new horizons new New spacecraft –

№9, 2010 2 Information Satellite Systems Кооперация Information Satellite Systems 3

Dear colleagues,

Today it is generally accepted to refer to 2009 as the year of the worldwide economic crisis marked by a considerable decline in production. Despite that, for the JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev “Information Satellite Systems” it was a period of dynamic growth, new achievements and breakthroughs. In 2009 the company’s volume of work increased considerably, mainly due to the accelerated financing scheme introduced by the government in previous years to support advanced projects in satellite building. Those measures enabled the company to lay the required scientific and technical groundwork, modernize its production and experimental facilities as well as introduce new technologies. With the backing of Roscosmos, we succeeded in developing principally new products, in particular, medium-class and heavy-class satellites. They are not yet manufactured in Russia; their number is limited in the world. The further advancement of the JSC “Information Satellite Systems” is closely connected with the implementation, first of all, of long-term federal programs. These are the Federal Space Program, the Federal Target Program, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Program and the Defence Order. Besides, the company aims to increase the number of commercial projects by bidding for satellite manufacturing contracts in the interests of Russian and international customers. All these factors allow us to feel confident on both Russian and international markets. I am certain that regardless of the economic climate we will always have an opportunity to advance our company and provide the personnel with a solid backlog of orders.

Nikolai Testoedov, General Designer and Director General of the JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev “Information Satellite Systems” Contents

The legislative framework of the space industry 6

Nikolai Testoedov,

JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev “The company increased its output 8 “Information Satellite Systems” considerably in 2009” 52, Lenin Street, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk region, 662972 Russia Tel: 8 (391-97) 280-08 Creating state-of-the-art Fax: 8 (391-97) 226-35 12 Editor-in-Chief Express-AM5 and AM6 � Svetlana Bashkova

Managing Editor � Kristina Uspenskaya

Translator � Svetlana Kulaga Business integration 14

Photo Vlada Mineeva

Design � Maxim Mikhalchenkov Spacecraft thermal control 16 Published by JSC ISS subsystems developed at ISS 2010

For details contact: [email protected] http://www.iss-reshetnev.com Education, science tel: 8 (391-97) 6-45-25 and manufacture: 20 No unauthorized photocopying. 50 years’ partnership

Reshetnev Readings-2009 24

Reshetnev’s heritage 27

The conquest of the geostationary orbit 29 A meeting on the MIC-related Another phase of A&F facility issues construction over Nikolai Testoedov, General Designer and Director General of ISS-Reshetnev, has taken part in the high- level meeting chaired by President Dmitry Medvedev on the questions concerning development of the national military industrial complex.

Nikolai Testoedov was invited to the meeting by President Medvedev as head of a company that implements large government defense contracts for the manufacture of spacecraft. At the meeting President Medvedev brought up the most serious problems of the national military industrial complex. He spoke of the necessity for adopting a federal target program to ensure development of the complex, reduction of production costs and improvement in government contracts legislation. President Medvedev also emphasized that when ISS-Reshetnev has completed the erection manufacturing new military hardware priorities must be given and facing of its unique new facility intended for to advanced weapons. assembling and testing antennas and antenna & feeder systems.

With the heating system installed and the entrance hall made cold proof, the construction of the facility moved into Satellites for the agricultural the Interior Work Phase. This will include a concrete floor sector placement, installation of utility systems and the lining of walls and the dome-shaped roof. Upon completion of the interior work, it is planned to commence reconstruction of an auxiliary building located in the adjacent territory to set up a laboratory and accommodation spaces in there. Construction is scheduled to wrap up in the third quarter of 2010. At present ISS-Reshetnev is testing dedicated support equipment as well as completing the development of the zero-gravity simulation system to enable testing of solar panels and antenna reflectors of different size and mass.

Launch of the Glonass-M clusters Another six Glonass-M satellites developed and manufactured by the Reshetnev Company were successfully launched in clusters №40 and 41 on December 14, 2009 The RF Ministry of Agriculture has awarded a contract to and March 2, 2010 from the Academician M.F. Reshetnev “Information Satellite Systems” Baikonur Cosmodrome. for the manufacture of three Cosmos-CX satellites. The satellites are intended for remote sensing observations Since the successful and monitoring of agricultural lands over the whole Russian deployment in orbit, the territory. The spacecraft will allow collection of high-precision satellites have been controlled satellite data on the condition of agricultural fields as well by the Satellite Mission Control as crop yield forecasting and assessment. Besides, the new Center of the Ministr y of Defence satellites will provide a platform for Earth observations located in Krasnoznamensk. The to enable forecasts of droughts, floods and other natural ISS team continues to provide phenomena that might cause damage to the national technical assistance as well. The Glonass-M satellites were agricultural complex. With the new technical solutions and manufactured within the scope of the GLONASS Federal Target capabilities, the Cosmos-CX satellites will provide detailed Program for Russia’s orbiting fleet of navigation satellites. The satellite imagery of the Earth’s surface. Payloads (cameras 1450-kiligram Glonass-M spacecraft have been designed to and downlink data transmission equipment) will be supplied orbit for at least 7 years to provide high-precision position by the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of and time data for the entire spectrum of users, both military Sciences. and civilian. 6 Information Satellite Systems Strategy The legislative framework of the space industry

The round-table session called Activities of ROSCOSMOS enterprises including ISS-Reshetnev together members of the State are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation “On space Duma and the Federation Council, representatives of Russian space activities”. Besides, the space sector is governed by a number companies and cooperating of other key normative documents. Nevertheless, these seem enterprises, as well as officials from the ministries concerned. As it was insufficient to ensure effective organization of work in the stated at the session today’s national industry. It is obvious that the existing laws and regulations space industry can be characterized require amendments. For this reason, the State Duma by science-intensive, high-tech manufacturing processes as well as held a round-table session devoted to “Tasks and growth greater innovation capabilities which prospects of the space industry: legislative environment”. once realized will fundamentally a ffect the country’s economic development. One of the speakers was Nikolai Testoedov, General Designer Vitaly Davydov, Deputy Head and Director General of the JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev of the Russian Space Agency, took the floor to speak on the agency’s “Information Satellite Systems”. strategic objectives. They included Information Satellite Systems 7

