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Diversidad De Crustáceos Peracáridos (Amphipoda E Isopoda) En Aguas Subterráneas De Chile

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Diversidad De Crustáceos Peracáridos (Amphipoda E Isopoda) En Aguas Subterráneas De Chile Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, nº 45 (2009) : 147−156. DIVERSIDAD DE CRUSTÁCEOS PERACÁRIDOS (AMPHIPODA E ISOPODA) EN AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS DE CHILE Jorge Pérez–Schultheiss Programa de Educación e Investigación Biológica & Ambiental (Programa–IBAM), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 933, Osorno, Chile. Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Avenida Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile ‒ [email protected] Resumen: Se da a conocer la diversidad de especies de peracáridos de aguas subterráneas de Chile y se entregan antecedentes taxonómicos, de hábitats y distribución de cada una de ellas. Previamente se han descrito solo dos especies de anfípodos, de las familias Ingolfiellidae y Bogidiellidae sensu lato; sin embargo, nuevas prospecciones han mostrado la presencia de dos especies de anfípodos pertenecientes a las familias Eusiridae y Paraleptamphopidae y la primera especie de isópodo, perteneciente a la familia Protojaniridae, todas las cuales corresponden a nuevas especies y géneros aún no descritos. De igual forma se comenta brevemente acerca de la biogeografía e importancia de esta fauna para el manejo de recursos hídricos subterráneos. Palabras clave: Crustacea, Peracarida, Amphipoda, Isopoda, aguas subterráneas, diversidad, Chile. Diversity of peracarid crustaceans (Amphipoda and Isopoda) in groundwaters of Chile Abstract: An account is given of groundwater peracarid diversity of Chile with information on the taxonomy, habitats and distribution of each of them. Up to now only two amphipods, of the families Ingolfiellidae and Bogidiellidae sensu lato, have been described; nevertheless, new explorations have shown the presence of two species of amphipods belonging to the families Eusiridae and Pa- raleptamphopidae and the first isopod, belonging to the family Protojaniridae, all undescribed species and genera. In addition, we comment briefly on the biogeography and importance of this fauna for the managing of groundwater resources. Key words: Crustacea, Peracarida, Amphipoda, Isopoda, groundwaters, diversity, Chile. Introducción Las aguas dulces subterráneas constituyen uno de los mayores Los crustáceos se encuentran entre los grupos más reservorios de recursos hídricos en el planeta, albergando el abundantes, ampliamente distribuidos y taxonomicamente 97% de las aguas no congeladas (Gibert & Deharveng, 2002; diversos en comunidades de aguas subterráneas (De Broker, Reddy, 2002). La importancia de este recurso para la vida y el 1995; Culver & Sket, 2000; Gibert & Deharveng, 2002; Sket, desarrollo humano le confieren gran relevancia socioeconó- 1999) y entre ellos los anfípodos e isópodos son especialmen- mica; sin embargo, las fuertes presiones ambientales que te importantes (Dole-Olivier et al., 2005; De Broker, 1995); actualmente soportan los acuíferos subterráneos y otras fuen- no obstante, estas comunidades acuáticas están seriamente tes de recursos hídricos están desatando una crisis del agua a amenazadas y declinando en muchas partes del mundo (Hol- escala mundial que amenaza la existencia humana (Danielo- singer, 1993), debido principalmente a la inherente vulnerabi- pol et al., 2003). lidad de las aguas subterráneas a una amplia variedad de En Chile, a pesar del uso que se hace de este recurso, impactos antrópicos, como desechos humanos e industriales y especialmente hacia la zona norte, actualmente se tienen esca- la percolación de pesticidas (Danielopol et al., 2003; FAO, sos antecedentes sobre las aguas subterráneas (Arumí & 2003). Un primer y crucial paso hacia la conservación y pro- Oyarzún, 2006), los que están relacionados principalmente tección de esta fauna es documentar la biodiversidad de espe- con aspectos físico-químicos o microbiológicos en vistas a su cies en estos hábitats (Holsinger, 1993); sin embargo, a pesar utilización humana (Peña et al., 1990; González et al., 1999; de los numerosos trabajos realizados (Botosaneanu, 1986; Claret et al., 2001), sin que se conozca otra información res- Wilkens et al., 2000), aún se requiere mayor esfuerzo para pecto a sus características biológicas. aumentar el conocimiento fragmentario que se tiene de los Las aguas subterráneas están almacenadas en varios organismos stigobiontes (Danielopol et al., 2003; Dole- tipos de acuíferos (Reddy, 2002), dando origen a distintos Olivier et al., 2005). hábitats que albergan una fauna rica y diversa (Botosanea- El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer la nu, 1986), con adaptaciones biológicas especiales para la diversidad de especies de crustáceos peracáridos de los órde- vida en ambientes hipogeos (Gibert & Deharveng, 2002; nes