11110 New Series Vol . XXXVI No. 10 • Whole Series Vol. LXVI No. 6 • June 1976

3 Mission Memo 7 Editorials 8 Southern Africa Conficts-A Threat to World Peace? George M. Houser 16 U.S. Policy in Southern Africa Dick Clark 21 What Is the Future of the Christian Church in Southern Africa? Lawrence W . Henderson 28 Africa, 2000 A.D. and Christianity Isaac H. Bivens 32 The Church in Southern Africa Angola Emilio de Carvalho 34 Mozambique 37 Rhodesia Justin V. J. Nyoka 40 The Status of Black Women in South Africa Rosemary Arnold 42 Namibia- A Land in Captivity 46 Books and Letters 48 The Moving Finger Writes

COVER Student Pastors, Mozambique Don Collinson Photograph

Editor, Arthur J. Moore, Jr. ; Managing Editor, Charles E. Brewster Associate Editor, Ellen Clark; Art Director, Roger C. Sadler Designer, Karen Tureck; Administrative Assistant, Florence J. Mitchell

47 5 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10027 Published Monthly (bimonthly, July-August) by the Board of Clobal Ministries of the United Methodist Church, Education and Cultivation Division, in association with the United Presby­ terian Church, USA.

Second-class Mail Privileges Authorized at New York, N.Y. Additional Entry at Nashville, Tennessee. Copyright 1976 by Board of Clobal Ministries of the United Methodist Church. No part of New World Outlook may be reproduced in any form without written permission from Editors. Printed in U.S.A.

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PHOTO CREDITS Pp. 9, 42, 43 (left ), 44, 45 (top right ) Peter Fraenkel, Camera Press London ; Pp. 10, 12, 18, 3 7 (top ) Camera Press London ; P. 1 3 Three Li ons ; P. 1 5 D. A. Saw a, Camera Press London ; P. 17 Jon Blair, Camera Press London ; Pp. 19 (top ), 33 (top ), 35 (top ) Jon Kopec, Camera Press London ; Pp. 19 (bottom ), 34, 35 (bottom ) Marion Kap lan, Camera Press London ; Pp. 20, 33 (bottom ), 43, 45 (bottom ) Argus Africa n/ Photo Trends ; Pp. 21 , 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31 The Brooklyn Museum ; Pp. 33 (right), 37 (bottom ), 38 Charles E. Brewster ; Pp. 32, 35 (right) Pharis Harvey ; P. 36 John Goodwin ; P. 39 Mike McCann, Camera Press London ; P. 40 Religious I-Jews Service; P. 41 Ernest Cole, Camera Press London MISSIOM MEMO News and Analysis of Developments in Christian Mission

June, 1976

Rhodesia Missionaries. The Rev. and Mrs. Kaare Eriksson, UMC missionaries to Rhode­ sia for 25 years, were refused re-entry to that country in late May on their return from furlough although their permanent residence papers and supporting documents were in order. On church insistence, the immigration authorities have agreed to reexamine the case but it is considered doubtful that the Er1kssons will be allowed to return to Rhodesia; they are currently at their home in Norway. No reason was given for the refusal, but it is thought to be related to Mr. Eriksson's former position as admin­ istrative assistant to Bishop Abel Muzorewa. Several other missionaries have also been refused re-entry. After Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's recent visit to Africa, the U.S. Embassy in South Africa "strongly advised" Americans not to travel to or within Rhodesia and warned those already there to make contingency plans for leaving. The number of U.S, citizens in Rhodesia is estimated at about 2,000. In­ cluded are several hundred missionaries, among them 76 Southern Baptists, 44 United Methodists and 4 from the United Church of Christ. Mission officials of these denom­ inations have no plans to pull out personnel, leaving the decision to the individuals involved.

Church World Service. Paul McCleary, executive director of Church World Service, has urged U.S. churches to raise one million dollars toward a rebuilding program in Guatemala as a result of the earthquake there. As of mid-May, more than one million dollars had already been spent for emergency help and supplies but it is estimated that a two-year program concentrating on reconstruction and self-help development programs will be needed. The Protestant and Orthodox relief agency recently marked its 30th anniversary. In other current emergencies, CWS is workin~ i n Lebanon (where nearly 3,000 Arab Christian refugees were assisted to leave Beirut), Cyprus, Angola, Jamaica (aiding victims of political upheaval) . and the Western Sahara (where 50,000 refugees are living in camps in Algeria) . United Methodists participate in CWS through UMCOR. In another development, UMCOR has purchased $10,000 worth of milk powder to ship to South Vietnam for the manufacture of condensed milk for children. The supplies are part of the Friendshipment Program.