the intensification of use of outer institutions – export credit agencies administrative territorial entities space and enhancement of its (ECAs). Their main advantage is that (ZATOs). As explained by Nikolai effectiveness to enable Russia to solve they provide financial support with Testoedov, it is the case when the Land its current tasks; capacity-building minimum interest rates, maximum Code collides with the Privatization and development; guaranteed access repayment terms (up to 8 years) and Act. Theoretically, an enterprise must to space; extension of international maximum amount of financing (up be privatized together with the land it cooperation and fulfillment of to 85% of the contract value). ‘When occupies, which is, in fact, impossible international commitments in the bidding for Russian and international in closed cities, since their lands have field of space activities. V.A. Davydov contracts we have no chance to compete either been taken out of circulation also emphasized that the innovative on an equal footing with our foreign or have limited transferability. On development of the country’s economy rivals, as a buyer, especially during the whole, it was agreed that the and the enhancement of national the current economic crisis, has no formation of integrated companies in security would be impossible without idle funds. The financial support the Russian space industry was not the use of the space potential. In his scheme is very important. Especially progressing quickly enough, which to report on ROSCOSMOS’s activity in the context of the increasing some extend was caused by the absence he went into technical, budgetary, competition on the Russian satellite of title documents for the companies’ human and structural aspects. telecommunications market caused lands. Since the problem was also ‘The condition and prospects of the by the aggressive penetration of large “legislative” in nature, it was put on national space industry are very much international satellite manufacturers,’ the table for careful consideration. dependent on the implementation of stated Nikolai Testoedov. Therefore, In addition, the sitting members the Federal Space Program, GLONASS it was proposed to work out an action discussed the application of space Federal Program and the Federal plan to provide for long-term crediting activity results as well as their Target Development Program of the services at competitive terms in the integration into the socio-economic defence-industry complex. On the interest of both domestic and foreign and management practices. It was whole, the Russian space industry buyers of high-tech Russian space- stated that to successfully perform is moving up to the desired level technology products. those tasks it was important to of resource availability to ensure The second important issue that introduce a complex of effective realization of all its development the ISS leader put on the “round modern mechanisms and formalize plans as well as succeed in the national table” was devoted to the necessity them legislatively. This task was strategic objectives in the field of for introducing the zero VAT rate on supposed to be solved within the space activities. In the short term, series-produced military goods. In scope of the principally new federal development of the space sector will accordance with the Internal Revenue target program “Application of space be largely dependent on a financing Code of the Russian Federation activity results in the interests of the resolution on space programs to be the zero VAT rate applies to space- socio-economic development of the taken within the parameters of the technology products that are subject Russian Federation and its regions”. federal budgets for 2010 and 2011- to obligatory certification, excluding Without a comprehensive solution to 2012,’ said Vitaly Davydov. military spacecraft. That is why the problem, considerable amounts of A report on “The legislative prime contractors and contracting investments planned into the national framework of the sustainable parties are obliged to pay an 18% space infrastructure for the period development of Russia n space-industr y VAT out of all advance payments until 2015 and further on might not enterprises” was delivered by Nikolai received for military orders from the hit the target. Testoedov, ISS General Designer and Ministry of Defence. With a view to Nevertheless, it was declared that Director General. The speaker outlined establishing equal taxation treatment, despite all the topical issues raised the main difficulties of a legislative Nikolai Testoedov suggested making at the round table the national space nature encountered in the process of appropriate amendments to the industry was attaining the required work on the key federal space programs Internal Revenue Code. So far, some level of resource availability to realize carried out in the interests of both amendments have been already its development plans and succeed in civil and military customers as well issued. national objectives in the sphere of as commercial projects. In his report In his speech the ISS general space activities. Nikolai Testoedov stated that one of director also touched on the order of At the close of the session the major tasks to be solved at the granting budget investments to joint- the present members passed legislative level in the nearest future stock companies that were integrated recommendations regarding “Tasks was the establishment of effective into a single corporate body. According and growth prospects of the space financial support mechanisms to to Nikolai Testoedov, budgetary funds industry: legislative environment”. ensure export promotion of Russian should be allocated first to parent Those included Nikolai Testoedov’s space-technology products as well as companies and then distributed among proposals as well. According to the domestic supplies of satellites. That the others. This measure would allow ISS General Director, the round-table means that today Russia lacks any companies to form authorized capital session enabled all the participants long-term crediting mechanisms to in accordance with the principles including members of the State Duma support national or foreign satellite established by the Presidential Edict. and the Federation Council to jointly buyers. The ISS head referred to the Another question concerned formulate lines of action for the common practice used abroad by the the current legislative restrictions Russian Government and the State company’s major competing firms hindering full-scale privatization of Duma to work on. which act through specialized financial state-run enterprises located in closed 8 Information Satellite Systems Interview Nikolai Testoedov, “The company increased its output considerably in 2009” The year 2009 for the JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev “Information Satellite Systems” proved a period of dynamic growth marked by significant changes in all aspects of the company’s activity. The implementation of the current tasks and the initiation of new projects dictated the high tempo of work. What was the most valuable and essential experience in the intensive flow of events? The last year’s results are Glonass-M navigation satellites, the Besides, we are now participating in summarized by Nikolai Express-AM44 spacecraft, the most Gasprom Space Systems’ programs and Testoedov, General Designer powerful and effective satellite in the a number of international projects. We Russian orbital constellation deployed feel secure to go ahead mainly thanks to and Director General of the to serve the interests of the national our personnel, whose number increased ISS-Reshetnev Company. economy, and also military spacecraft considerably in 2009, and high tempos manufactured under the Defence Order. of the ongoing re-equipment program. - Mr. Testoedov, what do you think By comparison with the previous year, In 2009 we entered the final phase of the were the most important events for the in 2009 the company increased its construction of the new A&F (antenna & Reshetnev Company in 2009? output by 50%, which indicates that feeder systems) facility. We also laid - First of all, it was an anniversary ISS-Reshetnev met all its commitments the foundations of the galvanizing year for the company. 50 years is a long by executing production plans and plant and kept on modernizing our term and we succeeded in showing programs. It is very important to machinery pool and workplaces. its significance as well as making emphasize that it was not a mere - What are the company’s main progress in technology, science, increase in the company’s annual tasks for 2010? human resources, social programs output. It was an interim result of a - As for the production targets, and manufacturing capabilities. It number of long-term federal programs, first of all, we continue implementing was definitely the main event. Equally such as the Federal Space Program, the abovementioned federal programs. important were satellite launches. We the Global Navigation Satellite System We expect production to grow by launched 8 spacecraft last year: three (GLONASS) Program and others. approximately 40-50% in 2010, Information Satellite Systems 9

depending on the results of the bidding processes we are currently participating in. According to the launch schedule for 2010, we plan to deliver 23 satellites in orbit, including 10 Glonass spacecraft. 9 Glonass-M satellites will be deployed to provide the current fleet of navigation spacecraft with the required number of operational and reserve spacecraft to ensure full global coverage. The 10th navigation spacecraft scheduled for launch in 2010 is the next-generation Glonass-K satellite. We are also planning to carry on the construction of two production facilities as well as the re-equipment At the RF Government meeting with space companies program. The latter suggests our switch to the use of up-to-the-minute tools secondly, define and correct main lines these companies, which resulted in and machinery as well as information of the industry’s development. Then improved framework conditions for technology. there appear results. For instance, their further development. A number of - Mr. Testoedov, how did the the visiting session of the Russian enterprises including ISS were allowed company’s financial status change in Government hosted by the Reshetnev to keep dividends to boost production. 2009 in comparison with the previous Company on October 21, 2008 resulted Another crucial issue was settled corresponding periods? in Vladimir Putin taking a decision through the agency of the State - In 2006 the company’s turnover to grant a 15% preference to Russian Duma and the Ministry of Defence. It was 4.4 billion roubles; in 2008 and companies competing for Russian concerned the application of the zero 2009 it increased to 9.6 and 14.1 billion contracts against foreign rivals. VAT rate to series-produced military roubles correspondingly. Our forecast The decision has been implemented. products. Since it was not provided for 2010 is 21 billion. It is noteworthy Moreover, Russian companies have for in the Internal Revenue Code, by that this considerable increase was received priority for space contract Federal Act № 281 of November 25, mainly caused by the amount of the awards. These include launch services by 2009 the zero VAT rate was introduced business done. Besides, today we can Russian rockets and the manufacture of for series-produced military goods. We benefit from the improvements in the satellites by Russian prime contractors. had been discussing this issue with banking system. If previously, we had Taken together, government measures various committees in the State Duma to spend 100 million roubles out of a promote activities in the space sector to for almost a year and a half before, and 3-billion turnover on loan interests, a great degree. finally it worked out. then in 2009 we paid only 40 million Furthermore, the anti-recessionary - Today ISS-Reshetnev bids almost out of 14 billion roubles. It became m e a s u r e s u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t for all international contracts for the possible, first of all, due to the anti- last year proved very effective. Thus, manufacture of telecommunications recessionary measures undertaken by when the special commission headed spacecraft. What are the company’s the Russian Government in 2009 to by the Russian Minister of Finance prospects? bind customers to increase advance A.G. Siluanov reviewed the list of - The company’s chances for success payments, and secondly, due to the rate Russia’s strategic enterprises including in international competitions were Объем реализации и собственных работ cuts provided by the banks. ISS-Reshetnev, it was resolved to detОАО erm «ИСС» i ne dв 2006-20095 yea r s a гг. go и whenплан на R 2010 o s co год smo s - You have taken part in a reduce interests on bank credits for allocated funds to the implementation number of high-level government meetings recently (a visiting session ISS-Reshetnev’s volumes of sales and internal of the Government of the Russian activities in 2006-2009 and as planned for 2010 Federation, a round-table session at 25 000,0 the State Duma, etc.) Do you think meetings of that kind have any positive impact on the industry in general and 20 000,0 ISS‑Reshetnev in particular? - When participating in events like these you can see how quickly 15 000,0 the government’s efforts and macroeconomic policies start producing favorable effects on production results. 10 000,0 The high-level meetings in which we took part and especially those held at ISS under the chairmanship of Prime 5 000,0 Minister Vladimir Putin as well as meetings with President Dmitry Medvedev have shown that, first of 0,0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 all, these sessions help coordinate plan customers and the industry, and Volume of sales, mln. roubles Volume of internal activities, mln. roubles 10 Information Satellite Systems Interview

