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Ground-Water Resources of Western Tennessee

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Ground-Water Resources of Western Tennessee UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director Water-Supply Paper 656 GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF WESTERN TENNESSEE BY FRANCIS ^. WITH A CHEMICAL FRANCIS G. WELLS and Prepared in cooperation with TENNESSEE DIVISION OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTmG OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1933 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - Price 60 cents (Paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract._ ______________________________-__--___-___------------- 1 Introduction ______________-_____-_-_____-_------_--_--_---------- 2 Purpose and scope of mvestigation______________________-______- 2' Location of area____________-----____-_-----__--_-_-----_-_--- 3 Previous investigations________________________________________ 3- Acknowledgments. _--_________--_-___-_-__-__-___-_-_-_-_-_--- 3- Geologic and hydrologic maps__________________________________ 4 Geography ____________-_______-__-_-_-__-___---__-----_--_-___-__ 6 Surface features.______________________________________________ 6 Physiographic position__-_____________-_-__________________ 6 Surface forms_.-__-_-_____----____-___-_-__-__-_-_-__-__-_- 7 Residual ridge_-_--__-__--___-_-_-________-____-_____- 7 Tennessee-Mississippi divide____________________________ 7 Hills of erosion________________________________-_____. 7 Alluvial region_-_____-________________________________ 7 Drainage.___________________________________________________ 8 Development.________________________________________________ 8 Agriculture and lumbering.________________________________ 9 Industries._______________________________________________ 9 Routes of communication._________________________________ 9 Resources _-_________________-________________________________' 10 Minerals-________________________________________________ 10 Timber._.____________.__________________ 11 Climate.' -_________-__-._-_______-_-____ ________________^_____ 11 : Ramfall______._...._________________________ 11 Temperature.____--___-_---_____-_____^_____________.____ 16 Geology__________________________________________________________ 16 Summary of stratigraphy._____________________________________ 16 Historical geology_________---____-___________________-____ 22 Paleozoic time____________________________________________ 22 Cretaceous time______________________________,:____________ 23 Eocene time_____---______________________________________ 23 Eocene to Recent time_.___________________________________ 24 Geologic structure.____________________________________________ 25 Folding of Paleozoic rocks________________________________ 25 Regional dip of Cretaceous and Tertiary formations___________ 26 Surface warping_________________________________________ 29 Slumping. ________________________________________________ 29 Ground water.___________________________________________________ 30 Source and occurrence._______________________________________ 30 Water in the consolidated Paleozoic rocks._______________________ 30 Openings in solid rocks____________________________________ 30 Water in limestones______________i_________________________ 32 Water in shales_--_______________L_-----__--_---______--_- 32 Water in cherts____-_____________L----------_-----------_- 33 HI IV CONTENTS Ground water Continued. Page Water in the relatively unconsolidated Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary deposits________________________.________________ 33 Porosity. ____________________________-________ 33 Specific yield and specific retention_______-_-________________ 36 Permeability _____________________________________________ 37 Mechanical analysis.______________________________________ 38 Problems of sampling______________________________________ 39 Relation of ground water to land forms__________________________ 40 Relation of ground water to geologic structure.___________________ 41 Artesian conditions__________________________________________ 42 Quality of ground water, by F. G. Wells and M. D. Foster__________ 43 Chemical character of natural waters________________________ 43 Expression of results______________________.____________,___ 49 Removal of iron and carbon dioxide.________________________ 49 Utilization. __________________________________________________ 50 Dug wells_____________________-___---__-_-_________ 50 Wells bored with augers____________________________________ 51 Punched wells________________________-.-_-_______________ 52 Wells sunk by means of bailers________ ________ _________ 52 Wells sunk by jetting process___________----_-______________ 53 Driven wells_______________________________ __________ 53 Wells sunk by hydraulic rotary process.