Drastic Dykes and Accidental Activists: Lesbians, Identity, And
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DRASTIC DYKES AND ACCIDENTAL ACTIVISTS: LESBIANS, IDENTITY, AND THE NEW SOUTH by LA SHONDA CANDACE MIMS (Under the Direction of James C. Cobb) ABSTRACT Lesbian histories exist somewhere between the academic disciplines of history and gender studies. Southern lesbian histories barely exist at all. Charlotte, North Carolina and Atlanta, Georgia share an important place in New South lesbian history as sites of urban connection and identity formation. Within the social spheres of Atlanta and Charlotte, lesbians formed communities that changed over time in response to the shifting urban landscape. This historical analysis of Charlotte’s and Atlanta’s lesbian communities highlights the gaps in southern history, queer history, and women’s history. Lesbians in these two southern cities will serve as the vehicle through which I seek to understand religion, race, politics, gender, economic development, class, and urban history in Charlotte and Atlanta. The development of Charlotte and Atlanta as bastions of the southern Sun Belt ideal rested on political and economic decisions that were heavily informed by religious influences. Religious conservatives held sizeable power in both cities, and often challenged economic or political commitments to seemingly immoral causes. These challenges necessarily informed identity and community creation for lesbians. The story I aim to tell is one of twentieth century southern identity— created at the highest and lowest levels of power. This dissertation reshapes the story of southern women’s history, but also the story of the twentieth-century Sun Belt South. Placing lesbians at the center of southern history is a vital retelling of a familiar story. My goal is to sharpen the edges of southern history and complicate traditional historical narratives. To broadly question tenacious stereotypes of gender and sexuality in the South is to topple the strongholds of southern history. By taking apart the familiar concepts of southern femininity, the southern belle, and genteel sexuality, my work seeks to upend historical narratives of southern women reframing them in a feminist, sexual, activist, and social light. Women who chose to live their lives with women in the New South challenged the traditional structures of gender, and created spaces that would define urban economies and reshape the urban landscape. INDEX WORDS: Lesbians, Charlotte, North Carolina, Atlanta, Georgia, New South, Gay, Feminist, Identity DRASTIC DYKES AND ACCIDENTAL ACTIVISTS: LESBIANS, IDENTITY, AND THE NEW SOUTH by LA SHONDA CANDACE MIMS BA, Georgia State University, 1992 MA, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2012 © 2012 La Shonda Candace Mims All Rights Reserved DRASTIC DYKES AND ACCIDENTAL ACTIVISTS: LESBIANS, IDENTITY, AND THE NEW SOUTH by LA SHONDA CANDACE MIMS Major Professor: James C. Cobb Committee: John C. Inscoe Reinaldo Román John D’Emilio Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2012 iv DEDICATION For Daddy, T, Copeland, and In Memory Of Betty H. Mims 1930-2002 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been fortunate to be a part of two extremely supportive departments in my academic career. While working on my master’s degree at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, I came to know many fine professors, including Peter Thorsheim, Steve Sabol, Dan Dupre, Gregory Mixon, John Smail, Christine Haynes, and Mark Wilson. They are proof that historians exude goodwill, and their supportive advice has been invaluable to my development as a scholar. My advisor, Donna Gabaccia, offered a critique of my master’s thesis that shaped my thoughts for the dissertation and helped me prepare for the next leg of the journey. Heather A. Thompson also offered important guidance on the thesis and the profession, and she remains incredibly supportive. Karen Cox was an excellent writing partner during this project, and I appreciate her willingness to thoughtfully read my work. Karen Flint and David Johnson have been good friends and confidantes—offering patient guidance and great company. I decided to enter graduate school because of Cindy Kierner, and I could write a book of appreciation just for her. She is a mentor, a true friend, and a cheerleader. Cindy is often the first person to recommend me for important opportunities, and she has written letters, read my work, and introduced me to the Southern Association for Women Historians—an organization that has been vital to my scholarly development. Early in my graduate career she taught me to state my historical opinions with confidence and to curb self-deprecating commentary, which radically altered my approach to graduate school. Cindy also introduced me to David Goldfield—a debonair and unbelievably kind vi human being. David introduced me to the business of this profession while working on the Journal of Urban History , and as his graduate editorial assistant he always treated me with the utmost respect. When I arrived at the University of Georgia, it was clear that David’s words preceded me—and thankfully they were words of praise. His family has embraced mine, he shares my belief that Chilton County, Alabama grows the best peaches, and luckily he is my friend. In Athens, Georgia, my good fortune continued, as I developed relationships with gifted scholars. Ian Lekus read my master’s thesis and offered formative and invaluable advice during the early stages of my time there. He also introduced me to Pamela Voekel and Bethany Moreton who were tenaciously committed to my academic and personal success—and generous beyond measure. They deserve my deepest appreciation. Paul Sutter and William Stueck helped me to think critically about teaching, and challenged me in defining ways. And Kathleen Clark took the time to read my work and offered important thoughts on how to proceed with my topic. The professors on my committee are truly the finest in their fields. Reinaldo Román opened my eyes to new territories of historical thought, and always responded thoughtfully to my work. I am honored to have benefitted from his careful analysis. John Inscoe is, as many before me have noted, the kindest human being that one could hope to meet. He is a champion of my work, and is always available to offer his assistance and insight. John D’Emilio probably did not realize that I would actually take him up on his offer to work with me so many years ago—an offer he extended well before I entered a doctoral program. But, he remained true to his word and to my work. Finally, no historian could hope for a more exacting or committed mentor than Jim Cobb. vii He treated my work with respect and he offered remarkably detailed comments. He makes me laugh, and occasionally shake in my boots. I feel lucky to work with him, and I know that I am a better historian because I have. The graduate students at Georgia are a fine and robust group of scholars, and many are now lifelong friends. I could write a paragraph of thanks for each of them. Kathi Nehls, Jim Gigantino, Levi Van Sant, Blake Scott, Jennifer Wunn, Steve Nash, Zac Smith, Lisette Montoto, and Jenny Schwartzberg made life in Athens unforgettable. Jason Manthorne was the best office husband that I could have hoped for—I owe him a debt of gratitude that I cannot repay. He is a dear friend. The best part by far is that these people have marked my life permanently, and I know that our time together in Athens is only the beginning. The Graduate School, the history department, and the Willson Center at the University of Georgia all offered vital funding for this dissertation—especially in my final year of writing. Outside of the university, I received the overwhelmingly generous Prelinger Scholarship from the Coordinating Council for Women in History that allowed me to complete this work with minimal distraction. In addition, I had the great fortune of receiving a research fellowship from the fine staff at Emory University’s Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, and Duke University’s Sallie Bingham Center for Women’s History and Culture also provided fellowship support. While at the Bingham Center I worked with exceptional librarians, including the spectacular Kelly Wooten, and I truly enjoyed my days there. During the early stages of this project I was fortunate to meet Wesley Chenault at the Atlanta History Center, and he provided me with an viii overwhelming amount of resources for this project. He is a fine scholar who is committed to queer southern history. Outside of the academy, my good fortune is matchless. I have amazing friends in Charlotte and I deeply appreciate all of those who have listened to me ramble about this work and still come back for more. The narrators who shared their stories with me were committed to my project and they shaped my approach to the research presented here. I have done my best to be true to them, and am grateful for their willingness to participate. My good friend, Annette Snapp, has been with this project since its infancy. She is a brilliant thinker and the truest of friends. During the final months of writing, my brother patiently read chapter drafts, provided important feedback, and listened to my tales of woe. But my partner lived this project, and provided a foundation of support that I cannot adequately explain. She deserves words of gratitude from a better writer than I. This