- Foreign customers prefer to order satellites with qualified systems and equipment. In the light of such great significance attached to the use of qualified satellite components aboard a spacecraft, how do you meet this challenge at ISS? - When creating a series of satellites with masses ranging from 800kg to 3.5 tons by using the same platform equipment we have an opportunity to test and prove these devices in space aboard the first spacecraft launched. This serves as a ground for including space-proven devices into the next project without additional testing, which saves time and money. It is important to distinguish the terms “flight-qualified” and “flight-proven”. Generally speaking, flight qualification is received when the first satellite in a The assembly of the Glonass-M spacecraft series, that was supposed to run, let’s say, for 15 years, in fact has completed of a forward-looking decision to create satellite building technology but its mission as guaranteed. When a unified satellite buses, Express-1000 immediately put us in the vanguard satellite has been in orbit for half a and Express-2000. Then, by breaking of technological progress. Today our year and its equipment is functioning through in our efforts to find most standardized flight-proven platforms well we can confirm that it is flight- progressive solutions in satellite and unified avionics enable us to proven and able to work in space. Since design, we managed to form the base build satellites at lower costs. So, we we can not wait for 15 years for the for our future satellite projects. These are ready to manufacture custom- first satellite to complete its mission, are high-powered satellite platforms of tailored spacecraft at the price of we have worked out a strategy to test unpressurized design with a 15‑year mass-produced items, which allows separate devices, assemblies, coatings service life and high-precision station- us to bid confidently for Russian and and subsystems onboard our various keeping capabilities. In fact, we foreign contracts. As a result, we have satellites manufactured and launched succeeded in creating unique products, made a number of contracts for the annually in large quantities to perform i.e. a medium-class satellite platform manufacture of satellites, in particular, missions different from those that the with 6 kW of power available for the Amos-5 for Israel, Telkom-3 for equipment-to-test must perform. For payload and capable of being launched Indonesia, Yamal-300K for Gazprom instance, we install communications in tandem atop a Proton rocket; and a Space Systems, and Express-AM5 and equipment to be tested into vacant heavy-class platform intended for the Express-AM6 for the Russian Satellite spaces onboard 6 navigation satellites creation of high-powered satellites Communications Company. Indeed, we that are launched annually within the that have never been launched before. compete practically for all international scope of the GLONASS Federal Target Thus, that timely, forward-looking contracts, especially if there is a Program. Thus, the communications financing strategy allowed us to avoid possibility of building satellites on the equipment receives its “flight-proven” lagging behind the world’s latest abovementioned platforms. status and quality assurance 2-3 years prior to the launch of the first Funds allocated for the “2006-2009 ISS Technical communications satellite. We follow Sustainability Support and Manufacturing Base Improvement Plan” this pattern with regard to almost all devices that are manufactured at ISS or 1800 purchased from our business partners. 1696,8 It is our most important proof of 1600 efficiency of our devices, assemblies 1400 1327,8 and avionics together with ISS-made platforms, onboard which they pass 1200 their tests. - It is no secret that the shortage 1000 of reliable Russian-made components 800 poses a serious problem for the Russian space industry. Today ISS‑Reshetnev Financing, mln. roubles 544,1 569,71 600 has the largest order book in the 332,9 industry for the manufacture of 400 391,21 369 194,59 military, civilian and commercial 157,1 200 satellites. What measures are being 211,2 37,49 178,5 taken to improve the reliability of the 0 component base? 2006 2007 2008 2009 - You formulated the main problem Federal funds Equity funds and other resources Total of Russian satellite manufacturing Information Satellite Systems 11

Выработка на 1-го работника ОАО «ИСС» в 2006-2009 гг. и план на 2010 год, тыс. руб correctly, i.e. the insufficiently Output per worker in 2006-2009 reliable component base with a number and as planned for 2010, in thousands of roubles of crucial characteristics missing. The 3 500,0 problem exists, yet it is being solved by means of some federal target programs. 3 000,0 However, as satellite manufacturers, we can not wait until essential satellite 2 500,0 elements are created, and so we are also trying to find solutions. First of all, 2 000,0 we place special orders for batches of components preliminarily agreed upon with the manufacturers in terms of 1 500,0 volumes, materials, inspection points, order of acceptance, etc. Secondly, 1 000,0 apart from go/no go tests, we conduct additional performance tests of 100% 500,0 of Russian-made radio equipment. These include electrical, thermal 0,0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 and thermal-vacuum tests to check plan the parameters of the procured radio Total sales per worker In-house activities per worker equipment. “Potentially unreliable” items are rejected as well, together - In 2009 ISS-Reshetnev completed whole integrated structure. If there with a small number of components business integration. What principles exists a better accounting system, we which fail to meet requirements. If do you follow in running such a large will do the same. At the same time during additional testing we notice a company? How real is it to centralize the process of dealing with all crucial slight drift of parameters towards the the process of handling numerous questions regarding production Output per worker of sales Output per worker of internal activities boundary points, we reject the item, questions that arise at various units facilities, capacity, technology, as we understand that at some point and concern production, social sphere, information security, local data of a satellite’s lifetime, projected, let’s human resources, etc.? processing networks, social programs, say, for 15 years, these parameters - In late December we fulfilled the property, etc. will be standardized. might slip beyond the given range. As RF Presidential Edict of June 2006 It is important to stress that we plan far as foreign radio components are establishing an integrated structure neither resubordination nor affiliation. concerned, I would like to point out on the ISS-Reshetnev base. The All the enterprises integrated into that they are used on Russian satellites question that had to be answered was ISS ‑R e shetnev w i l l st i l l r em a i n s ep a rat e in strict compliance with the existing what to do next. To clone our system legal entities and will pay taxes at the regulatory system. Besides, a list of of management at the other business place of registration and residence in foreign components accepted for use units? Or to let them go on their own? order to avoid disagreement with local on a spacecraft is always submitted to The answer was very simple - to borrow authorities and the new conditions. the customer for approval. As regards the best of every enterprise, every I think this model is optimal, as it quality, it is our understanding that single system. If at a certain enterprise leads to no conflict between interested there are three standards in Western there exists a better system of financial parties and most fully reflects component manufacturing. The first is accounting, we will consider it, compare Roscosmos’s conception of developing INDUSTRY or, simply put, household with ours and introduce, as it is, for the large integrated companies. standard. The second is MILITARY and, as it is clear from the word, it includes improved quality components used in ground conditions, which means they can be replaced or repaired. Finally, the SPACE quality standard, i.e. the highest quality components produced specially for long-term operation in space conditions. At our enterprise we issued a directive several years ago to use exclusively MILITARY and SPACE quality elements. In cases when these are not available in terms of parameters, we have to use INDUSTRY, but every time this happens, we sign a program for additional testing and launch the same procedures as we have with Russian-made electronic components. That makes us confident that the components to be used meet all quality and parameter requirements as regards specifications, performance in space and radiation resistance. Thermoelectric tests of the Gonets spacecraft at ISS-Reshetnev 12 Information Satellite Systems Projects Creating state-of-the-art Express-AM5 and AM6 The contract for the manufacture of the Express‑AM5 and Express‑AM6 telecommunications satellites was awarded to ISS-Reshetnev in 2009 by RSCC, Russia’s state satellite operator. The history of cooperation between the two companies spans more than one decade. In fact, ISS-Reshetnev has designed and manufactured a variety of satellite series According to the contract signed The satellites will employ the for the Russian Satellite in August 2009, ISS will design, versatile Express‑2000 platform Communications Company, develop, manufacture, test, conduct developed by the Reshetnev Company. pre-launch preparations and in-orbit At present the engineering model such as Gorizont, Ekran-M, commissioning of two heavy-class of the platform structure has been Express, Express-A and telecommunications spacecraft. The manufactured and tested. Designed satellites will be manufactured within as heavy as 3400kg, the satellites are Express-AM, all intended the scope of the on-going Federal Space expected to orbit for 15 years. for domestic service. In Program set for a period up to 2015 to The satellites’ electrical power 2009 ISS and RSCC made meet domestic needs of the increasing subsystem will generate no less than satellite communications and digital 14kW of power. According to Nikolai another contract for the broadcasting market. Testoedov, General Designer and supply of the Express-AM5 Express‑AM5 and Express‑AM6 will Director General of Information provide the country with the necessary Satellite Systems, the Express‑AM5 and and Express-AM6 satellites, telecommunications infrastructure and Express‑AM6 satellites will become the which was definitely an accessible multichannel digital TV and most powerful Russian-built satellites. radio broadcasting services. The new They will accommodate a large number important milestone in the spacecraft are also intended to provide of transponders in the С-, Ku-, Ka- and history of ISS-RSCC relations. mobile presidential and governmental L-bands, which will allow Russia to communication, multimedia services more efficiently use its orbit frequency (telephony, videoconferencing, data resources. relaying, the Internet) and VSAT With in the fra mework of the proje ct, networks. ISS-Reshetnev is subcontracting the The contract entered into force on repeater and antenna systems to the October 27, 2010. According to the Canadian company MDA. NII Radio, a terms of the contract, the first satellite Russian Scientific Research Institute, is scheduled to be manufactured within will carry out the integration of the 29 months; the second one is due onboard repeater equipment as well as 4 months later. design and manufacture the payload Information Satellite Systems 13

