Ivan Sutherland
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Computer Organization and Design
THIRD EDITION Computer Organization Design THE HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figures 1.9, 1.15 Courtesy of Intel. Computers in the Real World: Figure 1.11 Courtesy of Storage Technology Corp. Photo of “A Laotian villager,” courtesy of David Sanger. Figures 1.7.1, 1.7.2, 6.13.2 Courtesy of the Charles Babbage Institute, Photo of an “Indian villager,” property of Encore Software, Ltd., India. University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis. Photos of “Block and students” and “a pop-up archival satellite tag,” Figures 1.7.3, 6.13.1, 6.13.3, 7.9.3, 8.11.2 Courtesy of IBM. courtesy of Professor Barbara Block. Photos by Scott Taylor. Figure 1.7.4 Courtesy of Cray Inc. Photos of “Professor Dawson and student” and “the Mica micromote,” courtesy of AP/World Wide Photos. Figure 1.7.5 Courtesy of Apple Computer, Inc. Photos of “images of pottery fragments” and “a computer reconstruc- Figure 1.7.6 Courtesy of the Computer History Museum. tion,” courtesy of Andrew Willis and David B. Cooper, Brown University, Figure 7.33 Courtesy of AMD. Division of Engineering. Figures 7.9.1, 7.9.2 Courtesy of Museum of Science, Boston. Photo of “the Eurostar TGV train,” by Jos van der Kolk. Figure 7.9.4 Courtesy of MIPS Technologies, Inc. Photo of “the interior of a Eurostar TGV cab,” by Andy Veitch. Figure 8.3 ©Peg Skorpinski. Photo of “firefighter Ken Whitten,” courtesy of World Economic Forum. Figure 8.11.1 Courtesy of the Computer Museum of America. Graphic of an “artificial retina,” © The San Francisco Chronicle. -
Purpose and Introductions
Desktop Publishing Pioneer Meeting Day 1 Session 1: Purpose and Introductions Moderators: Burt Grad David C. Brock Editor: Cheryl Baltes Recorded May 22, 2017 Mountain View, CA CHM Reference number: X8209.2017 © 2017 Computer History Museum Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 5 PARTICIPANT INTRODUCTIONS ............................................................................................. 8 Desktop Publishing Workshop: Session 1: Purpose and Introduction Conducted by Software Industry Special Interest Group Abstract: The first session of the Desktop Publishing Pioneer Meeting includes short biographies from each of the meeting participants. Moderators Burton Grad and David Brock also give an overview of the meeting schedule and introduce the topic: the development of desktop publishing, from the 1960s to the 1990s. Day 1 will focus on the technology, and day 2 will look at the business side. The first day’s meeting will include the work at Xerox PARC and elsewhere to create the technology needed to make Desktop Publishing feasible and eventually economically profitable. The second day will have each of the companies present tell the story of how their business was founded and grew and what happened eventually to the companies. Jonathan Seybold will talk about the publications and conferences he created which became the vehicles which popularized the products and their use. In the final session, the participants will -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. -
Desktop Publishing Pioneer Meeting: Day 1 Session 4 - Technology in the 1980S
Desktop Publishing Pioneer Meeting: Day 1 Session 4 - Technology in the 1980s Moderators by: Burt Grad David C. Brock Editor: Cheryl Baltes Recorded May 22, 2017 Mountain View, CA CHM Reference number: X8209.2017 © 2017 Computer History Museum Table of Contents TEX TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 5 FRAMEMAKER TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................ 7 EARLY POSTSCRIPT DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS .................................................................11 POSTSCRIPT AND FONT TECHNOLOGY ..............................................................................12 COMMERCIAL POSTSCRIPT ..................................................................................................15 POSTSCRIPT VS. OTHER APPROACHES .............................................................................20 POSTSCRIPT, APPLE, AND ADOBE .......................................................................................22 HALF TONING AND POSTSCRIPT ..........................................................................................24 ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................25 LASERWRITER TECHNOLOGY ..............................................................................................26 FONT SELECTION ...................................................................................................................27 -