Amphipoda e Isopoda que habitan aguas subterráneas en Dole-Olivier et al., 2005). Esta fauna muestra altos niveles Chile, revisando los registros de especies en la literatura y de endemismo, como consecuencia de sus limitadas capaci- entregando nuevos antecedentes de prospecciones en la dades de dispersión (Strayer, 1994) y muchos de los taxa Décima Región. Adicionalmente se propone una clave preli- constituyen especies relictas y geográficamente aisladas minar para el reconocimiento de dichas especies y se comenta (Gibert & Deharveng, 2002). Estos organismos son de alto brevemente sus afinidades biogeográficas e importancia para valor científico, cultural y patrimonial, ofreciendo interesan- el manejo de recursos hídricos subterráneos. tes perspectivas para el manejo y monitoreo de los recursos hídricos subterráneos (Dole-Olivier et al., 2005). 147 Fig 1. Ingolfiella manni Noodt, 1961. A. hábito; B. gnatópodo 2; C. urosomito 3, urópodo 2 y telson; D. pleópodo 1 del macho. Extraído y modificado de Noodt (1961). Estado del conocimiento de los peracáridos subterráneos en Chile Los primeros antecedentes sobre la presencia de crustáceos Algunos antecedentes para las especies chilenas de peracáridos en aguas subterráneas chilenas fueron entrega- anfípodos han sido entregados en trabajos realizados por dos por Noodt (1959, 1961), quien describe las únicas dos autores extranjeros (Barnard & Barnard, 1983; Koenemann especies de anfípodos conocidas hasta ahora. De igual for- & Holsinger, 1999; Vonk & Schram, 2003), los cuales están ma, este autor menciona la presencia en estos ambientes de relacionados principalmente con aspectos taxonómicos y una especie indeterminada de anfípodo del género Bogidie- sistemáticos. lla (Noodt, 1965), sin entregar más información al respecto. Para la fauna de isópodos, se ha indicado la presencia de Conocimiento taxonómico una única especie dulceacuícola epigea (Jara et al., 2006) identificada como Heterias (fritzianira) exul por Bowman et Orden AMPHIPODA Latreille, 1816 al. (1987). Sin embargo, la presencia de isópodos stigobion- Suborden INGOLFIELLIDEA Hansen, 1903 tes fue mencionada previamente por Noodt (1959, 1965), Familia Ingolfiellidae Hansen, 1903 aunque este material no fue descrito. A pesar de que varios trabajos de revisión de la diver- Ingolfiella manni Noodt, 1961 (Fig. 1) sidad de crustáceos malacostráceos chilenos han sido publi- I. manni Noodt, 1961: 7-15, Figs. 1-19; Noodt, 1965: 19, Fig. 2, cados recientemente, estas especies han sido poco conside- Tabla 1. radas. González (1991), citó únicamente especies dulcea- I. (Trianguliella) manni Stock, 1976: 72; Lowry & Poore, 1989: cuícolas pertenecientes al género Hyalella, ninguna de ellas 938. hipogea. Posteriormente, Báez (1995) incluyó especies I. (Balcanella) manni Ruffo & Vigna Tagliani, 1989: 254. principalmente marinas y Jara et al. (2006) citan los mala- Desde su descripción original, I. manni ha sido asignada a costráceos dulceacuícolas; sin embargo, ninguno de ellos dos subgéneros distintos de Ingolfiella (Stock, 1976; Ruffo indica la presencia de habitantes de aguas subterráneas. & Vigna Tagliani, 1989). Sin embargo, Vonk & Schram Finalmente, Thiel et al. (2003), Valdovinos (2006) y (2003) no encuentran evidencia que justifique estas divisio- González et al. (2008) hacen las primeras menciones de la nes subgenéricas y afirman que I. manni, junto a I. uspalla- presencia de Ingolfiellidos, luego de los trabajos de Noodt tae de los Andes argentinos pertenecerían al grupo de I. (1959, 1961, 1965). macedonica del noroeste de Grecia. La agrupación sugerida 148 Fig. 2. Pseudingolfiella chilensis (Noodt, 1959). A. hábito; B. gnatópodo 2; C. pleópodo 3; D. urópodo 2; E. telson. A, extraído y modificado de Noodt (1965); B, C, D y E, de Noodt (1959). por estos autores muestra un patrón distribucional difícil de Paracrangonyctidae, junto a Paracrangonyx y Dussartiella. explicar, no obstante forma un clado robusto y bien funda- Por otro lado, Ruffo (1973) sugirió que Pseudingolfiella mentado. González et al. (2008) mencionan a I. uspallatae pertenecería a los bogidielidos; sin embargo, el género fue como presente en Chile; sin embargo, esto no ha sido con- excluido de esta última familia en base un análisis filogené- firmado. tico por Koenemann & Holsinger (1999), quienes demostra- HÁBITAT: habita aguas subterráneas límnicas y salobres ron su relación con Bollegidia, Dussartiella y Kergeniola. (Noodt, 1961). Algunos antecedentes preliminares sugieren que este DISTRIBUCIÓN: Paposo (~25ºS; 70º29’W) y Taltal (~25º género podría corresponder a la superfamilia Crangonyctoi- 22’S; 70º32’W), Región de Antofagasta; Illapel (~31º36’S; dea (Williams & Barnard, 1988; Barnard & Williams, 71º09’W), Región de Coquimbo (Noodt, 1965). 1995), especialmente por la presencia de calceolos lineares y un flagelo accesorio biarticulado. Otro carácter que define Suborden GAMMARIDEA Latreille, 1802 esta superfamilia
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