? seconds) is that skater's time (t). When he holds a 300-pound barbell above his 7. Do this for as many students as you want, head, he's exerting 1,336 newtons of force. keeping careful records. When everyone is Try This Here's an activity that lets you figure out how done, you're ready to figure the average Spin a raw egg on its side in much force in newtons you generate on a pair acceleration (a). Acceleration can be calculated a bowl. Stop it, then let go of in-line skates. using the following formula: a = (2 x d)I t 2. (If of it quickly. What happens? Why would the egg start to Emily covers 20 meters in 5.0 seconds, her spin again? Materials average acceleration is 1.6 meters per second in-line skates squared. This means that she is adding one stopwatch meter per second to her speed every masking tape or chalk second.) meter stick 8. Now you're ready to figure the force calculator generated by each skater. Force is Try This human weight scale measured in newtons. One newton Make a number of is the amount of force you'd odd shapes out of cardboard. Poke three 1. Weigh each person in your class. need to get one kilogram holes in each one. Pin 2. For this activity, you need to know the (2.2 lb) of mass accelerating the shape to a bulletin mass of each person. To do that, divide the at one meter per second board through one of the weight in pounds by 2.2. This is each person's squared. You can figure out the holes. Hang a weighted mass (m) measured in kilograms. Record the force by using this formula: F= ma. string from the pin and draw a line on the mass of each person on a chart. (For example, (Emily's force would be 64 cardboard along the edg if Emily weighs in at 88 pounds, her mass newtons.) of the string. Repeat thi is 40 kilograms.) 9. Once you've figured out using a different hole. 3. Predict which students in your the force measured in Wherever the lines cross class will be able to generate newtons, convert newtons to is the center of gravity. What would happen if the greatest amount of pounds (newtons x 0.22 = you pinned the cardboard force (F) on a pair of in- pounds). Remember that shape at the center of line skates. these are very rough gravity? 4. On a gym floor calculations. We are assuming (with masking tape) or that acceleration is constant in a parking lot (with and that all the force exerted chalk), mark a by the skater goes to increase starting line and speed (rather than to overcome friction and to another line push downward to avoid slipping). (your distance, or d) 20 meters Questions Try This away. 1. What do the final numbers mean? What Tape a quarter to the 5. Have someone does it mean to have generated a force of so- (g) inside wall of a can. On a stand at the finish line with a many newtons or pounds? Compare this to N"-- board that is slightly stopwatch. Signal the skater to go, your weight in pounds. inclined, place the can on its pushing as hard as she or he can 2. Who generated the greatest amount of side and turn it so that the quarter is slightly past the top for the full 20 meters. Make sure force? Why? Were your predictions correct? position on the "uphill" side. the skater and the stopwatch start at 3. Did each person's mass affect his or her Let go. Why would the can the same time. acceleration? How? roll up the board? Can you explain this in terms of center of gravity?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with 45 the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER Does a human slingshotor ejector NEWTON'S seatride work on the same science principles as a bungee jump? Why do rides like that make a person feel .13P a little queasy? Human Slingshot Ride How does the "ejector seat ride" work?

SuChin is propelled Insights 150 feet into the airall in the name Life is full of ups and downs. Sometimes, force of lg, as gravity pulls our bodies toward of science. though, moving between these extremes can be the center of Earth. On the ejector seat, force quite entertaining. Just check out the human due to the ride alone may be up to 2g, but the Segmentlength: 6:15 slingshotor ejector seatride. force your body feels is actually 3g, once you add in gravity as well. ZeS011rCeS The ejector seat ride has its roots in bungee Breckenridge, J. (1993) Simple physics experiments with everyday jumping. Both depend on the elasticity of The sudden shifting of your body's position materials. New York: Sterling bungee cords to provide a force. In bungee upsets the fluid in your inner ear, affecting your Publishing. jumping, the elastic force is used to negatively sense of balance and triggering responses such Chaos for fun and profit. (1994, accelerate (decelerate) and halt a jumper's body as an increased heart rate and tightening of Feb 26) Science News, p. 143. as it plummets toward the ground. The ejector your stomach muscles. Your body seems incredibly heavy as g-forces push you and the Epstein, L.C. (1994) Thinking seat works in reverse. Elasticity overcomes physics is Gedanken physics. San gravity by yanking upward and positively blood in your body back in the direction you Francisco: Insight Press. accelerating (propelling) the riders sky-high. started from. Your heart works harder to get the Erase, N. (1992) Bungee jumping oxygen- and nutrient-bearing blood back to the for fin and profit. Merrillville, IN: Riders are strapped into a cage that has been brain and overworked stomach muscles. This ICS Books. pulled down to the ground, stretching the creates a temporary chemical imbalance resulting in faintness or queasiness. Freeman, I.M. & Durden, W.J. bungee cords connected high above to (1990) Physics made simple. New maximize potential energy. Then the entire unit York: Doubleday. is released skyward, converting the potential At the moment acceleration stops and the bungee cords stop pulling on you, the only Gardner, R. (1990) Famous energy of the bungee cords into the kinetic experiments you can do. New York: energy of the riders, shooting them 45 meters force from then on is gravityyou actually Franklin Watts. (150 feet) into the air. At the moment of experience free fall. Somehow, your body adapts and often you even enjoy the experience. Pearce, F. (1992, Aug 29) Licensed release, the rider feels the maximum to thrill. New Scientist, p. 23. acceleration. Of course, energy is dissipated with each pass as heat is generated by friction Connections Wellnitz, W.R. (1993) Bea kid 1. On the ejector seat, when gravity cancels physicist. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: between the bungee cords and air and within Tab Books. the cords themselves. out upward motion, the rider returns in a brief free fall and is actually weightless. On what Whitelaw, I. (1992) Eyewitness other rides would you experience this? science: Force and motion. New The g-forces caused by the bungee acceleration York: Dorling Kindersley. are the very same forces that affect race car 2. In what ways do you experience g-forces in drivers and astronauts. Even when we're just your everyday life? (Hint: G-forces only occur Additional resources 3M Learning Software: What's the standing around, our bodies experience the during accelerationa change in speed.) secret?CD-ROMs for Macintosh or Windows. (800) 219-9022.

Key listord.s NEWTON'S APPLE Multimedia acceleration change in the speed original shape, with varying kinetic energy energy of a Collection: Physical Sciences (roller or direction of motion degrees of strength depending on moving body coasters). Videodisc and software . for Macintosh and Windows. bungee jumping sport where a the material potential energy amount of National Geographic: (800) 368- energy a body has stored, ready to person jumps, while attached to force of gravity how much the 2728. elastic cords, off of a high acceleration of gravity makes you be converted into kinetic energy platform weigh against the floor or a scale trajectory path a launched dissipated released, dispersed force push or pull exerted on or object takes through the air elasticity property of a material by an object zenith the highest point in the to stretch beyond its original g-force force exerted by gravity trajectory of a launched object shape, as well as to return to its on an object near Earth's surface

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 46 Ups and Downs of G-forces Take a spin on a roller coaster to find out how gravity comes into play. Main Activity SHOW NUMBER'I' In the name of science, and for you to seat. This is where you were experiencing completely understand the difference between negative g-forces. 1309 positive and negative g-forces, NEWTON'S 5. How does this color map compare to your Human Slingshot Ride APPLE respectfully requests that you make a side view? Do positive and negative g-forces sacrifice to collect data for this very important correlate with altitude? Do they seem to be experiment. Unfortunately, you'll have to do it associated with certain parts of a turn or an at an amusement park. incline or descent? Now mark some dizzy or Try This disoriented spots on your color map. Are they Why do you Materials associated with the positive or with the suppose "ride films" amusement park with a roller coaster negative g-force experiences? (where people are paper 6. Extra credit: If you hold a penny in the flat enclosed in a movie- watching environment to regular and colored pencils palm of your hand (facing toward what is simulate roller coasters or calculator originally upward) throughout the entire ride, outer space rides) can make it never falls out. Why? Is this due to g-forces you as nauseous as the real 1.First, go for a couple of rides. Pay attention or others? thing? Which of your to when you feel heavy and when you feel senses are fooled, and which are not? (Check out light, when you feel your body pressed hard Simulator Rides, Show against the seat, and when you feel disoriented 1307, in this packet for or dizzy. more information.) 2. Next, sit where you can watch the roller coaster go through its ride. Sketch out as best you can a side view and an overhead view. 3. On your overhead view, color in red the parts of the ride where you felt heavy, coloring darker and heavier at the most forceful parts. This is where you were experiencing positive g-forces. 4. Color in blue the parts of the Try This Both bungee jumping and the ride where you felt light, as if the F)._ ejector seat ride depend on restraining bar on your car was the elasticity in bungee cords the only thing keeping you to exert forces, whether from flying out of your stopping a falling jumper or launching a human slingshot. Put on some eye protection and gather up a ruler and rubber bands of different sizes and Try This lengths. Using the ruler as a Can you sense launcher, shoot the rubber bands forces on a into an open area where there is trampoline? Do its no danger of hitting anyone. Do you ever feel negative g- wide bands travel farther than forces? Try This thin bands of the same circumference? Why? How does Is there any way you can change the traveling distance of the rg}. your apparent weight, as rubber bands change as you pull N measured on a bathroom scale, back on the ruler to different while riding a fast elevator in a tall measurements? Why? building? Try to determine the positive and negative accelerations of the elevator by watching the readings as you stand on the scale.

We encourage duplication NEWTONS APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities 47 for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. aa Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER -44+NEWTON'S Why do we have bone marrow? Why would a person need a bone IIPFAPPLE marrow transplant? Bone Marrow What is a bone marrow transplant and how does it work?

Peggy finds out Insights why bone marrow matches are so Inside your bones is a thick mass of cells called new immune system from the donor's marrow rare. bone marrow. Every hour, a small number of may identify the patient's body as foreign and stem cells in it create all other kinds of blood try to destroy it. When the donor's immune Segment length: 6:45 'cells that exist in your body, including cells in the marrow attack the patient, many leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. These cells symptoms may result and, in severe cases, the Resources are essential to your healthleukocytes fight patient could die. A transplant program looks to black donors. (1993, Mar 23) The New infection, erythrocytes carry oxygen, and York Times, p. B6. platelets help the blood clot. Doctors decrease these risks by trying to select a patient/donor pair whose immune cells will Altman, L.K. (1994, July 19) When a person has a blood disease, such as identify each other as "self." An identical twin's Baboon cells might repair AIDS- ravaged immune system. The New aplastic anemia or leukemia, doctors may cells will see the other twin's cells as self. But York Times, p. C3. perform bone marrow transplants to re- most patients do not have an identical twin. So establish a healthy blood supply. Many doctors look at a person's human leukocyte Brooks, A.C. (1994, Dec 10) Bone transplants occur after a patient has received antigens (HLA) to match donor and patient marrow transplants: Upping the odds. Science News, p. 391. chemotherapy or radiation treatment to destroy bone marrow. These are proteins present on the cancerous or other disease-causing cells. Both surface of our cells. They play a big role in Coghlan, A. (1993, Apr 10) Blood abnormal and normal cells are killed by these telling immune cells that other cells are either cell 'factory' aims to end treatments, including stem cells. A bone foreign or "friendly" self cells. transfusions. New Scientist, p. 17. marrow transplant starts the blood production Maugh, T.H. (1994, Dec 1) New process from scratch with normal stem cells. Doctors will look at HLA antigens on your tactic may ease transplants of bone siblings' cells, because you have a 25 percent marrow. Los Angeles Times, p. Al. An allogeneic transplantwhere another chance of having an HLA match with a brother Stewart, S.K. (1994) Bone marrow person's bone marrow is given to a patient or sister. Among unrelated people, only one in transplants: A book of basics for doesn't always work because of rejection or 20,000 people will be an acceptable match. patients (rev. ed.). Highland Park, because of graft-versus-host disease. Rejection IL: BMT Newsletter. of the donor's marrow occurs because our C.onneCtion.S Wiegner, K. (1994, Dec 7) He's not bodies fight off invading foreign cells. If a 1. How would the ability to create blood in a my brother. Los Angeles Times, donor's marrow doesn't match perfectly, the lab affect the availability of marrow transplants? p. 010. recipient's immune system may identify the 2. In an autologous bone marrow transplant, a new cells as foreign and destroy them, leaving patient's bone marrow is extracted and then Additional resource NEWTON'S APLE Show 1012 the patient unable to create new blood. reintroduced into the body. What transplant (blood typing). GPN: (800) 228- problems might this eliminate? What new 4630. Or call your local PBS station Graft-versus-host disease occurs because the complications might occur? to find out when it will be rerun.