modules. The unique feature of the Express‑AM5 and AM6 satellites consists in the fact that these are going t o b e t h e f i r s t h e av y- c l a s s u np r e s s u r i z e d satellites with a large number of transponders and sophisticated antenna systems. It is important to mention that ISS-Reshetnev will also take part in the manufacture of spacecraft antenna systems. In the nearest future the company is Technical parameters planning to launch production of shaped reflector antennas. To that Spacecraft name Express-АМ5 Express-АМ6 end, ISS is procuring equipment and Orbit geostationary geostationary developing the manufacturing and measurement technology. It is also Orbital position 140°E 53°E worth mentioning that some years ago Operational lifetime 15 years 15 years the company’s management set the task of moving on to the manufacture Power supply for the payload no less than 14 kW no less than 14 kW of PLM elements and their integration instead of purchasing ready-assembled Number of transponders: ones. Today the company is following - C-band 30 14 that course successfully. The contract for the supply of - Ku-band 40 44 the Express‑AM5 and Express‑AM6 - Ka-band 12 12 satellites is of great significance for both – the manufacturer, ISS, - L-band 2 2 and the customer, RSCC. According to Yuri Prokhorov, acting general director of RSCC, ‘The step-by- step implementation of the Satellite Constellation Replenishment Program will allow RSCC to provide high- quality telecommunications services to the population of Russia as well as commercial and government users nationwide. The creation of the new Express‑AM5 and Express‑AM6 spacecraft will open new pages in the history of the Russian orbital constellation’.

Based on the RSCC materials

About RSCC The Russian Satellite Communications Company is Russia’s national satellite operator whose satellites provide full global coverage. The company was founded in 1967. Today RSCC is listed among the world’s top ten largest satellite communications service providers. The company operates Russia’s largest fleet of spacecraft spaced between 14° W and 140° E, thus covering the entire Russian territory, the CIS, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Asia-Pacific Region, North and South America, and Australia. The company has 5 space communications centers: Dubna, Bear Lakes, Skolkovo, Zheleznogorsk, Khabarovsk and the Shabolovka Technical Center in Moscow as well as its own high-speed optical-fiber digital network.

A satellite model based on the Express-2000 platform 14 Information Satellite Systems Integration

Business integration In December 2009 the JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev Russian space industry held in August 2009, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin “Information Satellite Systems” completed business stated that the strategic objectives integration to form a large integrated company. of the industrial structural reforms were a competitive growth of space- The ambitious integration process was launched 8 years ago related enterprises and an effective in the context of the ongoing restructuring of the national use of their potential for the country to succeed in domestic socio-economic military-industrial complex and has been carried out with objectives as well as penetrate hi-tech a view to optimizing the production management system in international markets. The meeting produced deadlines for the integration the industry. process and the number of integrated structures to be formed; thus, the The Presidential Edict of June 9, measuring systems, complexes and figures for 2009 and 2010 were 4 and 5 2006 on the formation of the integrated spacecraft for various applications. correspondingly. The first in the list to company “Academician M.F. Reshetnev Thus, the main field of the company’s carry business integration through was “Information Satellite Systems” activity was defined as space. the joint-stock company “Academician defined priority lines of activity Today the formation of integrated M.F. Reshetnev “Information Satellite for the new corporate body as the structures is strictly controlled Systems”. design, development, modernization, by the Government of the Russian The first meeting of the Board of manufacture and maintenance of space- Federation. At one of the meetings Directors of the enlarged Information based information and coordinate- devoted to the restructuring of the Satellite Systems was chaired by Information Satellite Systems 15

Anatoly Perminov, head of the Russian (Rostov-on-Don). The same procedure will be diversifying into profit-making Space Agency, on October 20, 2009. had been previously launched to businesses. ISS-Reshetnev, as the The members of the Board adopted integrate four companies from majority shareholder, will support and a number of resolutions aimed at Zheleznogorsk: the JSC “NPO PM – encourage attractive long-term projects facilitating the business integration Razvitie”, the JSC “NPO PM – MKB”, and development plans. process. At present ISS-Reshetnev is a the JSC “Technical Test Center – Today, to ensure development of the large corporate body formed from nine NPO PM” and the JSC “Sibpromproekt”. integrated company, ISS is considering Russian enterprises specializing in Thus, the formation of the new possible courses of action, including spacecraft manufacturing. In December integrated company was successfully growth prospects and further expansion 2009 the authorized capital stock of completed in 2009. of its shareholder base. Under the new the Reshetnev Company was enlarged Currently, ISS-Reshetnev, as circumstances, the Reshetnev Company through share capital injections from a shareholder with almost 100% will definitely take advantage of the 5 enterprises: the JSC “Scientific stake, is forming teams to manage new acquisitions, for all the companies and Production Enterprise “Kvant” the 9 companies. These will also are involved in the same space-oriented (Moscow), the JSC “Research & include representatives of the business. Production Enterprise “Geophisika- Reshetnev Company, which will Finally, all these steps are being Cosmos” (Moscow), the JSC “Scientific allow the headquarters to introduce undertaken to consolidate scientific, and Production Center “Polyus” its well‑proven management system manufacturing and financial resources (Tomsk), the JSC “Siberian Devices and to facilitate the realization of the of the space industry enterprises Systems” (Omsk) and the JSC “Scientific national space programs and plans. It is in order to succeed in the strategic and Research Enterprise of Space important to emphasize that apart from objectives set by the President of the Instrumentation Industry “Kvant” their main activities, all the companies Russian Federation. 16 Information Satellite Systems Technology Spacecraft thermal control subsystems developed at ISS

Modern spacecraft thermal control subsystems are complex multilevel systems comprised of thermal control devices and materials (heat pipes, optical coatings, heaters and thermal insulations) as well as complex multiunit liquid- and air-cooling loops. The accuracy of temperature regulation determines satellite operation, reliability and the lifetime of service and mission- critical equipment. Information Satellite Systems 17

