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Songs of an Orange

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Songs of an Orange Songs of an Orange A study into the image of Prince William III of Orange in early modern songs as an expression of and contribution to a public opinion in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic Master Thesis RMA Modern History 1500-2000 Utrecht University Name Welmoed Wijmans (3338029) First supervisor Prof. dr. Joris van Eijnatten Second supervisor Prof. dr. Louis Peter Grijp Date June 29th, 2015 2 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................5 Public opinion .......................................................................................................................................6 Songs ....................................................................................................................................................7 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................9 1 Prince William III of Orange ..................................................................................................... 11 William’s rise to power ...................................................................................................................... 11 A strategic marriage .......................................................................................................................... 12 King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland ............................................................................ 13 William’s propaganda machine ......................................................................................................... 14 A patriotic, providential and Orangistic discourse ............................................................................ 15 2 Songs as an expression of public opinion ............................................................................... 17 Songbooks ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Rhetoric and stylistic devices ............................................................................................................ 21 “Za maeckt vreught aen alle kant” .................................................................................................... 24 An expression of public opinion ....................................................................................................... 26 3 The ultimate Dutch hero .......................................................................................................... 29 Defender of freedom ......................................................................................................................... 29 Defender of the true Protestant faith ............................................................................................... 34 An Orangistic discourse ..................................................................................................................... 36 Imagery of William’s Orange lineage ........................................................................................... 37 Symbols of monarchy .................................................................................................................... 40 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 41 A patriotic discourse .......................................................................................................................... 42 A patriotic rhetoric ........................................................................................................................ 42 William’s bond with the Dutch Republic ....................................................................................... 45 Classical exempla .......................................................................................................................... 46 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 48 3 A religious narrative .......................................................................................................................... 48 Biblical exempla ............................................................................................................................. 50 William’s image in early modern Dutch songs ................................................................................. 51 4 Across the border ..................................................................................................................... 53 Brave Orange ..................................................................................................................................... 53 The Protestant prince ........................................................................................................................ 55 A confessional discourse ................................................................................................................... 57 The ‘popish plot’ ............................................................................................................................ 58 Symbolism of an orange ................................................................................................................ 63 William’s Dutch and English image ................................................................................................... 66 5 More than words ..................................................................................................................... 67 William’s sound ................................................................................................................................. 68 Patriotic tunes ............................................................................................................................... 70 Other associations ......................................................................................................................... 73 The importance of the choice of tune .............................................................................................. 75 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 77 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 81 Appendix A – Full texts of songs of difficult access ........................................................................... 81 Manuscript of a poem on William’s crossing of the English Channel (1688) ................................ 81 ‘Groot Brittanjen in Ordre […]’ (1688) ........................................................................................... 83 ‘Klaaglied’ (1702) .......................................................................................................................... 86 ‘Lijkzang […]’ (1702) ...................................................................................................................... 87 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 91 Primary sources ................................................................................................................................. 91 Songbooks ..................................................................................................................................... 91 Dutch songs ................................................................................................................................... 92 English ballads ............................................................................................................................... 95 Secondary literature .......................................................................................................................... 97 4 Introduction “Of all literary genres, the song is the most social”. With these words prof. dr. Frits van Oostrom, University Professor in Dutch historical literature, characterized the song culture in the early modern Low Countries at the presentation of the project Dutch Songs On Line in February 2014. DSOL has digitalized 50,000 song texts predating 1900, making them available through the website of the Nederlandse Liederenbank or Dutch Song Database, the online database that contains approximately 170,000 songs in the vernacular from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. The project illustrates the popularity of singing as a communal activity in the Dutch Republic in general and of the songs and songbooks in particular. In taverns, at the marketplace and at the dinner table people sang about daily events, love tangles, satirical anecdotes and scandalous stories. Because of its oral transmission and dissemination, the importance of the Dutch vocal tradition in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was probably even greater than can be calculated on the basis of print numbers.1 In the early modern period, songs were an important means of communication. Due to their low cost, oral delivery in the vernacular and easy accessibility they were able to reach all layers of society. Songs often commented on current events
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