Additional sources of information BMT Newsletter Key IA/ord.-5 1985 Spruce Ave. aplastic anemia blood deficiency erythrocytes red blood cells that platelets cells in the blood that Highland Park, IL 60035 whereby reduced levels of red transport oxygen in the blood to cause it to clot after an injury (708) 831-1913 blood cells, platelets, and the tissues radiation treatment using leukocytes result in a shortage of leukemia cancer of the blood energy from a radiation source to National Marrow Donor Program oxygen in the blood, bleeding, characterized by excessive eliminate disease 3433 Broadway St. NE, #400 and infection production of white blood cells stem cells unspecialized cells Minneapolis, MN 55413 chemotherapy using chemicals leukocytes white blood cells that that create specialized cells (800) 627-7692 to treat disease by poisoning the fight off infection or destroy transfusion transfer of blood disease-producing cells foreign cells from one person to another

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 48 What Are the Odds? NEWTON Find the connection between rolling dice and a genetic match. Main Activity SHOW NUMBER'1' What are the chances of getting a match at Now, there are many more combinations random from an unrelated donor? In this possible. Below is a chart listing all the 1309 activity, you will learn about probability using possible rolls for your dice, naming them Die Bone Marrow a pair of dice. A and Die B. We started the chart to help you figure it out. Fill in the missing numbers to Try This Materials complete all the possible die rolls. There are four different pair of dice 4. Count how many possible outcomes you blood types: 0, A, B, and paper can have when rolling two dice. If we wanted AB. Try to find out the blood pencil to calculate our chances of rolling a 5 on either type for everyone in your family, including yourself. To whom could calculator or both dice, we would have to rewrite our you donate blood? Who probability equation: could donate blood 1. If you rolled a pair of dice, what chance to you? would you have of getting matching numbers? probability = 3 (Die A=5, Die B=5, or both=5) Write down how many times you think you'd (fill in your count from above) have to try before you got a match. 2. The first concept you need to know is that 5. Now use what you've learned and the chart the probability of something happening is you've completed to calculate the chances of expressed in this simple equation: rolling matching die.

probability -number of favorable outcomes Questions number of possible outcomes 1. The HLA proteins In this example, you're trying to get an are determined by outcome where the two dice match. A die is a genes on cube with six possibilities: you can roll either a chromosome 6. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. So with one die, your Each parent probability of rolling a 5 is: has two of these Try This 1 (number of chromosomes, Create a simple model probability = favorable outcomes) and these four 140-7., showing how your blood 6 (number of HLA types are t cells are suspended in possible outcomes) almost always plasma, making blood. Fill a glass jar with corn syrup to different. You represent plasma and add tea inherited one HLA leaves, bits of confetti, and 3. Next, you have to figure out how your type from each parent, pepper to act as blood cells. probability changes when you roll a pair of as did your siblings. What is the Put the lid on tightly and dice. First, consider what the new number of probability that one of your siblings inherited shake the jar to get an idea of how blood cells travel in possible outcomes is. Before, there were six. the same HLA types that you did? plasma through your system. What happens when you let the "blood" sit for a while? Does the heart's pumping action do more than just Die ADie BDie ADie BDie A Die BDie ADie BDie ADie BDie ADie B transport blood? 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1

1 2 2 2 3 2 4

1 3 2 3 3 3

1 4 2 4 3

1 5 2 5

1 6 2

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational we! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 49 Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S What is being done to ensure the future of lions in Africa. How have they adapted to life on the Serengeti? Wild Lion Vets How are veterinarians aiding wild animals in Africa?

David travels with Insights a big-cat veterinarian. No other animal captures the image of strength They are the main hunters of the pride. The

and majesty like the lion. Thousands of years males leave the pride when they grow up and Segment length: 5:45 ago, these powerful felines were found from the are replaced by newcomers, sometimes in Mediterranean to India. Today the "king of deadly fights. beasts" is largely restricted to Africa, south of Resources Fogle, B. (1991) Know your cat. the Sahara desert, where some live in the Lions are territorial. The size of the territory is New York: Dorling Kindersley. woodlands and savannas of protected reserves. largely determined by the number of pride members and the amount of prey. It is the Green, C.R. & Sanford, W.R. (1987) The African lion. Mankato, Like all cats, the lion is a muscular hunting male's role to roar and mark its territory by MN: Crestwood House. machine. Unlike the cheetah, the lion is built urinating. The roar is often heard at dawn or for strength, not speed. A male lion often dusk as a warning to intruders. It is produced Hofer, A. & Ziesler, G. (1988) The lion family book. Saxonville, MA: weighs between 160 and 180 kilograms (350 to by the vibration of cartilage in the back of the Picture Book Studio. 400 pounds) and is 3 meters (10 feet) long, lion's throat, and the frightening sound may including the tail. The female lion weighs carry five miles (eight kilometers). Lawick, V.H. (1986) Among predators and prey. San Francisco: about 150 kilograms (330 pounds). The Sierra Club Books. shoulder and forelegs are well developed, Tracts of land, such as Kenya's Maasai Mara enabling lions to clutch prey and pull it to the Game Reserve and the Serengeti National Park MacDonald, D. (1992) The velvet in Tanzania, have been set aside to protect lions claw: A natural history of the ground. If its prey is small, the lion may bite carnivores. London: BBC Books. through the skull or neck with its powerful and other wild animals. But as the human jaws. Larger animals (like the zebra or population grows, there will be more pressure Schaller, G. (1983) Golden shadows, flying hooves. Chicago: University of wildebeestthe lion's preferred prey) are to turn parkland into farmland. And now lions Chicago Press. usually strangled with a throat bite. Of its 30 face an additional threat. Many suffer from teeth, the four canine teeth are used to hold distemper, a viral disease which causes anemia, Taylor, D. (1989) The ultimate cat blindness, seizures, muscle spasms, and even book. New York: Simon and and puncture, while the four carnassial teeth Schuster. cut through tough skin and meat. With no death. Veterinarians from around the world are teeth for chewing, this carnivore swallows its trying to isolate the virus and discover how the Additional resources Darling Kindersley and BBC food in chunks, eating about 7 kilograms (15 animals are exposed to it. Lionheart Television, Intl.: pounds) of flesh a day. Eyewitness, cat. Videotape. (800) Connections 944-1419. Lions live in prides, often consisting of four to 1. What would happen to the Serengeti Encyclopedia Britannica: The lion. twelve adult females, their cubs, and one to six ecosystem if the lion became extinct? Videotape. (800) 621-3900. adult males. The lionesses are usually related to 2. Who is responsible for the protection of National Geographic: African lions? each other and stay together for their lifetimes. wildlife and Lions of the African night. Videotapes. (800) 368-2728. Xey ti Lords Additional source of information canine fang tooth for biting domesticated adapted to life in savannas plain with grasses and The Wildlife Conservation Society carnassial bladelike tooth for close association with humans scattered trees, especially near the Bronx Zoo Bronx Park shearing flesh and for their benefit equator where rainfall is seasonal New York, NY 10460 carnivore fleshing-eating animal felines members of the cat territorial characteristic of an cartilage tough, white animal family animal that claims a certain area tissue pride the family grouping of the for hunting and other activities lion

50 We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. Mb, lvlain Activity SHOW NUMBERI'LL Like all cats, lions have 1. In a brightly lit room, study a partner's excellent eyesight and eyes or look at your own eyes in a mirror. 1310 see almost as well at Sketch them, noting the size of the pupils in Wild Lion Vet night as during the day. relation to the iris. The feline's pupils have 2. Now dim the lights for five minutes. evolved to Sketch your partner's eyes or your eyes. Again, Try This quickly adjust draw the size of the pupils in relation to the With a friend, observe to the amount iris. Compare the two sketches. c.._ and record the activities of light needed of a cat every 15 minutes 3. Next, observe a cat under the same over a period of several for the hunt. A conditions. Draw what the cat's eyes look like hours. For each 15-minute cat's pupils can when the room is brightly lit. Sketch the cat's segment, write down the open wide to eyes when the room is dimly lit. In a nearly primary activity of the cat. allow in the dark room, shine a flashlight at the cat until What proportion of the cat's time is spent eating, faintest you can see its eyes glow. drinking, playing, exploring, moonlight. or just plain sleeping? How The same Questions does a cat's routine compare pupil can 1. What are the differences in the pupil size to that of a lion? How does close to the size of a pinhole during the day to of a human's eyes in various amounts of light? it compare to yours? shade out bright rays. Felines need only one- Why do the pupils change size? Can you sixth the light humans do to make out the explain the difference between human eyes same details of movement and shape. When and those of the cat? you compare your eyes to a cat's eyes, you will 2. Why do a cat's eyes glow in the dark? be learning about a lion's eyes, too. (Hint: Research the term tapetum lucidum.) 3. A cat's pupils dilate at dusk to hunt, but Materials why do they dilate in a flight-or-fight naturalist's notebook and pencil situation? flashlight Try This cat Research as much as you can about mirror (optional) lions. Then invite a local veterinarian ( to visit your class and share information about cats, their anatomical structures, common diseases, behaviors, etc. Find out what pet cats and lions have in common. What are their Try This differences? For example, can a cat roar With a friend, or a lion purr? write down as many members of the cat family as you can, listing them by continent. Try to Try This find pictures of them. Make your own field ter,.Observe a cat. How many claws does guide of cats by doing K27" a cat have? How do the back feet research on each one. differ from the front feet? How Page through a field many whiskers does a cat have? Can you guide first to find out find the backward barbs on a cat's tongue? the consistent These are used for grooming and scraping characteristics to meat off bones. Can you tell the canine research, such as teeth from the carnassial? appearance, habitat, range, and food.

Bps! How fast can bikes go? How have bikes changed since they were 1 invented, and why? Bicycles Howdo a bike and its rider stay up?