Arxiv:2106.11534V1 [Cs.DL] 22 Jun 2021 2 Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China 3 University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Turing Award elites revisited: patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact Yinyu Jin1 · Sha Yuan1∗ · Zhou Shao2, 4 · Wendy Hall3 · Jie Tang4 Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The Turing Award is recognized as the most influential and presti- gious award in the field of computer science(CS). With the rise of the science of science (SciSci), a large amount of bibliographic data has been analyzed in an attempt to understand the hidden mechanism of scientific evolution. These include the analysis of the Nobel Prize, including physics, chemistry, medicine, etc. In this article, we extract and analyze the data of 72 Turing Award lau- reates from the complete bibliographic data, fill the gap in the lack of Turing Award analysis, and discover the development characteristics of computer sci- ence as an independent discipline. First, we show most Turing Award laureates have long-term and high-quality educational backgrounds, and more than 61% of them have a degree in mathematics, which indicates that mathematics has played a significant role in the development of computer science. Secondly, the data shows that not all scholars have high productivity and high h-index; that is, the number of publications and h-index is not the leading indicator for evaluating the Turing Award. Third, the average age of awardees has increased from 40 to around 70 in recent years. This may be because new breakthroughs take longer, and some new technologies need time to prove their influence. Besides, we have also found that in the past ten years, international collabo- ration has experienced explosive growth, showing a new paradigm in the form of collaboration. -
The Xerox Alto Computer, September 1981, BYTE Magazine
The Xerox Alto Computer Thomas A Wadlow 5157 Norma Way Apt 226 Livermore CA 94550 In the mid-1970s, the personal makes them worthy of mention is the computer market blossomed with the fact that a large number of the per introduction of the Altair 8800. Each sonal computers of tomorrow will be year since has brought us personal designed with knowledge gained from computers with more power, faster the development of the Alto. execution, larger memory, and better mass storage. Few computer en The Hardware thusiasts or professionals can look at The Alto consists of four major the machines of today without parts: the graphics display, the wondering: What's next? keyboard, the graphics mouse, and the disk storage/processor box. Each The Alto: a Personal Computer Photo 1: Two of the Xerox Alto personal Alto is housed in a beautifully I In 1972, Xerox Corporation de- computers. Each Alto processor is made formed, textured beige metal cabinet of medium- and small-scale TTL in cided to produce a personal computer that hints at its $32,000 price tag. tegrated circuits, and is mounted in a rack With the exception of the disk to be used for research. The result beneath two 3-megabyte hard-disk drives. was the Alto computer, whose name Note that the video displays are taller storage/ processor box, everything is comes from the Xerox Palo Alto than they are wide and are similar to a designed to sit on a desk or tabletop. Research Center where it was page of paper, rather than a standard developed. -
The Alto and Ethernet Hardware
Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Hardware Charles P. Thacker Systems Research Center Digital Equipment Corp. 130 Lytton Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 Abstract • In addition to the workstations, the network contains serners---nodes that provide capabilities Between 1972 and 1980, the first distributed personal that need to be shared, either for economic or computing system was built at the Xerox Palo Alto logical reasons. Research Center. The system was composed of a number of Alto workstations connected by an Ether- Timesharing systems grew primarily from the vi- net local network. It also included servers that pro- sion of man-computer symbiosis presented by J.C.R. vided centralized facilities. This paper describes the Licklider in a landmark 1960 paper [29]. Efforts to development of the hardware that was the basis of realize the possibilities presented in this paper occu- the system. pied the creative talents of many computer science re- searchers through the sixties and beyond. Distributed personal computing systems build on this view of the Introduction way computers and people interact by providing a level of responsiveness that timesharing systems can- In the last few years, a new type of computing en- not achieve. vironment has become available. These distributed personal computing systems represent another step The first distributed personal computing system was built at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the process, started by timesharing, of bringing over a period spanning 1972 to 1980. The workstation computing power closer to the user. Although many used in this system was the Alto [36]; the network was variations are possible, these systems share a number of characteristics: Ethernet. -