The purpose of the thermal control Thermal subsystems with liquid The ESA’s predictive analysis regarding subsystem is to reject heat dissipated and gas loops ensure the best control thermal control trends for 2010- by the equipment and maintain capabilities, as they allow keeping onboard temperatures within the satellite equipment temperature 2020 shows that the advancement of desired temperature range through the fluctuations within the range of 10°С modern technologies puts forward life of the mission regardless of light through the life of the mission. For a challenging task of developing new conditions and satellite modes. reference, heat pipe subsystems allow heat-transfer devices and systems to Thermal control is crucial not only temperature fluctuations more than be based on the capillary-pumped for individual devices and components 30°С. In this case satellite equipment is but also for large-sized instrument subjected to temperature cycling, which heat pipe technology in order to panels. In some cases temperatures reduces a satellite’s lifetime. Liquid enable operation within particular must be maintained within a critical loops when embedded into honeycomb temperature ranges. range. For instance, the reference panels provide greater flexibility and frequency oscillator of a navigation appear to be very convenient for the the advanced non-pressurized satellite satellite requires that the temperature payload and the platform. bus Express-1000H – combines the is maintained within ±0.1°С. Satellites of the Express-AM advantageous attributes of both liquid Current trends in Russian and series provide an illustrative example and heat-pipe systems. The liquid Western satellite manufacturing of the successful application of the loop cools down the service module are indicative of the continuing gas-liquid thermal subsystem in equipment and then comes out on the growth in satellite size and power. spacecraft design. Combined with the internal surface of the radiating panels Thus, the Express-AM5 spacecraft technology of embedding liquid loops containing built-in heat pipes, thus, has been designed to have a 15‑kW into honeycomb panels (developed providing a thermal coupling between power consumption. With the by ISS), the gas-liquid subsystem the opposite radiating panels. This present-day global market making has considerably simplified the principle is particularly beneficial to greater demands on satellite lifetime, manufacturing and testing of payload a geostationary spacecraft, as during satellites are expected to operate for modules in Thales Alenia Space as well a year either one side of a satellite or no less than 15 years. In this regard, as their follow-up integration. The new the other faces the Sun, and as a result, the development of highly precise method ensured a tight arrangement of one of the panels may get considerably and reliable thermal control systems parts, which also proved convenient for heated whereas the other gets for large-sized instrument-bearing the antenna subsystem due to the so- considerably cooled. A thermal coupling structures is a truly challenging called “honeycomb tower” shape. Such allows temperature equalization and at endeavor. a result could have been hardly achieved the same time increases efficiency of The unique feature of the thermal if the equipment had been placed on the the panels. This approach to thermal control subsystem is that it determines radiation panels containing heat pipes control has been accepted for ISS’s satellite configuration which to a large as it was supposed in accordance with new satellites, in particular, Amos-5, extent depends on the way heat is the common Western practice. Despite Telkom-3, Yamal-300K, Express-AM5 removed. This knowledge is a guiding the advantages, liquid-gas subsystems and Express-AM6. principle in satellite design. have some shortcomings, such as Thus, the hybrid scheme based on At present the Reshetnev Company impossibility or great difficulty in the combination of heat pipes and the has introduced a number of methods providing a redundant loop, as well as liquid loop is going to be widely used for cooling satellite equipment: an increase in satellite mass owing to in satellite thermal control in the „„ gas cooling applied in a pressurized the use of a pressurized container and nearest future. In the distant future, container (Glonass-M); loop units. vapor-liquid (or two-phase) systems, „„ liquid cooling performed with the One of the recent developments whose major advantage resides in high aid of a pipeline going under the of the ISS-Reshetnev Company – heat transfer coefficients, will take mounting place or directly through ducts inside the equipment item; „„ heat transfer by means of heat pipes (Gonets, Yubileiny, Glonass-K); „„ heat rejection by radiating panels to which equipment is mounted from the inside. The last method, in the presence of concentrated powerful heat sources, requires heat pipes to spread heat along the radiating panel, and heaters to avoid overcooling in a stand-by mode. There are also combined methods of thermal control: „„ by transferring heat to a fluid; „„ by using both gas and liquid, the two loops being thermally coupled via a heat exchanger. The gas-liquid thermal subsystem has been used on a number of medium- and high-powered satellites, such as SESAT, Express-A and Express-AM. Honeycomb panels with embedded heat pipes 18 Information Satellite Systems Technology

a pilot two-phase deployable radiator system. It consisted of two loop heat pipes with condensers embedded into a deployable honeycomb radiator panel. Heat was transferred from the heater to one of the LHP’s evaporators, the heat rejection capacity being 700 W. The second evaporator had a body with a flow-type heat exchanger and the heat rejection capacity was almost 1000W. Tests proved a success. Thus far, ISS has issued design documentation for capillary evaporators. At present the company is developing the technology of manufacturing sintered powder wicks and capillary evaporators. An experimental 3-kW thermal control system ba sed on capilla r y evaporators is scheduled to be manufactured this year for ground testing. To conduct flight Visional inspection of heat pipes tests, ISS specialists have installed a miniature loop heat pipe instead of one Loop heat pipes as qualitatively new millimeters!). Besides, due to the high of the two variable conductance heat developments from the axial and artery capillary head inside the CE there are pipes on the Yubileiny-2 spacecraft. heat pipes are an upcoming trend no restrictions on the position of the Academician M.F. Reshetnev heat pipe relative to the horizon during “Information Satellite Systems” in the thermal control technology. ground tests. Another important has considerable expertise in the By undertaking R&D activities on advantage of LHPs is that they application of all the existing the design of LHPs, ISS-Reshetnev provide an opportunity to remove heat types of thermal control. The latest is, in fact, laying the foundations of to deployable double-sided radiating developments in this field that are developing new, high-performance panels by utilizing flexible lines and currently being implemented within a deployment mechanism. This is the Amos-5 and Telkom-3 projects, elements for the thermal control crucial for high-powered satellites, as will allow the company to manufacture subsystem. they need extra radiation surface areas a really unique system. Besides, with outside the satellite body. the additional use of loop heat pipes, pride of place. Within the framework ISS-Reshetnev initiated efforts which is expected in the future, there of the Federal Space Program set for to develop the technology in the late will appear more opportunities for the 2006-2015, the Reshetnev Company is 1980s. Quite soon, in 1989-1991, creation of hybrid-type systems for responsible for R&D activities on the a number of experimental modules with high-powered spacecraft. two-phase thermal control technology 120W of power were installed on three as well as for the creation of basic Gorizont spacecraft (№30, 31, 32). It Gennady Dmitriev, elements for the new system. was the first flight experiment with Principal Thermal Design The simplest example of the two- this type of systems in the world. Later, Engineer of the Thermal Control phase thermal control system is a heat in 2007-2008 ISS specialists created and Analysis Department. pipe, along which vapor and liquid flow in opposite directions, thus transporting up to 100W of waste heat at a distance of 2 m and with a very minor temperature difference. Theoretically, the two-phase loop system must have greater capabilities for transferring considerable amounts of heat over large distances. In the short-term, loop heat pipes (LHP) will take priority over regular heat pipes due to a number of advantages. The heart of a loop heat pipe is a capillary evaporator (CE) that has a high-porous sintered metal structure with a two-micron pore diameter. When ammonia is used, the capillary head of up to 0.4 bar is generated by the surface tension inside the CE, thus enabling vapour and liquid circulation over tens of meters along very small-sized transport lines (a few Heat pipes Information Satellite Systems 19 20 Information Satellite Systems Professionals Education, science and manufacture: 50 years’ partnership

Russia’s higher education The cradle of cooperation has a good reputation, long Academician M.F. Reshetnev Siberian The first 200 freshmen began their traditions and remarkable State Aerospace University (SIBSAU) studies on September 1, 1960 having is the only aerospace establishment in three major academic disciplines to achievements made by Siberia and the Russian Far East. It was choose from, i.e. rocket building, generations of outstanding founded by the Government Resolution rocket engines and flying vehicle of December 30, 1959 as an educational control systems. From the very first scientists and educators. plant facility with the aim of preparing days the new educational establishment Among the numerous specialists for the aerospace industry, acted in close cooperation with the in particular the Krasmash machine- subsidiary of Design Bureau-1 (now branches of the Russian building plant. One of the orders Information Satellite Systems). With educational system, of the USSR Defence Technology the backing of their head, Mikhail Committee stated, “The Krasnoyarsk Reshetnev, the young university was aerospace education is educational plant facility shall be of able to provide onsite specialized reckoned an elite university great significance to Krasnoyarsk’s training for teachers as well as tool cluster of defence enterprises in up university laboratories. As part of program that has proved terms of education and preparation the educational process, students and its effectiveness and made of highly-qualified staff”. Therefore, lecturers were allowed to attend the the history of Siberian Aerospace enterprise to gain detailed insight into tremendous contributions University is closely connected with the manufacturing process. to Russian aviation and the establishment of a large rocket-and- In 1966 the university granted space complex dedicated to defence and its first degrees. 149 graduates got cosmonautics. space missions. diplomas in rocket engineering. It was Information Satellite Systems 21