Peggy stays up on Insights the science of bicycle balance. In the Colorado desert in 1992, a speeder was bicycle. The first functioning velocipedes of the clocked going 110 kilometers (68 miles) per 19th century also strongly resembled today's Segement length: 6:20 hour. No ticket was issued to the driver. A lapse bikes, with two wheels of the same size. The in law enforcement? Not at all. old-fashioned bicycles most people think of with enormous front wheels and tiny back Resources A new bike harnesses the best of all The Dexter Hysol Cheetah, an experimental wheels were actually invented later. Called possible wheels. (1992, Feb 29) The bicycle, had just broken the world record for "ordinaries," these bikes were fun and fast, but New York Times, p. 52. human-powered speed. The Cheetah quite unstable and dangerous. Ballantine,R. & Grant, R. (1992) incorporated many new innovations in Richards' ultimate bicycle book. New bicyclinga recumbent seating angle, Most innovations in biking happened as a result York: Dorling Kindersley. aerodynamic fairing, and the latest lightweight of the energy crisis of the '70s. Many of these innovations have already been incorporated into Dream machines. (1992, Feb) materials. The result was a milestone in the Bicycling, pp. 56-58. annals of two-wheel transportation. competition-class bicycles, such as aerodynamic carbon-fiber frames. Other improvements Evolution of a dream: From Da include wheels that attach on only one side, Vinci to Daedalus. (1988, Dec) Two principles of physics explain how a bike Bicycling, pp. 68-74. works. First, angular momentum, the same force two-wheel drive for more traction, and tension at work in a gyroscope, makes wheels want to wires that offer extra stability for less weight. Fisher, L. (1992, Aug 5) Shifting a Recumbent bicycles are also becoming popular, in bike with centrifugal force. The keep turning in the same direction and position New York Times, p. D4. as they have been. So as your bike wheels spin part because the rider's lower center of gravity underneath you, they're actually helping you makes the bike more stable. Not only are you Korten, Tristram. (1991, Jan 21) Pedal power. Design News, pp. stay upright as their angular momentum resists less likely to fall off it's a shorter distance to 111-114. changes in the bike's upright position. Second, the ground if you do! because of the way bicycles are constructed, McGurn, J. (1987) On your bicycle: An illustrated history of cycling. New inertia swings the upper part of a bicycle away Connections York: Facts On File Publications. from the center of a turn, even as the front 1. What needs to happen for more people to wheel dips into the turn, keeping the bike in an use bicycles as daily transportation? What Posth, M.A. (1993, Oct) The would help you make more trips on a bike? world's fastest bike. Popular Science, upright position. pp. 78-80. 2. The front wheel of an "ordinary" could be Bicycles have undergone few design changes up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) tall, with the rider Sullivan, K. (1992, July 12) Laid- perched on a seat on top. How would this affect back bikers love this cycle. The since they were first invented. The earliest Washington Post, p. Bl. known bicycle design dates back to the 1490s, the stability of the ride when you compare it to when a student of Leonardo da Vinci sketched a a regular bicycle? Thisdell, D. (1992, Sept 12) For sale: The world's fastest bicycle. vehicle which looks remarkably like today's New Scientist, p. 23. Key Sfords Additional resource aerodynamic designed to fairing bubble structure recumbent bicycle bicycle slung NEWTON'S APPLE Show 501 low to the ground, with wheels (high-speed bicycles). GPN: (800) minimize wind resistance surrounding nonaerodynamic 228-4630. angular momentum tendency of surfaces to reduce air drag far apart and a rider seated in a a spinning object to keep gears bicycle's driving system prone position between them spinning with the same using cogs with teeth connected two-wheel drive drive assembly orientation by a chain which diverts the pedaling force center of gravity point around inertia tendency of an object in to both the back and front wheels which the entire mass of an object motion to resist changes in can equally balance direction or speed

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. Get in the Right Gear! NEWTON'S Find out how to bike more efficiently by calculating gear ratios. APPLE

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER The main driving action in a bicycle happens gear and/or a lesser number on the back gear), because of a gear system. Calculate the gear the less often you have to turn the pedals to 1310 ratios of your bike, make predictions based on make the wheels go around. Bicycles your calculations, and test them with a ride. 3. Pedaling produces torque (rotary force) in the front gear, which is transmitted to the rear Materials wheel. Compare the two gears by riding the Try This one multigear bicycle bike first set at the highest gear and then set at You probably don't pencil and paper the lowest. Do you have to push harder to ID' consciously know measuring tape start the bike in the higher gear? Which gear where your center of bike helmet ratio is better for starting? Knowing the lowest gravity is, but you've used it and highest gear ratios, can you roughly to steer your bike. To find 1. Stand the bicycle up. Count the number ofpredict the ratios for different gear settings in your center of gravity, lie on the floor on your stomach teeth on the largest chain ring (the circle with between? Don't forget your helmet! with your arms at your side. the teeth that's connected to your pedals). 4. With your gear ratios, figure out how Bend your elbows into your Then count the teeth on the biggest and the many times you would need to pedal in high belly and try to balance on smallest cogs on the back wheel. versus low gear to get from one end of an area your hands. Think of your 2. Calculate the gear ratios for the biggest and to another. First, measure how long a distance body as a seesaw, with your elbows at the center. It may smallest back cogs. The ratios will be for your you will cover. Then figure the circumference take a while, but eventually highest and lowest gears. The formula for of your wheels, using this formula: you'll find it! calculating gear ratios is: circumference = diameter of wheel x pi gear rationumber of teeth on the back cog number of teeth on the front Now work backwards from your distance measurement to figure out how many The ratio for your highest gear should be rotations of your wheel it will take to travel smaller than for the lowest gear. That's because from one end to the other: the gear ratio measures how many rotations of number of 'try 'rills the pedals you need to turn the back wheel distance you want to cover wheel rotations circumference of wheel A heavy load on a bike once. So it makes sense that the higher the makes it harder to start gear (with a greater number of ( and stop due to inertia. teeth on Use gear ratios to calculate how See if you can borrow a the front friend's saddlebags for your many times you bike. Try loads of books in would need to move different weights. What is your feet around to the highest gear you can cover the distance. start in without any books at Remember, gear all? How quickly does this change as you add weight? ratios are the relationship between pedals and wheels.

Questions 1. Which gear ratio makes you move your feet more? Try This 2. Which gear is more efficient for biking on Compare a touring bicycle and level groundhigh or low? J-7)a mountain bike. What design 1-7"choices were made to adapt mountain bikes to the rocky trails and steep inclines of off-road biking? What are the features of a touring bike that make it suitable for racing? 53 We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER APEW13110N,S4 What do you picture when you hear the word "equator?" Can there be both extreme heat and extreme cold I on the equatorial line? Equator What is life like for animals, plants, and people at the African equator?

David dispels some Insights misconceptions about life at the Run your finger along the equator on a globe. temperature drops approximately 3.1°C African equator. What do you see in your mind's eye as your (5.5°F). Second, the shiny surface of the snow Segment length: 6:00 finger passes over continents and oceans? reflects the sun's rays, keeping the snow frozen. Tropical rain forests? Houses on stilts? Blazing (This effect is called the albedo.) Third, the temperatures? Stop your finger on the East snow is so densely packed at the peak that the Resources African country of Kenya and be prepared for lower layers of snow cool the surface layer, Amin, M., Willetts, D. & Tetley, B. (1991) On God's Mountain: The new impressions. Lying on the equator in the counteracting the warming effects of the sun. story of Mount Kenya. Nairobi, southwestern corner of Kenya is the Maasai Kenya: Camerapix Publishers Mara National Reservea nature preserve that Life in the shadow of Mount Kenya may defy International. defies the usual image of the equatorial tropics. our equatorial image, too. For a thousand years, Dinesen, I. (1985) Out of Africa. the nomadic Maasai have shared their home New York: Vintage Books. (First This reserve is a part of the Serengeti-Mara with wildebeest, lion, and giraffe. More published in 1937.) ecosystem. Here you will find not rain forests, precious to the Maasai are the herds of cattle but woodlands and savanna. Two million years upon which their livelihood, wealth, and Eyewitness visual dictionary of the Earth. (1993) London: Dorling ago, volcanic and tectonic activity pushed up the prestige depend. The Maasai villages are built Kindersley. lush forest floors of this region, creating a with the materials at handmud, cow dung, plateau 1,520 meters (5,000 feet) above sea and sticks. Women are responsible for the Farndon, J. (1994) The dictionary of level. At this elevation, the warm ocean winds construction of the family boma. Life in the the Earth. London: Dorling Kindersley. were cut off, forests disappeared, and volcanic manyatta follows traditional patterns, and the ash settled over the highlands, creating the roles of its members are clearly defined. Boys Jobb, J. (1977) The night sky book. rolling plains of today. Temperatures can reach take care of the cattle, girls help their mothers, Boston: Little, Brown and 38°C (100°F) and cool to 10°C (50°F). and elders enjoy their honored roles as village Company. leaders. Although life in nearby cities offers Krupp, E.C. (1989) The Big Dipper Dramatic volcanic action also produced Mount modern conveniences, many Maasai prefer the and you. New York: Morrow Junior Kenya. Once higher than Mount Everest, path of their ancestors under the direct rays of Books. Mount Kenya now stands 5,200 meters the equatorial sun. Stott, C. (1993) Eyewitness explorers: (17,000 feet) high and is crowned with snow. Night sky. London: Dorling Snow! On the equator? Connections Kindersley. 1. Are there other places along the equator that Why doesn't the snow melt? First, as one resemble Kenya's geography? Wood, R.W. (1992) Science for kids: 39 easy geography activities. Blue ascends from sea level, the temperature 2. What impressions do you have about life on Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books. decreases. In fact, according to the adiabatic the equator? Are your impressions facts, lapse rate, for every thousand feet, the generalizations, or misconceptions? Additional resources National Geographic: Africa's animal oasis; Africa: Physical Xey INtorcis geography of the continents; and Serengeti diary. Videotapes. (800) adiabatic lapse rate rate at boma Maasai's mud but manyatta Maasai village 368-2728. which the temperature decreases equator imaginary circle on savanna plain with grasses and in the troposphere, or lowest layer Earth's surface midway between scattered trees, especially near the Tom Snyder Productions: Mapping of the atmosphere the north and south poles equator where the rainfall is the world by heart. Curriculum kit. albedo reflection of the sun's Maasai native tribal people of seasonal (800) 342-0236. energy off a highly reflective the Serengeti who maintain their tectonic activity movement of surface traditional village life Earth's upper crust altitude height above Earth's Maasai Mara National Reserve surface or sea level Kenya's wildlife park on the Serengeti Plains

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities fir educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 54 Ahoy There, Mate Make your own sextant and find out how far you are from the equator. APPLEo

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER Explorers of old could determine their 2. With your protractor as a guide, draw an 1311 location in the Northern Hemisphere by using arc between the two lines. Equator a sextant and sighting the North Star. From 3. Using the protractor, mark off every five these, they could calculate their latitude. degrees from 0 to 90 and label each mark. Follow these directions to make a simple Trim off the extra poster board along the arc. Try This sextant. Calculate your latitude to find out 4. Make a hole at the right angle as shown The shiny surface of the how far north you are from the equator. and thread the piece of string through it. At snow on Mount Kenya one end, tie a paper clip so that the string reflects light, keeping the Materials doesn't slip through the hole. Tie the weight to snow from melting. Try this activity to see why. Take one 15 cm x 15 cm (6" x 6") piece of the other end so that it hangs straight down. two identical glass jars and fill poster board 5. Tape the straw to the edge of the poster them with equal amounts of one plastic drinking straw board closest to the 90° mark. water at the same temper- small weight such as metal sinker or 6. On a clear night, go outside and And the ature. Cover one jar with a piece of foil. Cover the other washer constellation Ursa Major (also known as the with a sheet of black paper. paper clip Big Dipper). Using your sextant, sight the Place the jars outside on a transparent tape North Star through the straw. Notice you are sunny day. After an hour, protractor actually measuring the angle from the horizon measure the water temperature pencil to the North Star. Write down the degree of of each jar. Which one is cooler? Why? scissors the angle as marked by the string on the sextant. This shows your latitude from the 1. Draw two lines, each 1.25 cm (1/2") from equator. Check your answer using a map or the edge of the poster board, so that the lines globe. make a right angle at the corner of the Questions board. 1. One degree latitude is approximately 110 km (69 miles). How far are you from the equator? 2. Why is it possible to calculate the latitude by sighting the North Star? Try This -4Look through here. Want to find north without a compass? ley Pound a stick into the ground at an angle so that it is pointing directly toward the sun and not casting a shadow. Wait about an hour until the stick casts a shadow about 15 cm (6") long. The shadow will be pointing east from the stick. Why? Stand with your right shoulder pointing in the direction of the shadow, and you will be facing north. Now, which direction is the equator? Try This The Maasai live in mud huts. What other kinds of houses are built by people living near the equator? Choose a country and N culture to research. Make a model of a typical house from that area and tell your friends how the architecture and materials reflect the culture, geography, and resources of the people you studied.