Alan Mathison Turing and the Turing Award Winners
Alan Turing and the Turing Award Winners A Short Journey Through the History of Computer TítuloScience do capítulo Luis Lamb, 22 June 2012 Slides by Luis C. Lamb Alan Mathison Turing A.M. Turing, 1951 Turing by Stephen Kettle, 2007 by Slides by Luis C. Lamb Assumptions • I assume knowlege of Computing as a Science. • I shall not talk about computing before Turing: Leibniz, Babbage, Boole, Gödel... • I shall not detail theorems or algorithms. • I shall apologize for omissions at the end of this presentation. • Comprehensive information about Turing can be found at http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/ • The full version of this talk is available upon request. Slides by Luis C. Lamb Alan Mathison Turing § Born 23 June 1912: 2 Warrington Crescent, Maida Vale, London W9 Google maps Slides by Luis C. Lamb Alan Mathison Turing: short biography • 1922: Attends Hazlehurst Preparatory School • ’26: Sherborne School Dorset • ’31: King’s College Cambridge, Maths (graduates in ‘34). • ’35: Elected to Fellowship of King’s College Cambridge • ’36: Publishes “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheindungsproblem”, Journal of the London Math. Soc. • ’38: PhD Princeton (viva on 21 June) : “Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals”, supervised by Alonzo Church. • Letter to Philipp Hall: “I hope Hitler will not have invaded England before I come back.” • ’39 Joins Bletchley Park: designs the “Bombe”. • ’40: First Bombes are fully operational • ’41: Breaks the German Naval Enigma. • ’42-44: Several contibutions to war effort on codebreaking; secure speech devices; computing. • ’45: Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) Computer. Slides by Luis C. -
The BBVA Foundation Recognizes Ivan Sutherland for Revolutionizing Human-Machine Interaction Through Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality
www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es The BBVA Foundation recognizes Ivan Sutherland for revolutionizing human-machine interaction through computer graphics and virtual reality Considered “the father of computer graphics,” in the early 1960s he devised Sketchpad, the first system whose users could draw images on a screen and interact with a computer by manipulating icons rather than keying in commands He later invented “The Sword of Damocles,” a head-mounted display that was the precursor of what we now know as virtual reality, enabling the viewer to see images in 3D and interact with a 360º scene projected by a computer In the course of his 60-year career, Sutherland, says the committee, “pioneered the move from text-based to graphical computer displays,” with the result that “everybody using a computer or smartphone today benefits from his vision and contributions” His work inspired the augmented and virtual reality systems now in use, such as HoloLens, Rift or Vive, and students of his have gone on to found companies like Pixar, Adobe, Silicon Graphics and Netscape Madrid, 19 February, 2019.- The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Information and Communication Technologies category has gone in this eleventh edition to American computer engineer Ivan Sutherland, for “pioneering the move from text-based to graphical computer displays,” in the words of the citation. Almost sixty years ago, at a time when computers took up an entire room, Sutherland not only invented the first system supporting graphical interaction with these machines, he also developed the first virtual reality headset, which he nicknamed the “Sword of Damocles.” In a career spanning more than six decades, Sutherland has paired “a deep knowledge of technology with an understanding of human behavior to transform computer interaction,” the citation continues. -
Technology and Courage