___________________ 53 Screens._____________________________________________ 54 Ground-water developments___________-__--_-______________ 57 Water-bearing formations._________________________________________ 58 Paleozoic rocks.______________________________________________ 59 Ordovician system___________________.____________________ 59 Hermitage formation_____________-_----_--____________ 59 Arnheim limestone______________________________ 59 Fernvale formation___________________________ _ 60 Silurian system.___________________----_ _______ 60 Brassfield limestone______--____--___------_-__________ 60 Wayne formation__________________---______________ 60 Osgood earthy limestone member___________________ 61 Laurel limestone member____ --_-___________ _ 61 Waldron clay member____ ___- __ ____ 61 Lego limestone member____-_----___--_---______-_- 61 Dixon earthy limestone member____________________ 61 Brownsport fonnation__________----__-_---_--__-_---_- 61 Beach River shaly limestone member _______ __ _____ 62 Bob crystalline limestone member-__________________ 62 Lobelville shaly limestone member __________________ 62 Decatur limestone.__________________________________ 62 Quality of water in limestones____________-___________-_ 62 Devonian system________________________________________ 63 Rockhouse shale__________--____-------------__--_--_- 63 Olive Hill formation_________-------_--_-_----_---__ 64 Ross limestone member--_-_-----------_--_____---_ 64 Bear Branch limestone member_--___-_-__-_________ 64 Flat Gap limestone member_-_____-________._______ 64 Birdsong shale_-_____________--_____---------_ ______ 64 Decaturville chert____________________________ 64 CONTENTS Water-bearing formations Continued. Paleozoic rocks Continued. Devonian system Continued. Quail limestone___________________________-__-_--_-_-- 65 Harriman chert_______________________________-------- 65 Camden chert__________-_______-_____-_-_____-----__- 65 Pegram limestone____________________________________- 67 Devonian or Carboniferous system._________________________ 67 Chattanooga shale_____________________-_______-_-___- 67 Carboniferous system__-___________________--____-__----__- 67 Ridgetop shale______________________________________ 67 Fort Payne chert___________________________ 68 St. Louis limestone_-__________________________--_____- 69 Mesozoic rocks________-_----___-___---_____--_-___-_-__--_--- 69 Cretaceous system__________________________-______----__- 69 Tuscaloosa formation__________________________________ 69 Eutaw formation__-____________________________--___-_ 70 Selma clay___------_-_---_--_--_------_---_-------__- 75 Ripley formation___-_________________________________- 76 Cenozoic rocks______________________________________________ 86 Tertiary system__-_-----_______-_______-____-________--___ 86 Eocene series____--_-_-_____--_i__________-__-_--____- 86 Midway group____________________________________ 86 Cl&yton formation____________________________ 87 Porters Creek clay_____________________---____ 88 Wilcox group__--____________-__________-____--___ 89 Ackerman formation_________________________ 89 Holly Springs sand____________________________ 91 Grenada formation.__________________:________ 94 Physical properties of sands.___________________ 95 Water-yielding properties______________________ 105 Quality of water_____-___-___________________- 106 Jackson formation_________________________________ 106 Pliocene series_____-_____________________________-____ 108 Gravel-_-____-__________-________.___________. 108 Quaternary system_______________________________________. Ill Pleistocene series._____________________________________ 111 Loess____________________________________________ 111 Loam__j_______________________________________ 111 Recent series_________________________________________ 112 Alluvium. _______________________________________ 112 Ground-water resources by counties_________________________________ 113 Benton County _______________________________________________ 113 Carroll County_________________________________________ 120 Chester County________________________________________ 130 Crockett County_____________________________________________ 134 Decatur County________________________________________________ 139 Dyer County._________________________________________________ 147 Fayette County_______________________________________ 154 Gibson County.__"______________________.___________________ 159 Hardeman County____________________________________________ 167 Hardin County.________________________________________ 175 Hay wood County ______________________________________________ 184 Henderson County ____________________________________________ 192 VI CONTENTS Ground-water resources by counties Continued. Page Henry County..._--_______________.__.___.__._ _____ 199 Lake County _________________________________________________
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