an important milestone suggesting chairs in the university. These are creation of new-day space-technology that in the future Krasnoyarsk V. Khalimanivich, E. Golovenkin, products. Aerospace University would be able to A. Kozlov, V.Raevsky and A. Shatrov. The university offers 42 graduate meet the growing demand of regional In 2008 Professor N. Testoedov, the programs, 17 undergraduate programs enterprises for homegrown aerospace General Designer and Director General and 32 postgraduate professional specialists. Mikhail Reshetnev, who of the Reshetnev Company headed the programs. At present Siberian was presiding at the State Examination department of Space-based Information Aerospace University is among those Board for rocket building, appreciated Systems. Russian universities that prepare the level of students’ preparation. Some The collaborative effort of the two specialists and scientific workers graduates of the inaugural class were teams is chiefly directed towards under the State Defence Order. offered placement in the Reshetnev improvement in the quality of student The order figures for 2009 were: Company, in which they worked with preparation so as to enable them to 204 graduates, 48 undergraduates great dedication till retirement. create spacecraft of tomorrow. The and 42 postgraduates. Besides, the Academician M.F. Reshetnev preparation of elite specialists is university prepares reserve officers placed great emphasis on the thorough carried out on the basis of an innovative and professional soldiers for service in preparation of specialists. He was in teaching philosophy and methods, the strategic rocket forces. charge of the Krasnoyarsk branch of thus resulting in graduates’ thorough Today the university offers 46 the All-Union Aerospace Association knowledge, broad scientific erudition Master’s Degree Programs in 11 fields “Union” and one of the founders of and specialized competences. of study. The last intake of students for the Regional Cosmonautics School To encourage students’ progress master degrees exceeded 300 people, for gifted children. M. Reshetnev’s and scientific research, the 20 % of whom are graduates of other opinion of issues related to aerospace Reshetnev Company has established educational establishments. education was of particular importance the Academician M.F. Reshetnev At present over 300 postgraduate to all concerned in this field. He was Encouragement Scholarship Award level students are doing their research always given a warm reception by that is granted to the best university at SIBSAU. Besides, the university federal educational authorities and students as well as those being trained hosts 7 Doctorate Dissertation aerospace institutions; his competent within the scope of the Government Councils, 5 of which are dedicated to judgments founded on the in-depth Program for the Preparation of the space industry. Currently, 22 PhD analysis, scientific evidence and Specialists. students are doing their studies in personal responsibility were always In total, over 20 000 specialists have 5 majors. treated with due deference. Starting graduated from Siberian Aerospace Siberian Aerospace University from 1992 and till his untimely death University to work in the aerospace issues its own periodical, SIBGAU’s on January 26, 1996, M. Reshetnev industry as well as other high-tech Herald, approved by the Supreme headed the Spacecraft Department as fields. Over 60% of the ISS and Attestation Commission of the Russian well as the Dissertation Council in the Krasmash staff are former students of Federation. university. this renowned university. The JSC “Information Satellite The university’s mission is to Systems” and SIBSAU attach promote the national space and defence New educational technologies great significance to perpetuating industries by providing qualified To ensure dynamic development M. Reshetnev’s memory as well as his human resources and innovative and continuous quality improvement, scientific heritage. Since 1996 the scientific solutions to enable the the university keeps on enhancing its Reshetnev Company and Aerospace University have been organizing the All-Russian Scientific Conference “Reshetnev Readings”. Owing to its high quality, topical issues and the participation of famous scientists and industry experts the conference has become a noticeable event for the scientific community. The conference prestige continues to grow as more and more participants including guests from abroad express willingness to partake in Reshetnev Readings. Preparation of elite specialists In 2006-2009 Siberian Aerospace University and the JSC “Information Satellite Systems” moved to a new level of cooperation. Today the university is the company’s basic source of manpower. In return, ISS executives and leading specialists give lectures, seminars and lab practicals as well as supervise term and diploma projects. A number of ISS gurus hold The installation of a laser reflector into the Yubileiny-2’s instrumentation unit panel 22 Information Satellite Systems Professionals

Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences boosted the collaborative efforts to a qualitatively new level, thus enabling the university to take advantage of the academic potential of a number of Siberian universities, on whose bases SIBSAU has recently opened its departments. From theory to practice With the backing of the Reshetnev Company, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, the Institute of Biophysics and the Design Bureau “Science”, the university has recently established three educational centers: (1) the Institute of Space Research and High Technology; (2) Space-based Systems and Technologies and (3) Outer Space SIBSAU students working with professional equipment. Siberian Aerospace University Closed Systems. The new centers have been set up in the interests of the educational process by introducing so improves the quality of student aerospace industry upon the agreement state-of-the-art technology as well preparation. with the Russian Space Agency and the as promoting fundamental and goal- One of the advantages of SIBSAU’s Academy of Sciences. oriented research activities with a view aerospace education is its complex The centers have been successfully to further improvements in this crucial character achieved through the integrated into the university’s field. By the order of the RF Ministry combination of either theory and field educational activity. Thus, at “Space- of Education and Science, Siberian experience or theory and scientific based Systems and Technologies” a team Aerospace University is listed among work. The university cooperates of university students, postgraduates higher educational establishments with a number of leading aerospace and PhDs together with ISS specialists actively implementing innovation, enterprises in offering its graduates are currently working on the creation in particular, the introduction of the industrial placement opportunities that of a series of scientific and educational credit-based modular system. Thus, often lead to permanent employment. small-sized spacecraft. They also through competent approaches to One of the university’s key carry out numerous experiments in education and training, innovative ingredients of success in student outer space. The center consists of methods, student-tailored plans preparation is its policy of cooperation a student design bureau and a number and a full range of developmental with the Russian Academy of Sciences. of laboratories equipped with state-of- opportunities, the university motivates The strategic partnership agreement the-art high-precision manufacturing, students to study and learn more, and signed between SIBSAU and the measuring and testing equipment. The existing base provides capabilities for small-sized spacecraft integration and mechanical testing; the center also tests spacecraft electronics. SIBSAU conducts research with focus on aerospace problem areas as well as performs tasks set by the university’s research programs and the Federal Space Program. The university has defined the following areas of priority research in the next 10 years: „„ Space-based information systems; „„ Space closed human factor systems; „„ Space technology manufacturing. “Space-based information systems” is the area in which SIBSAU has taken the lead on a national scale in preparing specialists and scientific workers. The university conducts applied research, and besides, designs and develops advanced satellite buses and control systems. In 2007 SIBSAU established SIBSAU students assembling the Yubileiny-2 a student mission control center. It spacecraft at ISS-Reshetnev employs a transmit/receive software Information Satellite Systems 23

In 2009 SIBSAU was acknowledged as a leader in the preparation of specialists for the aerospace industry with focus on space-based systems. In recognition of the university’s competitive advantage, the Ministry of Education and Science and the Russian Federal Space Agency adopted a resolution to establish at SIBSAU a public resource center to be named “Spacecraft and space-based systems”. The creation of the new industrial resource center will ensure the university sustainable development and progress. Continuing the mission In his last speech at SIBSAU, Mikhail Reshetnev expressed his belief that despite all the hardships Russian cosmonautics would have a great future. For us it was his last will, which The granting of the ISS-Reshetnev Encouragement Scholarship Award to we feel obliged to fulfill. SIBSAU’s best students The fruitful, long-term cooperation between SIBSAU and aerospace and hardware complex that enables with nanocoatings to protect satellite industry enterprises provides a base satellite control in real time. Students electronic components. Today the for goal-oriented preparation of elite doing aerospace subjects at SIBSAU university and the Reshetnev Company aerospace specialists. We are convinced have a unique opportunity to control are developing Yubileiny-2. that in the 21st century they will proudly Russian and foreign spacecraft as In 2008 Siberian Aerospace continue Mikhail Reshetnev’s mission well as receive and process telemetry University established the Outer to which he dedicated all his life. data. At the MCC students also attend Space Research Center. It has a unique simulation classes, which allow them automated wide-angle telescope to Professor V. Nazarov, through simulation experiments observe space objects. The Center First Vice-Chancellor of on the advanced Express-AM organizes classes for technical and Academician M.F. Reshetnev telecommunications spacecraft to scientific students. Siberian Aerospace University get a detailed understanding of how satellite service systems function. The student mission control center fulfils a function of a ground control segment for the orbital constellation of scientific and educational small-sized satellites being created jointly with the university partners, including the Reshetnev Company. In accordance with the Strategic Partnership Agreement on the creation of a series of small-sized satellites signed between SIBSAU, Information Satellite Systems, Krasmash and Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center in 2007, the university has adopted a program for the annual creation and launch of 1-2 satellites (technological, scientific and educational) in 2008- 2013. The program provides for space flight testing and qualification of new satellite components and systems developed at university. Today the program is beginning to show its first results. Thus, in 2008 the first small-class satellite Yubileiny created by SIBSAU students, teachers and ISS specialists was placed in orbit. For this spacecraft SIBSAU’s team had developed the RADEC apparatus Quality assessment 24 Information Satellite Systems Conferences Reshetnev Readings-2009 Every year since 1997 Siberian State Aerospace University, under the auspices of ISS‑Reshetnev, has been organizing the International Research‑to‑Practice Conference “Reshetnev Readings” in memory of the outstanding Russian scientist, academician and space system designer M.F. Reshetnev. The conference brings together Russian and foreign specialists to exchange new ideas and find collaborative solutions to a number of challenging problems in satellite building. Traditionally, ISS-Reshetnev hosts one of the conference sessions devoted to “Large‑sized foldable structures”.