Where does coffee come from? How is it processed? How does it fit into human culture? Coffee How does a coffee bean become a cup of java?

David follows a Insights coffee bean from plantation to mug. It's been used as a medicine and an ingredient the sticky inner layer of the cherry to break it Segment length: 6:00 in wine. It's been linked with revolutionary down. Finally, the seeds are dried, and a hulling ideas. First a food, later a beverage, coffee machine crushes the remaining parchment contributed significantly to the economic covering so it can be removed. The seedsnow health of countries that controlled it. The called green coffee beanscan be roasted in Resources coffeehouses in the Middle East and Europe several different ways. Burns, G. (1994, July 11) Coffee isn't all that's perking in the pits. that sprang up because of it became centers of Business Week, p. 134. intellectual ferment, often frowned upon by the To prepare coffee, people brew the ground- authorities. roasted beans with hot water, a process that Mattern, V. (1991, Dec) Indoor extracts flavor and fragrance chemicals. Only paradise! Organic Gardening, pp. 40-45. Native to Ethiopia, this crop is now grown those chemicals that are soluble in hot water around the world and is a major commodity in dissolve to make the coffee. The coffee grounds Schapira, K., Schapira, J., & the world economy. The principal species, are left behind. One chemical naturally present Schapira, D. (1982) The book of Coffea arabica, thrives at high elevations in a in coffee is caffeine, which is a mild stimulant. coffee and tea (rev. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. moist, mild climate where there is partial shade. But many different chemicals are manufactured That's why most of the big coffee producers are by the coffee plant, and other chemicals are Yang, D.J. & Hinchberger, W. located in mountainous countries near the created in the roasting process. (1994, Aug 1) Trouble brewing at equator. the coffee bar. Business Week, p. 62. Most coffee flavor comes from roastinggreen Yang, D.J. (1994, Oct 24) The The coffee tree is a shrublike plant with glossy, coffee beans smell and taste completely Starbucks enterprise shifts into warp dark-green leaves and small, white, fragrant different from roasted ones. Caffeine can be speed. Business Week, p. 76. flowers. The fruit, or cherry, is initially green extracted from the beans to make decaffeinated Additional resources and gradually ripens to a dark red. Although coffee without altering the flavor much, since America OnLine: Trade simulator people used to eat the coffee cherries or chew caffeine itself has very little flavor. and Will Street simulator. Shareware the coffee leaves, the principal interest now is in software for Windows. the coffee seeds or beans. Connections Spices, etc. (800) 827-6373. 1. If you were a farmer, what things would you (Catalog that sells gourmet coffee Removal of the fruit from the beans requires consider before growing coffee for sale? What beans.) several steps and considerable water because the plans would you have to make? inner part of the fruit is so sticky. Processors 2. What are the known effects of caffeine on Well-Sweep Herb Farm 317 Mt. Bethel Rd. first pulp and wash the cherries, and then allow the human body? Is caffeine addictive? Are Port Murray, NJ 07865 them to ferment before washing them again. there medicinal uses for it? Do soft drinks with (Catalog that sells food plants and During fermentation, microorganisms act on caffeine sell better than those without? seeds, including coffee.)

Additional source of information ney words National Coffee Association 110 Wall Street brewing hot-water extraction of fermentation in coffee pulping mashing coffee cherries New York, NY 10005 flavors, fragrances, and caffeine processing, the action of to loosen the fruit pulp so it can (Free history booklets on coffee from ground-roasted coffee beans microorganisms on the sticky be washed away requests in writing only.) commodity any object or inner pulp of coffee cherries roasting heating green coffee material that is bought and sold hulling removal of the dry beans in hot air to brown them economic botany the study of parchment layer on coffee beans and develop the distinctive aroma plants bought, sold, traded, or after they have been pulped, and flavor of coffee otherwise involved in a society's fermented, washed, and dried commerce

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use.' Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 56 Scent Notes NEwroNs Extract and blend fragrances to make one that appeals to you APPLE. islain activity SHOW NUMBER Flavors and fragrances play a large part in our Materials daily lives. We add spices to food to make it odoriferous materials such as flowers, 1311 taste and smell good, and put spices, pine needles or chips, sage and Coffee perfume on ourselves to mint leaves, and fruits (Caution! Not all make us more of these materials are edible, so stick to attractive. We tend fragrance, not taste.) to avoid unpleasant hot water Try This odors. Most flavors mortar and pestle Many foods and drinks rm._ contain caffeine. Find out and small beaker what they are and add up funnel your daily caffeine filter paper consumption. medicine droppers fragrances are small screw-top bottles for storing not single the extracts chemicals but mixtures of several 1. Using the mortar and pestle, grind the substances. Coffee is material you are testing into a pulp. usually blended from 2. Place the material in the beaker and soak various types of with hot water. Be careful when handling the Try This beans to obtain a hot water. Too much caffeine pleasant taste. 3. After stirring the material in the hot water, o makes people jittery and Experienced coffee set up the funnel with filter paper. Pour the irritable. In larger tasters can tell mixture into the filter paper and collect the quantities it can be poisonous. Decaffeination where specific kinds filtrate (extract) in a screw-top bottle. Label removes the caffeine from of coffee come from the bottle with the source of the extract. coffee and other beverages. just by taste. Manufacture as many different extracts as One type uses carbon time allows. dioxide under so much Flavor and fragrance 4. Mix small portions of various extracts to pressure that it becomes a experts talk about make new fragrances. Experiment with a semi-liquid called a supercritical fluid. Find out "notes" of scentfruity, flowery, aromatic, variety of combinations. Can you design your about other decaffeination earthy, musky, and so on. Some odors are own personal fragrance with particular processes. How will you plan unpleasant in large amounts, but smell good your research? in small amounts or when mixed with other 5. Health food stores often sell essential oils scents. Coffee, for example, contains sulfur from various plants. What other scents would compounds that are unpleasant by themselves, you like to obtain to add to your mixture? but that smell pleasant in the aroma of coffee. Most perfumes are specific blends of fragrance notes. Try This A fruit is the enlarged ovary of a Try This flowering plant, and it encloses the is-- seeds from which a new plant can Try your hand at economic botany. By grow. Coffee cherries are fruits, and fruits studying back issues of the Wall Street Journal, all have some similarities. Dissect several Business Week, or other financial publications, fresh fruits. How are they different? How track the weather in Brazil and the price of coffee. are they similar? Could you tell plants Can you graph these two things on a yearly or semi- apart based entirely on their fruits? annual basis? Does there seem to be a relationship between weather and price? What other environmental events might influence the price of coffee or other commodities?

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S How does a bird learn its APLE® song? Why does it sing? Bird Songs What is a bird "saying" when it sings?

Peggy listens in on Insights some bird talk.

You're walking in a park when suddenly a bird Songs help proclaim territory, attract mates, Segment length: 6:45 bursts into song. At a spot where a pile of and maintain a pair bond. leaves are flying, you see ita large, robinlike bird with orange flanks and a white belly. It's a Some birds like gulls and parrots have no songs. rufus-sided towhee. It's singing a song that Instead they use complex calls to defend Icesources territory and attract mates. Oilbirds and cave Crabb, C. (1991, Nov 25) Nature's sounds like "drink-your-tea-ee-ee-ee-ee." The symphonic mystery. U.S. News & bird spots you and changes its tune to "dreet, swiflets use vocalizations to maneuver in the World Report, pp. 60-61. dreet, tow-hee, chee-wink." dark, a process called echolocation. The ruffed grouse and mourning dove make sounds with Elliott, L. (1991) Know your backyard bird sounds: Yard, city, and Is the bird talking to you? What is it saying? their wings and woodpeckers with their beaks. garden birds (eastern/central). Why does a towhee sing this song instead of a Ithaca, NY: NatureSound Studio. robin's song? Why do songbirds sing at all? Most songbirds have several songs and calls. Birds in the Mimid family (the mockingbird, Freethy, R. (1990) Secrets of bird catbird, and brown thrasher) have very large life: A guide to bird biology (rev. ed.). For the answers, you need to look at both London: Blandford. heredity and experience. The songs a bird sings repertoires. Scientists believe that repertoires are usually distinctive to its species. Scientists increase with age and may indicate to females Stokes, D.W. & Stokes, L.Q. believe a bird is born with a "neurological the health and experience of the male. (1983) A guide to bird behavior (vol. II & III). Boston: Little, model" of what its song should sound like. The Brown and Company. baby bird learns that song by matching the A songbird uses its syrinx, a vocal organ in its sounds it hears from its father and male throat, to create a song. A bird's songs can vary Walton, R.K. (1994) Songbirds and neighbors. Scientists call this theory the in pitch, tone length, number of notes, and familiar backyard birds (eastern/ special sounds. The two halves of the syrinx can western regions). National Audubon auditory template hypothesis. Society pocket guides. New York: produce songs simultaneously so a bird may Alfred A. Knopf. In this theory, song learning begins at about tensing harmonies with itself, resulting in days after hatching and continues for about 40 extremely rich and complex melodies. No Additional sources of information human voice can equal this feat. American Backyard Bird Society days. Baby birds then practice their songs PO Box 10046 through the fall and winter. By spring, birds Rockville, MD 20849 have developed a "crystallized" song. Connections (301) 309-1431 1. What different kinds of sounds do humans make? Why do humans sing and make music? Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology To communicate, birds combine songs and 159 Sapsucker Woods Road other vocalizations with certain behaviors and 2. Why could the same word or gesture mean Ithaca, NY 14850 outward appearances. Males tend to sing more something different in different countries? (800) 843-2473 than females, and they sing more in the spring. Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Institution Ney IsLords National Zoological Park dialect variation of a bird song heredity transmission of species category of classification Washington, DC 20008 that birds from a particular characteristics from parents to that ranks organisms very similar region sing offspring, including genes and the to one another and capable of Office of Migratory Bird harmonics tone or sound wave abilities associated with them interbreeding Management found in a series of notes in ornithology branch of zoology syrinx bird's vocal organ, made U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service harmony that deals with the study of birds of thin muscles that vibrate Room 634, Arlington Square songbird bird capable of during song 4401 N. Fairfax Drive producing complex vocalizations Arlington, VA 22203 that resemble a melodious song (703) 358-1821

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 58 Calling All Birds NEwroNts Examine why anatomy helps determine the soundswe make. APPLE.

