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Proquest Dissertations Men of the Moment: Emergent Masculinities in the Victorian Novel Tara MacDonald Department of English McGill University, Montreal April 2008 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Tara MacDonald 2008 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-66655-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-66655-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des ftns commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extra its substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada 11 Table of Contents Abstract iii Resume v Acknowledgements vii List of Figures ix Introduction 1 Chapter One "Good and bad Angels": Race, Class, and Models of Masculinity in 29 Charles Dickens's David Copperfield Chapter Two "Fascinating" Men and the Challenges of Moral Reform in Anne Bronte's 70 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and Amelia B. Edwards's Hand and Glove Chapter Three Doctors, Dandies, and New Men: Revising Male Sexuality in Ella Hepworth 119 Dixon's The Story of a Modern Woman and Sarah Grand's The Beth Book Chapter Four Clerks and Cads in an Age of Transition: George Gissing's The Odd Women 164 and Thomas Hardy's The Well-Beloved Conclusion 213 Works Cited 221 Abstract This dissertation examines the behaviours and values that qualify as male sexual deviance in Victorian novels from the mid-century and 1890s. Male seducers from mid-nineteenth-century fiction have often been described as later versions of the eighteenth-century libertine or rake. This dissertation argues for a critical reorientation of these figures towards the fin-de-siecle. Specifically, I argue that mid-century depictions of vexed masculine behaviour anticipate important patterns in the representation of male sexuality and morality, and that they gesture to later-century portrayals of masculinity embodied in figures like the dandy or New Man. Examining fiction from these two periods, which are conventionally treated as ideologically discrete, reveals a dialogue about male sexuality between mid- and late-century novels. Indeed, although the 1890s was a decade of sexual change, a literary discourse questioning the boundaries of male sexuality was in formation throughout the Victorian period. Chapter One examines models of masculine behaviour in Charles Dickens's David Copperfield (1849-50). These models of masculinity have varying class and racial implications, and they respectively trace David's movement from an aristocratic to a middle-class masculine ideal. Chapter Two explores deviant male sexuality in Anne Bronte's The Tenant ofWildfell Hall (1848) and Amelia B. Edwards's Hand and Glove (1858), arguing that the novels offer cautionary tales about the glorification of male cruelty through the deviant but "fascinating" Arthur Huntington and Xavier Hamel. While these mid-period novels encounter tensions between fascinating men and reformed men, the late- century novels I examine translate these tensions into a contest between the New Man and Old Man. Chapter Three argues that the doctor and dandy emerge as figures who threaten the New Woman's desire for intellectual, social, and sexual equality in Ella Hepworth Dixon's The Story of a Modern Woman (1894) and Sarah Grand's The Beth Book (1897). In Chapter Four, I trace the representation of the New Man and Old Man in George Gissing's The Odd Women (1893) and Thomas Hardy's The Well-Beloved (1897), novels that expose challenges to male sexuality in an increasingly feminist society. Resume Cette dissertation examine les attitudes et valeurs considerees comme participant de la deviance sexuelle masculine dans la litterature de l'epoque victorienne, de 1850 a 1890. Les personnages de seducteurs presentes par la litterature romanesque du 19e siecle sont souvent considered comme ayant leur origine dans les personnages de libertin ou de debauche depeints par la litterature du 18e siecle. Cette dissertation suggere, cependant, que ce type de personnage a fait l'objet d'une reorientation critique vers la fin de siecle. En particulier, il est suggere que les representations, au milieu du siecle, de ces comportements masculins, anticipent d'importants changements dans la representation de la sexualite et de la moralite masculines, tels qu'incarnes par les personnages du dandy et de l'Homme Nouveau. L'examen des oeuvres litteraires datant des periodes de la mi-siecle et de la fin de siecle, deux periodes habituellement considerees comme etant distinctes, revele un dialogue entre celles-ci sur le sujet de la sexualite masculine. Ainsi, alors que les annees 1890 sont caracterisees par des changements quant a l'approche a la sexualite, un discours litteraire remettant en question les limites de la sexualite masculine existait des la periode victorienne. Le Chapitre 1 examine les modeles de comportement masculin offerts par David Copperfield, de Charles Dickens (1849-50). Ces modeles de masculinite comportent plusieurs implications sociales et raciales, qui accompagnent revolution du personnage de David, d'un ideal masculin aristocratique a celui de la classe moyenne. Le Chapitre 2, a travers The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), d'Anne Bronte, et Hand and Glove (1858), d'Amelia B. Edwards, explore la deviance sexuelle masculine : a travers l'examen des personnages deviants mais « fascinants » d'Arthur Huntington et de Xavier Hamel, il est ici suggere que ces ceuvres litteraires component des avertissements contre la glorification de la cruaute masculine. Alors que les romans du milieu du 19e siecle identifient une tension entre les hommes « fascinants » et les hommes reformes, de l'examen de romans de la fin du siecle ressort plutot un contraste entre 1'Homme Nouveau et l'Homme Ancien. Le Chapitre 3 suggere que les personnages de medecin et de dandy, dans The Story of a Modern Woman (1894), de Ella Hepworth Dixon, et The Beth Book (1897), de Sarah Grand, sont presented comme des menaces au desir de la Femme Nouvelle pour 1'egalite intellectuelle, sociale et sexuelle. Le Chapitre 4 retrace les representations de l'Homme Nouveau et de l'Homme Ancien telles que presentees dans The Odd Women (1893), de George Gissing, et The Well-Beloved (1897), de Thomas Hardy, qui exposent les defis a la sexualite masculine que represented une societe de plus en plus feministe. Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful for the emotional, intellectual, and financial support I have received throughout this project. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Tabitha Sparks, who helped me to craft a dissertation of which I am proud. Her intelligence and good-humour were invaluable. It was a privilege to work with her. I also want to thank Professors Monique Morgan and Allan Hepburn for their encouragement and insight. Professor Hepburn recommended that I read The Well-Beloved and The Man of Property, for which I am grateful. I wish to acknowledge the generous support I have received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, the Faculty of Arts, and the Department of English at McGill. Thanks too to Professors Tom Mole and Tabitha Sparks for employing me as a research assistant. My work for them taught me a great deal. I am also grateful for my teaching assistantships and lectureships in the Department of English. I would like to extend my gratitude to the many friends, both at McGill and elsewhere, who have offered support along the way. Thank you to Caroline Lavergne for her translation help. A special thank you to Caroline Herbert, Lindsay Holmgren, and Jessica Riddell for their valuable proofreading and encouragement during the final busy weeks. Lindsay deserves further thanks for her thoughtful advice and friendship during my five years at McGill. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my parents, Roderick and Valerie MacDonald, for their constant love and encouragement. You instilled in me a love of learning; thank you for that amazing gift. Thank you to my brother, Brad MacDonald, for always being in my corner. And a final thank you to Chad Burt for his love, support, and unwavering confidence in me. IX List of Figures Fig. 1 William Makepeace Thackeray, Frontispiece of The History of Pendennis, 1850 Fig. 2 "What the New Woman Will Make of the New Man!" Punch (27 July 1895): 42.
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