The organizers of the Reshetnev international status. Since the i.e. the 85th anniversary of the birth Readings Conference have made inception, the conference program has of Academician M.F. Reshetnev, the considerable progress in the been expanded considerably to include 50th anniversary of the Reshetnev advancement of the event in the last a variety of subjects, such as satellite Company and the 50th anniversary 13 years. Initially it was held for design, control systems, satellite of Siberian Aerospace University. At students, postgraduates, teachers and navigation and communications, the plenary session of the conference specialists of the local enterprises, advanced materials and technologies in Nikolai Testoedov, General Designer including ISS-Reshetnev. Gradually satellite manufacturing, mathematical and Director General of Information the conference broadened the scope modeling techniques, informational Satellite Systems, made a report on the and the geography of its participants, technology, technical maintenance and stages of development of the enterprise. and as a result, became an attractive testing of aerospace technology, large- He spoke about the time when OKB-1 event for scientists and representatives sized foldable satellite structures, (Design Bureau -1) opened a subsidiary of the largest Russian companies and managerial and economic problems in Siberia that in 50 years has evolved organizations. Thus, various leading of the aerospace complexes as well into the largest satellite manufacturer scientific schools started taking an as preparation of industry-ready and the headquarters of a big integrated active part in the Siberian conference. graduates. company. All the participants paid Since 2004 scientists, specialists, tribute to M. F. Reshetnev for his students and postgraduates from invaluable contribution to applied Russia’s neighboring countries as Anniversary conference cosmonautics. well as far abroad have been regularly The 13th edition of the Reshetnev In his opening speech, the rector invited to participate in the event. Conference held in November 2009 of Siberian Aerospace University In 2005 the conference was granted coincided with three remarkable dates, mentioned that with every new edition, Information Satellite Systems 25

Olga Kirilova, Deputy Governor of the towards the attainment of the center’s Krasnoyarsk Territory, underlined the objectives. great significance of the Reshetnev In prospect, the center will be Conference for the entire Siberian engaged in the development of a new region. 13-meter antenna for the Loutch data relay spacecraft. Besides, in 2010 it aims to develop large-sized solar arrays ISS-hosted for the Express-AM5 and Express-AM6 scientific sessions spacecraft. It is worth mentioning that these satellites will be assembled The first scientific session and tested at the new A&F (antenna dedicated to “Large-sized foldable & feeder systems) facility being built satellite structures” was held in 2001. at ISS-Reshetnev. Today solar arrays The establishment of the Industrial with solar reflectors reinforced by Center of Large Foldable Mechanical sophisticated deployment and folding Systems on the ISS base in 2006 gave mechanisms are counted among the fresh impetus to these sessions. The latest developments in the solar cell new center’s basic activities encompass array technology. Much was reported scientific and research work (on about the new trends, new materials, onboard antennas, spacecraft, solar thermal control tendencies, various arrays, various mechanical devices, mechanical devices used in large-sized materials, and thermal control systems) foldable structures, etc. during the as well as development verification of session. Among the participants there At the “Large Foldable mechanical satellite systems. Thus, were representatives of Russia’s largest Satellite Structures” session a wide range of issues is discussed at universities and aerospace enterprises ISS-hosted sessions. The center’s main including ISS-Reshetnev. the conference attracted more and more objective is to concentrate scientific, The competitiveness of the participants. In 2009 the Organizing manufacturing and financial resources demonstrated projects continues to Committee received almost 500 for the development of space solutions. grow from conference to conference. So applications from different parts of There is no doubt that “Large-sized does the demand for the best solutions. Russia as well as Ukraine, Germany, foldable satellite structures” sessions The most interesting reports are Belgium, Kyrgyzstan and Belorussia. (LFS sessions) held within the published in SIBSAU’s Herald. It is The conference received high framework of the Research-to-Practice also important to emphasize that the praise from the regional authorities. Reshetnev Readings Conference help number of participants taking part

An engineering model of a large foldable antenna 26 Information Satellite Systems Conferences

sessions have earned a good reputation and regular participants. Thus, a group of scientists from the Scientific & Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (Tomsk) come regularly to make informative reports on their developments and solutions dedicated to reflectors and the stress state analysis of components including composite structure elements. Another regular, Alexander Usov from OKB MEI (Moscow), has been delivering reports on LFSs for several years. It has become common practice to invite specialists whose reports are relevant to ISS-Reshetnev’s sphere of activity. Thus, at the last session a team from Dnepropetrovsk delivered a report on “Energy-efficient technology of manufacturing polymer composite products with improved mechanical characteristics”. Some techniques have Solar arrays already been adopted by ISS-Reshetnev. It is also noteworthy, that the Ukrainian in the session continues to increase. St. Petersburg, Tomsk and Novosibirsk. delegation has been often represented at Thus, last year 31 reports and 17 Thus, Yuri Chugui, Director of the the conference by Vladimir Slivinsky, poster presentations were made at the Technological Design Institute of D.Sc. in Engineering and Chief LFS session. Besides, the scientific and Scientific Instrument Engineering Research Scientist of the Scientific technical level of the event has also shared information on the achievements & Research Institute of Mechanical risen considerably. The last session was in optical measuring systems and laser Engineering Technology. unanimously rated as a top-level event, technology. Vladimir Zimin and Andrey The importance of LFS sessions is the best in the history of the Reshetnev Smerdov, representatives of Moscow in the collaborative effort of a great Conference. State Technical University, presented many specialists engaged in the same A few reports were devoted to a report of great scientific and area of activity. The exchange of ideas the advanced space observatory practical value on the implementation between the companies specializing in Millimetron. With a 12-meter reflector features of a deployable onboard multi- the manufacture of large-sized foldable and an operating temperature of 4K beam antenna and the possibilities of structures helps their scientific and the required accuracy of geometrical damping composite elements. Maksim technical potential expand as well as characteristics is calculated in Skorodubov from St. Petesburg contribute to the industry development. microns. (Design Bureau “Arsenal”) shared his All reports presented at LFS sessions are A lot of new solutions were i nt e r e s t i n g v i s io n of dy n a m ic s i mu l at io n of practical value as they offer solutions presented by participants from Moscow, of a deployable reflector. In 9 years LFS to be applied in satellite design.

Prof. Vladimir Khalimanovich, ISS Deputy General Designer, Director of the Industrial Center of Large-sized Foldable Spacecraft Structures.

A test model of the load-bearing structure of a large deployable reflector A reflector in a folded position Information Satellite Systems 27 Anniversary Reshetnev’s heritage On November 10, 2009 was the 85th anniversary of the birth of Mikhail Reshetnev, the founder and the first general director of the Siberian satellite manufacturing company. Owing to his great perseverance and aspirations to reach new heights, a small subsidiary of Design Bureau -1 (OKB-1) located on the banks of the Yenisei River became one of the largest manufacturers of communications, navigation and geodetic satellites in the country. His wisdom and talent as well as his ability to support others’ By developing rapidly in 1950-1960, In 1959 OKB-1 opened a subsidiary initiatives helped to foster the Soviet rocket and space industry in Krasnoyarsk-26 (now Zheleznogorsk), more than one generation soon became the pillar of the national a closed Siberian town, on which Soviet security and might. Meanwhile the rocket engineers were pinning a lot of of gifted scientists, USSR was living through the second hopes. The 35-year-old Reshetnev was satellite designers and revolution, this time scientific. It was appointed head and general designer engineers. Today, following the time when plenty of young people of the newly-established organization. were dreaming of space; the time full Immediately after the appointment in the footsteps of Mikhail of optimism, great daring and spirit. Mikhail Reshetnev started building Reshetnev, they keep It was then that Mikhail Reshetnev a team of talented young people. The started his career of a satellite country’s best graduates arrived at the the ball rolling. Having designer. enterprise to do their pre-graduation established a unique After graduating from the Moscow practice and graduation projects or Aeronautical Institute with first class simply to settle down. Many of those enterprise in Siberia that honours in 1950, Mikhail Reshetnev graduates still remember their first is now globally known as got a job in Design Bureau №1 (OKB-1) meeting with Mikhail Reshetnev, at headed by Sergey Korolev. In 1958 which he sparked their desire to work the Reshetnev Company, Reshetnev was appointed Korolev’s in satellite manufacturing and create Academician Reshetnev left deputy. Sergey Korolev had a genius space technology. for picking out gifted people. Every The team of managers and engineers behind a heritage of ‘star’ single engineer designated on his led by M. Reshetnev was able to solve achievements that we are recommendation played an important unprecedentedly complicated scientific role in the development of national and technical problems, and make certainly proud of. space technology. Mikhail Reshetnev headway regardless of conditions. A reflector in a folded position was not an exception. Under Mikhail Reshetnev those talented 28 Information Satellite Systems Anniversary