General Assembly. The l88th General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church, USA, held in Baltimore, Mary1and, took four ballots to elect Dr . Thelma Adair of New York City as Moderator; she is the first black woman to hold the office .... Re-elected another layperson, William P. Thompson, to a third five-year term as stated clerk; the stated clerk is the executive aQd highest permanent officer of the General As­ sembly .... Voted that the ministerial ordination of an avowed practicing homosexual would "at the present time be injudicious if not improper" but also ordered the

1i establishment of a task force to study the matter of homosexuality further. The assembly stated that "only by approaching the subject of homosexuality with love, compassion, prayer and honesty, can our church continue in its great Reformed tradi­ tion . " ... Approved a plan for setting and financing minimum salary levels for all UP pastors. The plan offers ways that salary supplements can be established and paid for through a fund to which wealthier congregations are asked to contribute .... Heard that the number of UP women ministers has increased 83 percent in three years .. . . Urged, by a close vote, that the U.S. government recognize the effective sovereignty of Panama over the Canal Zone .... Approved several statements and actions in support of programs to combat world hunger .... Heard that membership of the 2.7 million mem­ ber denomination decreased by 65,565 persons last year (which is less of a decline than in previous years) while there was an increase of 16,000 in church school en­ rollment. Overall giving increased by $32 million to $475 million .... Affirmed church growth as a high priority for the church .... Heard UM Bishop James K. Mathews say that American Presbyterians "laid the foundations of the thought, culture, and society out of which American freedom grew" ahd that to be Christian 11 is to be ecumenical, for our several co11111unions are ... part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church. 11 ( Note: A report on the UMC General Conference will appear in our July-August issue.)

Food Stamps. More than 100 organizations brought court action in late May to stop the U.S. Department of Agriculture from putting into effect Food Stamp regulations which might eliminate or reduce food stamps for some 10 million persons. Plaintiffs in the suit included 23 Protestant, Catholic and Jewish groups, labor unions, several states and cities, ethnic and women's organizations, groups such as the U.S. Con­ ference of Mayors and individual families. Speaking for Protestant and Orthodox groups, A. Dudley Ward, chief executive of the UMC Board of Church and Society said that it is a "basic responsibility of the country to feed those in need. 11

Italy. An internationally-known Protestant pastor and the editor of the Italian Protestant Youth Federation magazine, as well as a number of noted Catholic laymen, are running as independents on the Communist Party slate in this month's parliamen­ tary elections. The Rev. Tullio Vinay, a Waldensian minister, is known as the founder of the Agape Center near Turin and a second Christian center in S]cily. Among the Catholic candidates on t he PCI ticket are several authors and scholars. Much interest has centered on this election as one in which the Communists might overtake the ruling Christian Democratic Party.

United Farmworkers. The United Farmworkers' Union is undertaking an initiative petition to make the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act part of that state's constitution and has appealed for full-time volunteers to help. The Act was hailed as a breakthrough in labor relations when it was passed last year but opponents have succeeded in cutting off funding by the state legislature. The UFW hopes to break through this impasse by getting the measure on the November ballot for inclusion in the constitution. They are appealing for organizers, doctors, nurses, mechanics, and "those who simply care" and are wil 1 ing to help out for room, board and $5 a week to volunteer, on both the East Coast and in California. 11 11 Moonies • The political activities of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, whose followers 11 11 have become known to the general public as Moonies , will be the subject of a con­ gressional investigation in mid-June. The basic charge against Mr. Moon is that he has used a web of groups, interconnected through boards and officers made up of mem­ bers of his Unification Church, to mount lobbying efforts in the U.S. supporting South Korean president Park Chung Hee. The Unification Church itself is not the subject of the investigation. The Foreign Agents Registration Act requires the registration of those functioning as lobbyists or propagandists in behalf of foreign powers .... A theological statement being prepared by the Commission on Faith and Order of the National Council of Churches says that the principles of Moon's Unification Church differ substantially at key points from accepted Christian theology, in par­ ticular the teaching that all the major prophets, including Jesus Christ, were failures and that the world awaits a new Messiah to be born in Korea .... Moon's Uni­ fication Church has applied for membership in the New York City Council of Churches, the British Council of Churches, and the Korean Council of Churches and has been rejected by all three. A suit filed by Moon's church against the New York City Council of Churches after it was denied membership last June was dismissed in State Supreme Court on the grounds that courts should not interfere with church matters.

Theology and Public Policy. A new, ecumenical center for relating theology and public policy came into being in May with the election of a board of directors. The center, to be located in Washington, D.C., was first proposed by Paul Minear, pro­ fessor emeritus of Biblical Theology at Yale University, and Paul Minus, professor of church history at Methodist Theological School in Ohio. Its announced aim is "to study the relationship between the Christian revelation and critical issues of U.S. public policy and to enable the churches to contribute more fruitfully, in a dis­ passionate and nonpartisan way, to public dialogue concerning those issues. 11 The directors include United Methodists, United Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Southern Baptists, Friends, Mennonites, Episcopalians, and persons from the Christian Reformed Church, United Church of Christ, and Lutheran Church in America. Serving as tempo­ rary director . is Rev. Edward Glynn, superior of the Woodstock Jesuit Community in l~ ashi ngton.