Main Activity SHOW NUMBER When you talk, you use your voice box. A birdprojector. Have everyone draw an outline of 1312 makes sounds with a vocal organ called the the bird's chest, neck, and head. As you Bird Songs syrinx. The vibration of thin muscles in the explain the different parts of a bird's anatomy syrinx creates its song. Investigate and that help make its songs, have each student compare the vocal organ of a bird with that of add those parts and label them. a human. 3. Show the transparency of a person's vocal Try This cords and anatomy. Have each student then Materials Pick out a local bird whose draw an outline of the person. Explain the calls and songs you can sheets of standard paper (8 1/2" x 11"), different parts of the body that a person uses recognize. Keep records of two per student to speak. As a part is discussed, have each where and when you hear it. pencils student draw the additional part in its normal Describe the sounds overhead transparency of a location on the outline, labeling each part. phonetically. Where is the bird drawing of a bird's anatomy, showing and what is it doing when it 4. Place the two outlines beside one another. vocalizes? How do the sounds trachea, lungs and air sacs, and syrinx Discuss differences and similarities that exist relate to the bird's behavior? overhead transparency of the head, between a bird and a person. What effect throat, and chest regions of a person's would these differences have in determining anatomy, showing trachea, bronchus, the sounds a person makes compared to a lungs, and larynx bird's sound?

Note: Make an overhead transparency by Questions photocopying the artwork on this page, 1. Besides sound, in what other ways do birds cutting out the illustrations, and transferring and humans communicate? them to a transparency. Make sure the names 2. How is bird behavior different or similar to of the parts do not appear on the transparency. that of people (hair vs. feathers, gestures vs. wing positions)? Why does your voice become 1. Give each student two sheets of paper. scratchy and deep when you have a sore 2. Show the transparency with an overhead throat?

Trachea

Cervical air sac I> Syrinx Interclavicular air sac

Anterior thoracic air sac Lung Rib Bronchus Posterior Lung thoracic air sac

Abdominal air sac

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities fir educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER What do a split computer NEWTON'S keyboard, air bags, and astronaut toothpaste have in common? What information do ergonomists need a.PPI E. to design things? 44

The team shows how Insights ergonomics makes life more comfortable. Have you ever wondered how astronauts brush continually bend, lift, or stretch, you could end their teeth in space? You don't see any sinks in up with a back sprain. If you need to Segment length: 5:30 spacecraft, do you? And in zero gravity, how constantly bend, twist, or make repetitive can they rinse and spit out after brushing? motions with your hands and wrists, such as typing on a keyboard, you might acquire carpal i.esources Gay, K. (1986) Ergonomics: Making Astronauts can brush in space thanks to a very tunnel syndrome. products and places fit people. New clever invention. They use a foamless York: Enslow Publishers. toothpaste that doesn't need water, has a To prevent injuries, ergonomists first determine pleasant taste, and is perfectly safe to swallow. the needs and capabilities of the people who Inkeles, G. & Schencke, I. (1994) will use a work site or product. (These are Ergonomic living: How to create a user- friendly home 6. office. New Edible toothpaste is just one example of called the human factors.) To do this, they York: Simon and Schuster. ergonomics at work. Ergonomics is a term taken conduct many tests to find out the typical body from the Greek word "ergon," meaning work, size and common physical tendencies of the MacLeod, D. (1995) The ergonomics and "nomos," meaning natural laws. In other workers, such as muscle movement and vision. edge: Improving safety, quality, and productivity. New York: Van words, ergonomics refers to the natural laws of They use instruments like anthropometers and Nostrand Reinhold. work. It's the science of designing the job, sliding calipers to measure the human body, as products, and place to fit the worker. well as workplace surveys to collect data. They Pater, R. & Button, R. (1992, Nov) also have volunteers test products and they Organizing for strategic ergonomics. Occupational Hazards, Ergonomics enters into the design of everythingconduct workplace simulations to watch how p.55. from equipment for space missions to the most people do their jobs. comfortable car interior or athletic shoes. The Sanders, M.S. & McCormick, E.J. idea behind it is simple. If you use a tool to do Based on this research, ergonomists design (1993) Human factors in engineering design. New York: McGraw-Hill. something it wasn't designed to do, then the work areas, products, and equipment to fit the tool can be damaged. In the same way, if you needs of workers. Because of them, people can Additional resource perform tasks beyond your physical capabilities, work more safely, comfortably, and efficiently. NEWTON'S APPLE Show 1107 (carpal tunnel syndrome). GPN: then you can get "damaged," too. (800) 228-4630. Or call your local Connections PBS station to find out when it will Many work-related injuries develop gradually 1. What information would ergonomists need be rerun. over time. Called cumulative trauma disorders to design a car interior? 2. If you were an ergonomist for the aerospace Additional sources of information (CTDs), or repetitive motion disorders, they National Institute for Occupational can be caused by repeated, constant, or industry, what problems would you need to Safety and Health excessive stress on muscles, tendons, ligaments, solve? Think of space suits, the interiors of 290 Independence Ave. SW bones, and nerves. If your job requires you to spacecraft, and space stations. HHH Building, Room 714B Washington, DC 20201

The National Safety Council lAtord.s 444 N. Michigan Ave. anthropometer instrument used carpal tunnel syndrome injury ergonomics the science of Chicago, IL 60611 to measure body dimensions that usually comes from repetitive designing the job, product, and carpal tunnel narrow channel actions with hands and wrists place to fit the worker U.S. Department of Labor formed by bones, ligaments, and cumulative trauma disorder a human factors the needs and OSHA Publication Office connective tissue at the wrist group of medical disorders caused capabilities of human beings 200 Constitution Ave. through which nerves, tendons, by repeated stress on muscles, which are considered in the Room N-3101 and blood vessels pass tendons, ligaments, and nerves design of products and places Washington, DC 20210 sliding caliper instrument used (Request publication OSHA 3123: to measure a distance ErgonomicsThe study of work.)

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 60 Be Ergo Gurus Create a comfortable environment for three-headed, scaly, thirsty Zorbagians.

Iviain Activity SHOW NUMBER Congratulations! You're a famous ergonomics Your mission is to come up with ideas to help expert, so famous that your reputation has them adapt to this environment. You want 1312 reached the Galaxy Zorbag where a group of them to be comfortable and productive as they Ergonomics friendly, superintelligent space aliens live. live and work here. You need to protect them They've always planned to visit Earth one day, from any problems they may encounter, and but they've worried about how they would still make them feel at home. Since this is such Try This adapt to an environment like ours. an important intergalactic visit, you have Ergonomics is a relatively unlimited access to manufacturing plants and - new science, although its basic principles are as old as Hearing about your skill and creativity in production facilities. All you have to do is the first humans who adapted designing tasks, tools, and settings for human come up with the design ideas. So go to it! a tool for their environment. beings, they've just communicated with you The Zorbagians are coming soon! Go to the library and research telepathically and told you they'll be coming when and why ergonomics soon for a yearlong stay. They'll need a place Work in teams of four. was first used in industry. (Here's a hint: World War II to live and work during their visit. They know Focus on one problem or one setting at and aircraft.) how to access our "primitive" computers, so a time. Group major and minor they'll need comfortable workstations as well. problems. Since they'd like to do some sightseeing, they'll List any additional Zorbagian also need transportation. information you would like to have before you begin your design work. The problem is, like most space aliens, the Try to imagine yourself as a Zorbagian Try This Zorbagians have some peculiarities: in each setting. Have you overlooked Think of six careers that They have three heads, with one eye any possible problems? might have high rate of stalk in the middle of each and one Draw sketches of the Zorbagians and injuries due to cumulative antenna on top of each stalk. the settings and products you've trauma disorders. Interview They have three tentacles with four designed for them. some people with these jobs to see if your guesses are correct. fingerlike digits and retractable claws. Share your design ideas with the other What do these people do to They have three legs. teams in your class. avoid injuries? They have short, scaly tails. They're allergic to the sun and the Questions color red. 1. Did any teams come up with similar ideas? They require a constant, ongoing Work as a class to select what you think are Try This supply of water. the most workable design ideas. 2. What kind of process did your team go Find aphoto of an old product, such as a tool, through when working on this project? What piece of furniture, were the main problems you encountered? vehicle, or appliance. Compare How did you solve them? it to a similar product of today. r What changes were made to this product over time? Why L were these changes made? Try This Interview parents, grandparents, or other older. adults to learn about typical work sites, equipment, products, or work procedures when they were young. Discuss the ergonomic improvements that have been made since then.

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S What do you really need to live? If you got lost in a jungle, how JPLE® would you survive? s'

Peggy finds out Insights what she really needs to survive in Words like "jungle" and "survival" mean one The rain forests are full of biologically active the jungle. thing in cities and towns, but they mean compounds, many of which you can use for something entirely different in the humid food or medicine. You can eat edible tubers, Segement length: 6:00 forests of Belize. Show up for a trip into the such as potato, yuca, and boniato, but be sure jungle along la ruta Maya with "essentials" such you can distinguish edible tubers from Resources as chocolate bars, soda, and a CD player, and poisonous ones. For cooking and for warmth, Arvigo, R. (1995) Sastun: My apprenticeship with a Maya healer. your Maya guide would make you leave it all you'll want to gather firewood, leaves, and grass New York: Harper Collins. behind. The guide knows that to survive, you (all as dry as possible). need only four thingswater, food, shelter, and Brill, S. (1994) Identifying and Local weather and predators determine your harvesting edible and medicinal fire. Each can be found in the jungle, but you plants in wild (and not so wild) must know what to look for and how to use it. shelter needs. Do you need warmth or just a places. New York: William Morrow. roof? Are there animals or insects to avoid? The First, a few safety tips. Never run from a Maya use cohune palm fronds to build thatched Dessery B. & Robin, M. (1992) roofs on their huts. These roofs withstand rain The medical guide for third world jaguarwalk toward it, shouting and clapping. travelers. San Diego: K-W Always run away from dangerous snakes like and wind and last up to 15 years. Publications. the wowla (boa constrictor) and the poisonous coral snake and fer-de-lance. Stay away from The sun and stars are reliable navigational Landsman, S. (1993) Survival.' In most insectsmany have special defense tools. You might want to brush up on your the jungle. New York: Avon Books. systems, like the machacha, which emits a foul stargazing skills to figure out where you are. McManners, H. (1994) The spray, and the acacia ant, whose alarm complete wilderness training book. pheromone can be smelled two meters away. Survival requires that you use all your senses to New York: Dorling Kindersley. Learn from the natives, who rub garlic on know what resourcesand dangersare Nichol, J. (1994) The mighty themselves to ward off bugs and snakes. around you. When you think about it, maybe rainforest. London: David and jungle survival is not so different from survival Charles. Need water? Springs, rivers, and lakes are in your corner of the-world. obvious sources. But don't forget the water Pragoff, E (1989) Survival: Could you be a squirrel? Nashville: Ideals vine, which grows throughout rain forests. It Connections Children's Books. holds several gallons of potable waterjust cut 1. Think about all the things you own. Which off a meter or so and swallow the liquid as it are vital to your existence? Which could you Sierra Club, San Diego chapter. pours out. You can use large leaves on tropical live without, and for how long? (1993) Wilderness basics: The complete handbook for hikers and plants to collect rainwater or dew. Or you can 2. What images does the phrase "living in the backpackers (2d ed.). Seattle: The collect water with a solar still. tropical rain forest" conjure up? What about Mountaineers. "jungle survival"? What makes them different? Additional resources Earthwatch Program Officer for Rain Forest Projects: Ney .lords [email protected] cohune palm palm tree found in la ruta Maya Spanish for the potable fit to drink rain forests. It provides food, Maya route in the regions of still system used to distill liquids Federal Emergency Management fiber, medicine, and shelter. Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and thatch material such as palm Agency: (800) 480-2520. compound substance composed Honduras fronds, straw, and rushes used to (Free catalog of emergency of two or more chemical elements Pheromones chemicals secreted create a roof preparedness guides, including fer-de-lance poisonous snake, by animals to convey a message Emergency Preparedness Checklist, also known as the terciopelo and produce a response in #80963, and Disaster Preparedness ("velvet") or yellow-jawed tommy members of the same species Coloring Book, #81123.) golf