engineers ushered in the era of Soviet T h a n k s t o t h e k n o w-h o w a c c u mu l at e d Academician M.F. Reshetnev, the satellite navigation. Their unique during those years, the enterprise company in which he worked as navigational and communications today is the prime contractor for the a general designer for almost 36 years spacecraft Tsyclon, originally built for design, development and manufacture bears his honored name, as well as the navy, was later used as a prototype of Glonass-M satellites. In accordance Siberian Aerospace University and a for a number of navigational, geodetic with the Federal Target Program number of places in Zheleznogorsk (a and communications spacecraft ISS‑Reshetnev has manufactured school, a street, and one of the central intended for circular subpolar orbits. 25 new Glonass-M satellites since 2003. squares). By the resolution of the The Reshetnev Company was the first It became possible mainly due to the Russian Federation of Cosmonautics in the Soviet Union to build data relay company’s experimental base, which Academician M.F.Reshetnev Medal satellites, and the first in the world to was established at the suggestion of was introduced to honor achievements launch a HEO communications and TV M.Reshetnev. Today it is the largest in the sphere of space technology. The broadcasting satellite system. satellite test facility in Siberia that international scientific conference In 1974 the launch of the Molnia-1C offers the entire spectrum of mechanical Reshetnev Readings is held annually satellite developed and manufactured and electrical testing capabilities. in Krasnoyarsk and Zheleznogorsk by the Reshetnev Company marked Nowadays Information Satellite for aerospace scientists, specialists, a new era, the era of conquering the Systems is pursuing a policy of lecturers and students of higher geostationary orbit. A year later, in international cooperation initiated educational establishments. Mikhail 1975, the enterprise built Raduga, in the 1990s by the company’s first Reshetnev’s space achievements are Russia’s first dedicated geostationary director, Academician M. F. Reshetnev. highly appreciated by the international communications satellite. The The successful execution of such community. Thus, one of the minor company’s next spacecraft, Ekran, projects as SESAT, Express-A and planets was named RESHETNEV in formed the core of the world’s first Express-AM allowed the Reshetnev memory of the Earth’s great scientist. continuous direct broadcasting satellite Company to demonstrate its competitive The man who in his lifetime used system that also included associated advantages, capabilities and to surprise others by his unflagging ground equipment. technologies, and thus, to become an energy and creativity had left us Everything that Mikhail Reshetnev authority on the international market his priceless heritage. Today we, had accomplished on the Siberian as well as its active participant. inhabitants of the Earth, can listen to land has served the interests of the Owing to the Siberian innovations, the radio, watch TV, use the Internet, Russian Federation for years. Today, many of which count as benchmarks fly or sail round the globe, and make at the beginning of the 21st century, today, Russia managed to increase phone calls to any place in the world. the Russians can fully appreciate his its TV channel capacity. The fact that Looking back to the company’s heritage which allows the country ISS has started making satellites with glorious past inseparably associated to realize its ongoing, large-scale a guaranteed 15-year service life speaks with the name of Mikhail Reshetnev, informatization programs. for itself as well as for the world-class the ISS team continues to keep his pot Today one of the top priorities in the standards of the company’s products. boiling, and the wealth of invaluable space industry development program is On November 10, 2009 was the experience gained in his administration the replenishment and modernization 85th anniversary of the birth of will always guarantee the company of the GLONASS system, whose history Academician Reshetnev, the Hero success. goes back to 1982. of Socialist Labour. In memory of

Reshetnev Square in front of the ISS headquarters Information Satellite Systems 29 History The conquest of the geostationary orbit

Russia’s first geostationary satellite was launched 35 years ago atop a Proton-K launch vehicle. It was Molnia-1C, an experimental spacecraft created by the Reshetnev Company. Its launch marked a new epoch in the history of the enterprise and Russian Molnia-1C cosmonautics. The geostationary orbit is determined During the conquest of the geostationary with simple mathematics: angular velocity orbit, satellite launching, positioning and of a satellite must be equal to angular earth attitude control systems were able to The successful launch of the velocity. This simple mathematical principle guarantee an angular accuracy of no more Molnia‑1C satellite conducted on is true only for a single trajectory which is than 1°. Therefore, the world’s resource of June 29, 1974 meant for the USSR almost 36000 km high above the equator. In satellite locations could not exceed 300 a great deal more than just the beginning of the geostationary orbit the geostationary orbit a satellite appears slots. Today the resource has almost doubled; exploration. It was a significant, stationary with respect to a fixed point on nevertheless, the number of slots available national security-building measure; the rotating Earth. As a result, an antenna has hardly changed. a timely step towards the consolidation pointed at a GEO satellite is also fixed, thus At the end of the day there are 425 of the country’s position in space. The Molnia-1C spacecraft used the maintaining a link with a satellite. This is a points of satellite locations available in basic and well-proven HEO Monia-1 major advantage of the geostationary orbit. the geostationary orbit. Angular distances design. It served a platform for testing Just as there is nothing ideal in the world, between them vary within 0.1 - 7° range. the latest satellite communications technology in the geostationary so there is no ideal geostationary orbit. The Every slot can house several spacecraft orbit. The launch of Molnia-1C also higher the latitude of a given place, the (more than ten). Harmful interference is allowed Russia to try out and develop worse is the geostationary satellite capability excluded due to the frequency separation techniques for injecting and stabilizing for providing services to local users. Thus, and different service areas. geostationary satellites. The results were later used when launching subpolar areas are in fact silent zones. 30 Information Satellite Systems History

In 1964 the USA started exploiting a number of simple, yet effective civil and military geostationary satellites. They were basically used for communications; some were intended for IBM launches detection. Raduga America’s first three-axis-stabilized communications satellite was launched into the geostationary orbit in 1975. There was also parallel work going on the development of more advanced satellites. spacecraft of the Raduga, Gorizont communications; one – for television In 1974-1975 the USA first launched and Ekran series. The operation of the broadcasting; all the rest provided geostationary weather spacecraft. Among Molnia-1C spacecraft proved highly communications capabilities for its communications satellite projects, one effective. As a result, GEO spacecraft different governmental departments manufacturing became a priority and agencies. was particularly interesting. It was the activity of the Reshetnev Company. The creation of the Raduga unique experimental ATS-6 satellite, which For the last 35 years ISS-Reshetnev spacecraft was a major step in the accommodated a 9-meter antenna and has developed several generations of advancement of the national space geostationary spacecraft and systems, technology. Positive results achieved could operate in a wide range of bands, which enabled the company to become in the process of work on the Raduga from P to Ku. the largest Russian designer and project stimulated greater efforts on In 1972 Canada deployed its simple manufacturer of telecommunications the development of other geostationary geostationary spacecraft. Four years later, in satellites. With the launch of the spacecraft. Thus, the Integrated Raduga spacecraft, the USSR started Satellite Communications System was 1976, together with the USA, Canada launched fixing its orbital slot allocations in created on the basis of the Molnia-3 CTS, a sophisticated new-type experimental GEO. The Raduga satellite embodied and Raduga design. The system satellite, which demonstrated modern a number of the best Soviet solutions. provided trunk communications for It had a sophisticated antenna complex large towns and cities via the Orbita characteristics and capabilities in spite of and a 6-channel C-band repeater. The ground network, as well as television having low mass and two transponders. satellite was supposed to serve the broadcasting services. By the mid 1970s England had also interests of all potential users. The A total of 32 Raduga spacecraft were deployed simple military communications transmission and reception of signals launched into the geostationary orbit in were performed via the Orbita ground 1975 -1996. Those were very successful spacecraft in the geostationary orbit. station network which had been and highly effective missions. Though In late 1974 and the second half of deployed in the USSR for Molnia-1 the satellites were designed to operate 1975 France and Germany launched two satellites and then adapted for the new for 3 years, in fact, they orbited for 5.9 satellite repeater. Some of the Raduga’s years; one of them even kept running experimental geostationary communications channels were used for telephone for 12 years and a half. satellites called Symphony. Information Satellite Systems 31 32 Information Satellite Systems Кооперация