Technology and Courage Ivan Sutherland Perspectives 96-1 In an Essay Series Published by SunLabs April 1996 _____________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright 1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Perspectives, a new and parallel series to the Sun Microsystems Laboratories Technical Report Series, is published by Sun Microsystems Laboratories, a division of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Unlimited copying without fee is permitted provided that the copies are not made nor distributed for direct commercial advantage, and credit to the source is given. Otherwise, no part of this work covered by copyright hereon may be reproduced in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or storage in an information retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. TRADEMARKS Sun, Sun Microsystems, and the Sun logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. All SPARC trademarks, including the SCD Compliant Logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. SPARCstation, SPARCserver, SPARCengine, SPARCworks, and SPARCompiler are licensed exclusively to Sun Microsystems, Inc. All other product names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respec- tive owners. For information regarding the SunLabs Perspectives Series, contact Jeanie Treichel, Editor-in-Chief <[email protected]>. For distribution issues, contact Amy Tashbook Hall, Assistant Editor <[email protected]>. _____________________________________________________________________________ Editor’s Notes About the series— The Perspectives series is a collection of essays written by individuals from Sun Microsystems Laboratories. These essays express ideas and opinions held by the authors on subjects of general rather than technical interest. -
Conduit! 2 Interaction with Faculty and Students
conduconduit t! Volume 1, Number 1 Department of Computer Science March, 1992 Brown University to purchase our first workstations and at a time when this new technology was just Development of the Industrial emerging. In 1982 and 1988 we received Partners Program NSF research infrastructure grants that let us provide workstations and staff support for faculty and student research. These grants In March, 1989, ten years after the founding of helped us build our enviable reputation for the Department, we introduced our Industrial the creative use of this technology. Our visi- Partners Program (IPP). Those first ten years bility in this area led to a number of multi- were challenging and rewarding. Our efforts million dollar equipment grants and dis- earned us an excellent reputation, reflected in a counts from Apollo Computer, Digital gifted faculty, talented students, and superb Equipment Corporation, Hewlett-Packard, administrative and technical staffs. During this Sun Microsystems, and Xerox. period we also acquired superior computing equipment and excellent space in the hand- The Department moved to the new Thomas J. some new Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Center for Watson, Sr. Center for Information Technol- Information Technology. The time had arrived ogy (CIT) in 1988. This facility, which pro- to build upon our good relations with industry vides office space for the Department, also and introduce the IPP, our vehicle for strength- houses the University's central computing staff, Modern Languages Laboratories, the John E. Savage ening and expanding these relations. Chairman mainframe, a computer store, and a computer 1985-1991 Our Relations with Industry In 1982 we dedicated Foxboro Auditorium, the world’s first workstation-based classroom. -
Introduction to Computer Graphics CPSC
Introduction to Computer Graphics CPSC 453 – 2019F CPSC453 – 2019W v Instructor: Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz o Office: Math Sciences (MS) 622 o Office hours: TR, 3:30 – 4:30 (please let me know if you want to see me) o Phone: (403) 220-5494 o Email: [email protected] v TAs: Philmo Gu Andrew Owens v Useful info: o Submit assignments via D2L o Some course materials may be posted at: http://algorithmicbotany.org/courses/Fall2019 Formalities Grading v 4 lab assignments: 50% v Midterm Exam: 20% v Final Exam: 30% Schedule and due dates: 1) Intro to openGL: sponge ~ Thursday, Oct. 3 2) Rendering ~ Tuesday, Oct. 22 Midterm Thursday, Oct. 24 Term break November 10-16 3) Ray-tracer ~ Tuesday, Nov. 19 4) Modeling ~ Thursday, Dec. 5 Other: v Take notes on paper. v No phones, computers, tablets etc. allowed, unless: o you can use them to write formulas and draw figures faster than on paper or you have my explicit permission. v Preferably no eating, definitely no wrapping / unwrapping. Texts v Text : o S. Marshner, P. Shirley Fundamentals of Computer Graphics, 4th Edition, AK Peters/CRC 2014 (required) (3rd edition, authored by Shirley/Marschner, will do) v Online resources: o http://www.glprogramming.com/red o https://sgar91.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/opengl- programming-guide-7e.pdf o https://www.opengl.org/documentation/ o + more, as may be suggested by the TAs. What is Computer Graphics? ... any use of computers to create and manipulate images. Modeling What is Computer Graphics? ... any use of computers to create and manipulate images.