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EK Innovation Educational materials developed with 6.2 the National Science Teachers Association. I 0 NEWTON'S I APPLE®

Hain Activity SHOW NUMBER What situations might leave you and your 3. For each item in your list, assign a number family temporarily stranded without to indicate its priority. For example, "1" could 1313 electricity, food, and shelter? How would you mean that the item is essential on a scale of 1 Jungle Survival survive if you were stranded outdoors? In this to 5, with a "5" meaning that the item is activity, you'll decide what you'd need in a probably not important. Allow time for Try This Collect water by building a survival kit to help you stay safe and healthy. discussion. simple solar still. Dig a hole 4. Decide on the volume and weight of the about 1/2 meter (20") deep Materials survival kit. Estimate the weight of each item and 1 meter (40") wide. waterproof container that you want to include in your kit, and Place a clean cup at the (backpack or plastic box) decide whether you can include it. Would bottom of the hole. Sprinkle grass clippings or leaves on the chart paper several people have to share carrying the side of the hole. Cover the markers weight? hole with plastic wrap (you scale 5. Make a list of items to include in the kit. may have to tape several 6. If possible, gather or purchase the materials lengths together to cover the 1. Make a chart with columns for water, food, you selected, and make a sample survival kit. hole completely). Use rocks or sticks to hold the plastic wrap shelter, fire, and other needs. Weigh the kit and make a note of how much in place. Place a marble-sized 2. Break up into small groups. Choose a space the kit will take up. Where will you stone on top of the plastic. It season of the year. Then brainstorm with your store it? should be heavy enough to group to list whatever each person thinks you 7. If you live where severe weather create a point where the might need in each column to survive for at (hurricanes, snowstorms, flooding) could cut condensation can collect and drip into the cup. Now let the least a week in the outdoors during you off from electricity, water, and food, put sun do its work. How long that season. (Remember that a brainstorming together a list of basic supplies to keep on does it take to form session is not the time to criticize ideas hand in case of emergency. Think about the condensation on the plastic? just write them down.) little things; too, such as a can opener and a Where is the water coming good supply of batteries for your radio and from? How long does it take to get 2 cm (3/4") of water? flashlight.

Try This Humans develop survival skills for different environments. List the skills needed by the following: a baby, a soldier, a person in a wheelchair, a person who is blind, a person who can't read, a prisoner of war, a person who is Try This homeless, a person living near the Arctic Circle, members of a tribe ( Any sailor, backpacker, or person living in the Amazon jungle, a who spends time outdoors will member of that tribe forced to rs-."attest to the importance of knowing move to the city, a person forced how to tie different kinds of knots. to move to a new country. Find a book on knots. Get a meter of Choose one of these people and thin and thick rope for each person in write a story about survival from the group. Practice making at least five that person's perspective. Read different knots. What is each one used the story to your class. for? Which one should you use to tie two different kinds of rope together? Which is easiest to pull apart? Which would you use to build a rope bridge?

We encourage duplication NEWTONS APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Ciries for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 63 ica,! SHOW NUMBER NEWTON'S Can you name one thing that the liver does? What are the parts of the liver? Does its size have anything to i.PP do with its productivity? Liver Why do you need a liver?

David delves deep Insights into the life of a liver. How big is an average chemical factory? How Because of all this activity, the liver needs to be

big is a chemical factory that not only produces well-connected to the rest of the body. Two Segment length: 11:00 new chemicals, but also recycles old ones and highways go into the liver: The portal vein, turns them into more new chemicals? What if which carries nutrient-laden blood from the this factory also regulates other factories down stomach and intestines, and the hepatic artery, Zesources the road and stores spare parts? which carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart Caselli, G. (1987) The human body and how it works. New York: and lungs. Two different kinds of highways lead Grosset and Dunlop. We're obviously talking about a very big and out from the liver: The hepatic veins, which quite complex factory. Yet the tiny hepatic cell drain the blood from the liver, and the bile Dorling Kindersley staff. (1991) The visual dictionary of the human of the liver handles all these tasks and more, ducts, which take bile from the liver cells to the body. New York: Dorling occupying a space so small that several hundred gall bladder. Every single cell is in close contact Kindersley. cells could fit on the head of a pin! with all four of these highways. To get to each Gamlin, L. (1988) The human cell, each highway must divide into smaller and body. New York: Gloucester Press. Located on your right side under the lower rib smaller branches. cage, the liver is actually the biggest gland in Gibbs, W. (1993, Dec) Deliverance: Medicine closes in on an artificial your body. It weighs about 1,600 grams (3.5 The liver is truly a marvelous example of liver device. Scientific American, pounds) and contains millions of cells. Every natural engineering. Next time you hear pp. 30-33. single cell is its own complete factory, someone talk about recycling or chemical Parker, S. (1993) The body atlas. performing every job that needs to be done. manufacturing, think about the recycling and New York: Dorling Kindersley. manufacturing plant in your own bodythe Here is a partial list of what one of these liver. Sherlock, S. (1991) A color atlas of liver disease (2d ed.). St. Louis: amazing cells can do: Mosby Year Book. Make bile and send it down the bile duct. C...ormeCtionS Bile is important for dissolving fats in the 1. Alcohol abuse can cause serious damage to Stein, S. (1992) The body book. New York: Workman Publishing. digestive tract. the liver. Illicit drugs in the bloodstream can Collect nutrients from the portal vein. create other liver problems. Why might the Additional sources of information Synthesize important proteins for the blood, liver be especially sensitive to the presence of Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences such as albumin, which is essential to the drugs in the bloodstream? National Institutes of Health blood-clotting process. 2. Do you see any advantage in the liver's 9000 Rockville Pike Convert extra glucose, the body's primary location? Could you find a better location? Bethesda, MD 20892 (301) 496-7976 source of stored energy, into glycogen. Clean toxins from the blood. American Medical Association 535 N. Dearborn St. Chicago, IL 60610

Key words U.S. Public Health Service artery vessel that carries blood gall bladder organ that stores nutrient any chemical that 5600 Fishers Lane from the heart to the body tissues bile until it is needed in the small provides energy or building Rockville, MD 20857 bile yellowish substance released intestine to aid in digestion blocks for the body by the gall bladder into the small gland organ comprised of similar portal vein special vein that intestine to aid in the digestion or cells that synthesizes or produces carries nutrients, absorbed by the breakdown of fats certain substances the body needs gut, to the liver duct small tube or conduit in the glucose simple sugar that the toxins substances that can harm body that carries body fluids from body uses as an energy source or destroy body cells and tissues one place to another glycogen complex compound vein blood vessel that carries made from glucose for the blood from body tissues back to purposes of energy storage the heart

Lain Activity SHOW NUMBER The gut uses bile to physically break down keep each stirring device in its own cup. Stir fatty substances into smaller pieces. In this for about 15 seconds. 1313 way, enzymes can more easily turn the fat 6. Observe what happens Liver chemically into fatty acids, which the small during the first five minutes intestine can absorb for body needs. Simple after the cups have been Try This dish detergents act on oils in a manner similar stirred. Examine the What does the medical to the way that bile acts on fat. In the contents in a bright light. ify. condition known as jaundice following activity, you will get a chance to see 7. If you can, come back an have to do with the liver? Do this process in action. hour later to observe any some investigative work on your own. You or somebody you know further changes in the cups. probably had jaundice as a baby. Materials Why? 2 see-through glass or plastic cups, Questions 240 ml (8 oz) in size 1. How did the oil dish detergent (for hand dish- behave in the washing) water before any small amount of vegetable oil detergent was water added? What effect 2 stirring rods or spoons did the detergent have on the oil 1. Pour about 120 ml (4 oz) of water into after the cups were each cup. stirred? 2. Slowly and gently pour a small amount of 2. What possible vegetable oil into each cup. Pour enough so benefit is there in that there is a layer of about one or two breaking up fats centimeters of oil on top of the water. The physically into smaller exact amount is not crucial, but try to pour so pieces before any kind that both cups contain about the same of chemical breakdown amount. occurs, which changes 3. Take some time out to examine the way the fat into its simpler that the oil reacts with the water. Does the oil components? stay together as you pour it in? What happens 3. What to the oil if you wait two or three minutes? use are 4. After the oil has collected itself together detergents (approximately five minutes), add a small in washing amount (about seven drops) of the detergent dishes? Why do to one of the cups. they make washing easier? 5. Gently but quickly stir both of the cups with the stirring rods or spoons. Be careful to Try This Try This How does alcohol affect the liver? Is any The liver converts, produces, is=-- amount of alcohol stores, excretes, and recycles harmful? What is the many different substances. treatment for cirrhosis of Try writing a job description for a the liver? Call up a nurse liver cell. Be as complete as you can. or doctor and find out Use an encyclopedia for more the health scoop on liver detailed information if you need it. and alcohol.

We encourage duplication NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities for educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 65 Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. rii.,/- IT! Vey, Marshmallow race! Draw a face on the end of a marshmallow. Place the marshmallow in a glass bottle (the bottle's NEWTON'S mouth should be slightly larger than the marshmallow). Wrap clay around a straw about 2.5 cm (1") from APLE®Z one end. Place the short end of the straw in the bottle. Seal the bottle with clay. T Itr kStand in front of a mirror so you can see the face on the marshmallow. Suck air out of the bottle. (Make sure there are no leaks!) What happens to the marshmallow? Now stop sucking on the straw. What happens to the marshmallow?

TR/' IT! Steel ijeat Place a thermometer in a jar and close the lid. Wait five minutes and record the temperature. Su Chin Pak, Peggy Knapp, Brian Hackney, David Remove the thermom- Heil, and Dave Huddleston invite you to try eter from the bottle. NEWTON'S APPLE experiments at home! Soak half of a steel wool pad in vinegar for one minute. Squeeze T'l`/' IT! Build. a Vovercraft excess vinegar out of Make a hovercraft using cardboard, an empty thread spool, the steel wool pad and paper, scissors, a pencil, glue, and a balloon. First, cut out wrap it around the a 10-cm (4") square from the cardboard. Next, ask an bulb of the ther- adult to punch a hole in the cardboard. The hole has to be mometer. Place the in the center of the cardboard square thermometer and the and it should be equal to the size of," steel wool into the jar and the hole in the spool. Glue the close the lid. Wait five minutes. Record thetem- empty spool on top of the hole perature. What happenedto the temperature? in the cardboard. Make sure the holes line up. Seal the base I'R/' IT! It's Four Turn of the thread spool using the Cut a piece of tissue paper into a 6-cm glue. (This is important so (about 2") diameter spiral (use the that no air escapes.) Now cover diagram). Cut a piece of thread the top of the thread spool by 15 cm (6") long and tape one cutting and gluing a circle of paper. end of the piece of thread to Let this dry. Use a pencil to punch a the center of the paper spiral. hole in the middle of the Position a desk lamp so that paper cover where the hole the light points upward. Ask of the spool is. Blow up an adult to hold the paper the balloon and twist spiral by the thread about 10 cm the end. Stretch the (4") above the light. (Caution: Do mouth of the balloon not allow the paper to touch the light over the top of the ..--- bulb.) What happens? spool. Let the balloon go and give your hovercraft a push. What happens?

We encourage duplication for educational use! 66 Innovation .rR,t ID Move the cups T'13.'t IT! The Inner Life Find two disposable cups and --N of a Leaf some string. Cut the string into two l'-long pieces. Using tape, Fill a bottle with water attach the end of one piece of to within an inch of string to the bottom of one of the top. Take a freshly the cups, and attach the other cut leaf or flower, wrap clay around end to the edge of a table. the stem and place the stem into the Repeat this with the other cup. bottle. Make sure the clay fits snugly Position the cups so they hang around the mouth of the bottle. Poke off the table two inches a hole through the clay, and insert a apart and at the same straw. Press the clay around the height. You might need straw and bottle opening so that no to adjust the spacing air can escape. The straw should between the cups. Blow not touch the water. Stand in front between the two cups. of a mirror and suck the air out of ) What happens? the bottle with the straw. (This is hard to do if there are any leaks.) What do you observe in the mirror?

The science behind Science Try-Its Why are the cups drawn together? Why did the marshmallow Why does air appear at the end of the Bernoulli's principle states that in areas expand? stem? where air moves rapidly, pressure is low. The marshmallow is a spongy solid There are holes in the leaf called stomata and tiny Blowing between the cups drops the pres- with air trapped inside the spaces. tubes called xylem which run down the stem. The sure so the higher air pressure of the sur- Sucking air out of the bottle leaf and stem act as a straw for the plant. As you rounding air pushes the cups together. decreases the pressure inside the drew air out of the plant, more air was drawn into bottle, which causes the spongy the bottle through the stomata and xylem. This is solidthe marshmallowto the same system that water moves in a plant. expand. Removing the straw from your mouth allows air to rush back into the bottle, increasing the pres- Vow did you create a hovercraft? sure and causing the marshmallow The air flowing from the balloon through to return to its original size. why did the temperature rise? the holes forms a layer of air between the The vinegar removes any protective coat- hovercraft and the table. This reduces the ing from the steel wool, allowing the iron friction. With less friction, your hover- Why does the paper spiral twirl? in the steel to rust. Rusting is a slow com- craft scoots across the table. The energy from the light heats the air bination of iron with oxygen. When this above it. Warm air is lighter than cool air, happens, heat energy is released. The heat so as the air heats up, it rises above the released by the rusting of the iron causes lamp. Cool air moves in to replace the the mercury in the thermometer to warmer, lighter air. This "convection cur- expand and rise. rent" causes the spiral to twirl.

This Science Try Its page was excerpted from the 13th season NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials packet. To receive the complete packet, write to:

Director of Outreach NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities NEWTON'S APPLE Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 172 East 4th Street Educational materials developed with St. Paul, MN 55101 the National Science Teachers Association. e-mail: [email protected] 67 3M Innovation NEW ON'S treet LAU_

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A. Bamboo B. Zucchini C. Creeping Charlie D. Redwood trees

Z. .?at e t -he ot.bra.

A. Smell B. Hearing C. Touch D. Common B. Sunburn C. Rubies D. Volcanic activity S. Wc.-t4,.., 2racTiz

3. 32,11t-s Cho A. 4 1.,,VViii0, B. 458 peri ad.? C. 9,000 D. 2 million A. Blue B. Aft r.,1gi 42,11S- I 4(r'-AA

A. A marine engin B. A toy inventor C. Ogden Slinky D. A car mechanic

We encourage duplication for educational use! Innovation 6 6 NEWTON'S 4. h e iil s are alive with 14-hat? There's iron in them thar' hills. Sixteen percent of the soil on Mars consists of iron compounds. In the distant past, APPLE oxygen existed in the atmosphere of Mars. The oxygen combined with the iron and created iron oxides, which have a characteristic red color. And you thought was because it 1- lAntich pliant is 021 the east track? had a permanent sunburn. Bamboo has been known to grow as much as 1 meter (3') in 24 hours. Conditions for optimal (and rapid) growth include plenty of sunshine and lots of water in the soil. Consequently, most bamboo plants are S. Slid. you pa.s.s the taste test? found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Just what's You have 9,000 taste buds. However, contrary to going on inside that causes it to grow so fast? The growth is produced what you might think, not all 9,000 are on your partly by cell division and partly by cell enlargement. Now that you tongue. Some taste buds are located in know how fast bamboo grows, does that give new meaning to the word other areas of your mouth. For example, "bamboozled"? lips (usually very salt-sensitive), inner cheeks, the underside of the tongue, the back of the throat, and the Z. what 22-zsases zenze? roof of the mouth are some of Cobras lack the sense of hearing. They don't have any the areas of your mouth that are eardrums. No eardrums, no ability to hear "flavor-sensitive." And just in case they're deaf. Then why do they sway to the you're worried about losing your taste flute music played by those snake charm- buds, here's some good news: They replace ers? The snake is following the themselves about every 10 days. So that spicy motion of the flute. Snake enchilada you had the other day probably didn't do charmers keep the snake too much irreparable damage. inside a dark basket. When the lid is lift- ed, the surprised snake Siirasing arovunsa? must adjust to the sud- Marine engineer Richard James accidentally den light. It assumes its "invented" the Slinky in the 1940s. He was trying distinctive hood-spread, to develop a spring that could keep sensitive nau- defensive pose and follows the tical instruments balanced even as a ship pitched first thing it sees: the flute. And you thought that and yawed. One day, James knocked a set of poor snake had to listen to the same song over and experimental springs off a shelf. They "crawled" over again. down rather than just falling. A few quick experiments revealed the springs were quite good at descending stairs. But it was his wife, Betty at 3. Geztating with the ariziprer? James, who saw the The Alpine black salamander has the longest gestation potential as a toy. perioda whole 38 months. As its name implies, it can be She spent several found in the Swiss Alps. While these salamanders can live ,0-ff's t Weis days looking rip, a, at different elevations, the higher the elevation, the longer - through a dictio- the gestation period. When you get up to 1,402 meters Al OlgaliOAT nary to come up 11Nr 11111 MI% u (4,600'), the gestation period can last up to 38 months. 414h. with the perfect 1.0-0 tap The salamander bears two young at a time. A "pregnant si.1 118 name for this irre- pause" in the salamander world can mean a long, long wait. sistible toy. Betty ritik00106ot,Vti Ns 1101 James still runs the company she found- TM This Street Smart page was excerpted from the 13th season NEWTON'S ed with her husband APPLE Educational Materials packet. To receive the complete packet, in 1946. write to: Director of Outreach NEWTON'S APPLE 172 East 4th Street St. Paul, MN 55101 69 Innovation e-mail: [email protected] A Guide to Enjoying NEWTON'S APPLE at Home

NEWTON'S APPLE is pleased that many of our viewers watch our show at school in their classes and at home as a family. NEWTON'S Regardless of whom you are watching with, we encourage you to talk about the adventures you see on NEWTON'S APPLE and think about how science is all 1--XPLE® around you. NEWTON'S APPLE 13ta Season We've developed a fun, new way for you to be part of the science discoveries on This special guide to our 13th season will let you know whattopics are coming NEWTON'S APPLE! Check out America's up in each new show. Check with your local PBS station forthe exact dates and Most Scientific Home Videos described in times that NEWTON'S APPLE airs in your area. this flyer. Get together with friends and Show 1301 Show 1306 Show 1310 neighbors, children and adults, and send in Waterskiing Aircraft Fire Rescue Wild Lion Vets an entry. This is a great opportunity for all Reflexes Balloons Bicycles of us to learn together! Escalators Knives Fish Breathing Fat-free Foods Science Home Videos Insect Warfare

Show 1302 Show 1307 Show 1311 Circus High Wire Disney World Special Equator Special Mummies Simulator Rides Equator Bug Spray Dolphin Maasai Village Armadillos Communication Coffee Parade Technology Baby Elephants Show 1303 Laser Show Maya Bike Trek Show 1312 Hearing Show 1308 Bird Songs Parachutes Hazardous Materials Ergonomics Owls In-line Skating Inventor's Fair Skin Wrinkling Scorpions Show 1304 Compost Africa Special Show 1313 Balloon Safari Show 1309 Jungle Survival Grasslands Human Slingshot Ride Liver Maasai Mara Bone Marrow Emus Do you nave a question about the Animals King's Singers world around you? Write us at: Rotting Foods Show 1305 NEWTON'S APPLE Ice Surfing PO Box 1300 DNA Fingerprinting 172 East 4th Street Bubble Gum St. Paul, MN 55101 Cold Remedies

We may answer your question on the show!

Make two-sided copies of this page to share , NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities with parents, classmates, and friends. Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation We're looking for America's Most 0 S Scientific Home Videos Watch Show 1306 for more information about this contest!

Create a video prese nswers a science questionlike we do on N'S APPLEand sen '11 take the best ones and include them in our programs. For co 1prizes write to us at the address below.

Totw'T

Your presentation s answer a science question. The explanatio -monstration must be scientifically correct. Use your library, lo seums, colleges and universities, and teache ur school as information resources.

Originality and cre count! Watch some episodes of NEWTON'S APPLE for examples. Hints: A lecture to the a is boring; a demonstration is better. Focus on activities that demonstrate one or two scientific principles. Camera shots should have good lighting, proper exposure, and be in focus. The sound track should be free of background noise, extra voices, and static. Use the highest quality equipment and tape you can find. Contact your school's media resource center or your community cable TV channel and try to borrow their equipmentand their expertise!

Don't do anything that could harm yourself, others, or any property. Make sure your activitiesare supervised by an adult. Everyone who appears in the videotape must sign a release form, available by calling the NEWTON'S APPLE Hotline at (612) 229-1318, or by contacting us via e-mail at [email protected] or at the address listed in rule #3.

Everything in your video must be original. You CANNOT use any photographs, drawings, slides, films, music, etc.; that are covered by a copyright.

Your tape can be any length and can be edited or unedited. (We recommend short and sweet under 10 minutes.) We reserve the right to edit your videotape to fit into the show.

Submit your tape on any of the following formats: VHS, S-VHS, Hi-8, 8mm, 3/4" U-matic, or Betacam. Label your tape clearly with your name (or teacher's name, if you're submitting as a class), home or school address, and a phone number.

Send us your master tape and keep a copy for yourself. Tapes will not be returned. Include a list of who workedon your tape (camera, sound, scriptwriter, host, etc.). Send your tape to: America's Most Scientific Home Videos Contest, NEWTON'S APPLE, 172 East 4th Street, St. Paul, MN 55101.

We must receive your tape by May 1, 1996.

aWait to hear these words: You're going to be on NEWTON'S APPLE!

Twin Cities Public Television or any of its employees are not responsible for any injuries or damages caused by your participation in this event. Yourparticipation represents your agreement to this waiver of liability.

Make two-sided copies of this page to share NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities 7 with parents, classmates, and friends. Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation 3M Science Encouragement Programs(K-12) At 3M, we believe-it-is-important to cre- Super Science Saturday Richard G. Drew Creativity ate enthusiasm forscience in students of 3M Wizards host this annual internal Award Program all ages. That's the philosqphy behind our program for other Wizards, their These awards honor high school juniors ScienCe Encouragement Programs. This families, and local community groups. in Minnesota and western Wisconsin series ol f educational oppOrtunities for The day-long event, established in who have demonstrated "creative flair" aspirinIg scientists began in 1953 at a 3M 1987, showcases hands-on science and persistence in technical projects. Technical Forum-sponsored exhibit at a demonstrations that can be performed at Award winners from over 200 schools are Minnesota high school science fair. Since home. More than 500 Wizards and their invited to spend a day at 3M Center in then, we've added many other outreach families participate each year. St. Paul escorted by a volunteer 3M host. programs, including NEWTON'S The day includes a careers-in-science APPLE, the award-winning, nationally- Elementary Teacher Workshop panel discussion and an evening program televised family science show. Today, Regional elementary school teachers dis- in which parents are invited to discuss because of our innovative Science cover the fun of science by attending a science careers with the students and Encouragement Programs, 3M is recog- hands-on, science resource fair at 3M. An their hosts. Established in 1970, the pro- nized as a leader in partnering with acad- average of 600 teachers participate gram honors renowned 3M scientist emic communities. In fact, other compa- in the program annually. Richard Drew, his creative spirit, and his nies have used the 3M model as a bench- encouragement of creativity in others. TWIST (Teachers Working in Science mark for organizing volunteers and and Technology) retirees in administering similar pro- Science Student Recognition The TWIST program allows about 25 grams. Day (SSRD) science and math teachers from selected High school seniors from the Upper school districts to spend six weeks during Forty years ago, 3M began focusing Midwest are invitedalong with the summer working closely with a 3M resources to enhance education through their teachersto spend a day in various outreach efforts. These included host on a research project. It provides the a 3M laboratory with a scientist or engi- scholarships, tutoring programs, mentor- teachers with an active and challenging neer. About 100 students a year partici- ships, science fairs, research grants and technical experience in an industrial set- pate in the oldest of 3M's Science aid, and teacher development support. ting, so they learn more about the practi- Encouragement Programs. SSRD began In 1994, 3M's cash contributions to edu- cal applications of science, mathematics, in 1958. cational projects and institutions totaled and technology. nearly $8 million, including grants to more than 500 colleges, universities, and TECH (Technical Teams Encouraging NEWTON'S APPLE technical schools throughout the nation. Career Horizons) This Emmy Award-winning family Teams of women and men scientists visit science program has aired since 1982. We're proud of the impact these pro- junior and senior high schools to inform 3M began full sponsorship of the PBS grams have had on students and studentsespecially girls and minorities show in 1991, and 3M volunteers are 3M volunteers alike. Former student par- of career opportunities in science and involved as consultants on the show's ticipants now enjoying careers at engineering, and of the need to maximize programming and related educational 3M have credited these programs with their career options by studying math materials. 3M Learning Software's new stimulating their interest in science. and science in school. CD-ROM, "What's the Secret?", is the Just as important, we are looking forward first in a series based on NEWTON'S STEP (Science Training to many more years of science encourage- APPLE programming. This interactive Encouragement Program) ment. As David Heil of NEWTON'S program engages the user in a science 3M provides St. Paul high school stu- APPLE said: "When it comes to learning adventure and encourages independent dents from diverse backgrounds with the about science, you can't start too early, discovery. opportunity to explore their interests in and you can't get too much." scientific careers. Classroom training is If you would like additional information 3M Visiting Wizards provided by 3M technical volunteers, and on any of 3M's Science Encouragement 3M Wizard volunteers bring sensational, the students receive full-time summer Programs, write to: employment at a 3M laboratory. The hands-on science demonstrations to ele- Technical Liaison Department STEP program began in 1973 and today mentary and middle school classrooms. 3M Center focuses on minority and at-risk students, Since 1985, 3M Visiting Wizards have Bldg. 225-3N-09 introducing them to "modern day shared the magic and discovery of scien- St. Paul MN 55144-1000 tific experiments with nearly a quarter of heroes." a million children. The award-winning program is designed to expose children to science at an early age. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE '4 NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials Production Team 3M/NEWTON'S APPLE Education Committee Lee Carey, Director of Outreach Richard Hanson Paddy Faustino, Outreach Assistant Barbara Kaufmann, Chair Richard Hudson, Executive Editor Bob Barton Sue Wichmann, Martin and Wichmann, Editor Harvey Berwin Sue Butzer Writing Team Yvonne Cadwallader Steve Benson, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN Mary Chilinski Kerry Cork, MediaCraft, Inc., Minneapolis, MN Peggy Dingman Maria L.M. Hidalgo, St. Paul, MN George Foley Cheryl Lani Juarez, South Miami, FL John Huizinga Gail B.C. Marsella, Allentown, PA Mary Hurlocker Pamela O'Brien, Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN Patty Konsti Colleen M. Sauber, St. Paul, MN Gary Kwong Caren Barzelay Stelson, Edina, MN Walt Lager Guy Stewart, Hosterman Jr. High School, New Hope, MN Mike Lovejoy Stephen M. Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., New Hyde Park, NY Marlyce Paulson

National Science Teachers Association NEWTON'S APPLE Staff Bill G. Aldridge, Executive Director Brian Hackney, Host Karen Baker, Project Coordinator David Heil, Host Brian Aldridge, Program Manager Dave Huddleston, Host Jennifer Laughlin, Program Assistant Peggy Knapp, Host SuChin Pak, Host Content Review Panel Nancy Gibson, Naturalist Harry Allen, Ph.D., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Edison, NJ Richard Hudson, Executive Producer Alan Baker, M.D., Rockville, MD Doug Bolin, Series Producer Clinton H. Brown, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Rockville, MD Jeff Nielsen, Coordinating Producer Richard Burt, M.D., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL Tom Adair, Specials Producer Shirlee,Cavaliere, Gettysburg High School, Gettysburg, VA Kristian Berg, Senior Producer Sally De Roo, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI Sheldon Erickson, Producer Robert Donaldson, Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD Kim MacDonald, Producer Elaine Goldberg, Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD Erin Rasmussen, Producer Gregg M. Gochnour, Rockville High School, Rockville, MD Amy Kenefick, Series Production Designer Kathleen Gordon, Ph.D., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Darren Howelton, Associate Producer Nedra Hecker, National Aquarium in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD Kevin Williams, Associate Producer Mario Iona, Department of Physics, University of Denver, Denver, CO Diana Dresser, Series Production Assistant Marston Linehan, M.D., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Danika Hanson, Production Assistant Daniel Madrzykowski, PE., National Institute of Standards and Al Michaud, Production Assistant Technology, Gaithersburg, MD Cori Paulet, Production Assistant Joan Braunagel McShane, Truman School, Davenport, IA Norbert Een, Production Manager Melinda B. Mills, Space Center Intermediate School, Houston, TX Meighan Maloney, Production Manager Barbara Peek, Ph.D., Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, D.J. Hanson, Assignment Manager Nashville, TN Xai Yang, Resource Coordinator Nevin Sayre, Fiberspar, Inc., West Wareham, MA Stacy Wells, Series Coordinator George Schaller, Wildlife Conservation Society (Bronx Zoo), Linda Flynn, Producer/Researcher New York, NY Joel Dossi, Freelance Producer Kismet E. Talaat, Rockville High School, Rockville, MD Emily Goldberg, Freelance Producer Donnell Thomas, M.D., Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Gary Leatherman, Freelance Producer Seattle, WA Ron Peluso, Freelance Producer Stephen M. Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., New Hyde Park, NY Lynne Reeck, Freelance Producer Russell Wright, Ph.D., Montgomery County Public Schools, Barbara Wiener, Freelance Producer Rockville, MD D.R. Martin, Head Writer

Advisory Panel Design Group Deanna Beane, Association of Science and Technology Centers Steve Weil, Lead Designer Harold Banks, SMithsonian Institution Katie Osborn, Project Designer Marilyn Hala, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Geoffrey Stewart, Designer Phyllis Katz, Hands-On Science Outreach Glenn Mitsui, Illustrator, NEWTON'S APPLE 13th Season Poster Dale Marcellini, National Zoological Park J. Michael Gatlin, Illustrator, Lesson Pages Phyllis Marcuccio, National Science Teachers Association Larry Marcus, Photographer Oakie Russell, Public Broadcasting Service David Liefer, Additional Photography, Northeastern University Raymond Rye, Smithsonian Institution Gloria Tucker,Washington, DC, Public Schools Russell Wright, Montgomery County Public Schools Innovation 13th Season Subject Index

Segment Title Show#

Africa Special 1304 Aircraft Fire Rescue 1306 Balloon Safari 1304 Balloons 1306 Bicycles 1310 Bird Songs 1312 Bone Marrow 1309 Circus High Wire 1302 Coffee 1311 Disney World Special 1307 DNA Fingerprinting 1305 Dolphin Communication 1307 Equator Special 1311 Equator 1311 Ergonomics 1312 Hazardous Materials 1308 Hearing 1303 Human Slingshot Ride 1309 Ice Surfing 1305 In-line Skating 1308 Jungle Survival 1313 Liver 1313 Maya Bike Trek 1303 Mummies 1302 Reflexes 1301 Simulator Rides 1307 Waterskiing 1301 Wild Lion Vets 1310

Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE Twin Cities Public Television NONPROFIT ORG. 172 4th Street E U.S. POSTAGE Saint Paul MN 55101 PAID Saint Paul, MN PERMIT NO.3826

Message to recipient: Save this mailing cover. See postcard inside for important information about continuing to receive these materials. ERICICSNEE it:P>t? H=,NT. RrAn COI OH 43210-1015

Look inside for information about the newest season of NEWTON'S APPLE, including the debut of our new team of hosts. NEWTON'S APPLE is introducing new faces and going to new places to bring you and your students more science fun and discoveries! In addition to this free educator's guide, NEWTON'S APPLE has lots of new science education products that help put kids, parents, and teachers in the driver's seat, including: What's the Secret? CD-ROMs NEWTON'S APPLE Multimedia Collection Videodiscs and Software NEWTON'S APPLE Live! Traveling Theater Show NEWTON'S APPLE Science Kits for Home and School NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials On-line

For more information about these and other NEWTON'S APPLE educational products, call (612) 222-1717 and ask for NEWTON'S APPLE Outreach, or write us at: 172 East 4th Street Saint Paul, MN 55101 or contact us via e-mail at [email protected]

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