Abortion Rights. Far from dispassionate was a recent exchange over abortion by Catholic and Jewish and Protestant groups. Dr. Lowell A. Dunlap, assistant exec­ utive director of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, published a study called "Nee-Nazism in America?" in which he charged that the legal position of the American Jewish Congress in opposing efforts to ban abortion was "the very ideology that enabled Hitler to pursue his genocidical policies." In an angry re­ ply Naomi Levine, executive director of the Congress, said that "Any comparison be­ tween the right of a woman to have an abortion and the Nazi slaughter of the Jews is an obscene and outrageous slur on the memory of the Six Million murdered in the Holocaust." The Congress is one of eight groups, including the UMC Board of Church and Society, which signed a brief asking the Massachusetts Supreme Court to reverse the manslaughter conviction of Dr. Kenneth Edelin for performing an abortion.

Deaths. P. J. Trevethan, executive vice-president of Goodwill Industries of Amer- ica from 1949-to 1966, died May 21 of cancer in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 77 .... A well known Algerian Methodist layman and former Vice-President of the Prot­ estant Church of Algeri a , Hassan Kebaili, died January 25 at the age of 66. In a tribute to him it was said he mai ntained for nearly thirty years "an indefinable evangelical presence in the midst of the Kasbah of Algiers ... Friend of the poor by the love of Christ, he received at his table all who came seeking aid and counsel, without dtsc riminatio n, du r ing t he terrible war of independence .'' ... Rabbi Arthur Gilbert, who was wid el y known in Protestant and Roman Catholic communities for his efforts in promoting Jewi sh - Chr i stian relations, died May 16 in New York at the age of 49.

Per sonalia. Several new staff appointments are upcoming in BOGM's World Division: Dr. M a lcolm ~· McVeig h, a former evangelist in Angola and an expert on church growth in Africa, ha s bee n named f unctional executive secretary for Church Development and Renewal, a newly cr ea t ed office; Pat Rothrock, who has been Conference Director of Chri stian Ed ucation in Zaire since-1965, is a new executive secretary in the Africa office; !:._. ri_. McCoy, who has been an executive secretary in the Latin America office since 1964, i s the new functional executive secretary for Urban/Rural Development, another newly crea t ed pos ition . . .. Dr. David H. C. Read, nationally known senior min­ i ster of t he Mad i son Avenue Presbyterian Church-in New York City, was elected Presi­ dent of the Japan Internat ional Christian University Foundation.

Canada. A l ar ge sca l e survey of r eligious habits and attitudes in Canada reveals that Canadian s att end chu rch much less once they grow up, and seem about equally happy wh ether t hey attend church or not. Scientifically des igned questionnaires were mail ed t o 5, 00 0 Canad ians in all 10 provinces and more than 2,000 usable re­ plies were gather ed , thus offering "the most comprehensive information on religion in Canada to date , 11 according to Professor Reginald Bibby of the University of Leth­ bridge. Two-t hirds of the responde nts said they believe in God, half that they had exp eri enced God' s presence. One-fifth said they'd experienced the devil's presence. About half co ul d not stat e t he Ten Commandments in their own words . People who never attend church, the repo rt said, are more likely than those who do to accept communi st s , athei st s , homosexuals, and ex-convicts as members of society. Comment­ ing on the study, one rel igious leader said the church isn't adequately meeting 11 deep per so nal issues affecting people. 11

11 11 ~ h ~ · The longest running major production in New York is not Pippin or 11 Chi cago 11 but a mu sical based on the Gospel according to St. Matthew called 11 God­ spell, 11 an archaic form of the word Gospel. Since May, 1971 it has chalked up more t han 2,1 00 performances (the show was featured on an NWO cover in September of that year). Now i n it s sixth year , the award-winning musical is finally moving to 11 Broad­ way11 thi s month. At one t ime there were eight productions running simultaneously in the U. S., plus eig ht foreign countries . It was the first 11 ·integrated 11 musical to. play before an integrat ed audience in South Africa. Perhaps its best known tune 1s "Day by Day ". =~ EDITORIALSbJ

Kissinger on Africa­ policy there was a failure. He must be "tongues like flames of fire" appeared reminded that it was not a failure of with a noise in the sky louder than a Cetting Religion Late nerve by the Senate that defeated that Concorde plane at takeoff. The miracle Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's policy but the fact that it did not deal was that a unity and harmony was cre­ recent visit to Africa, cuhninating in his with the realities of Angola as a nation. ated in the Church while at the same declaration of support for Black majority Until we are able to look at Southern time individual uniqueness was recog­ rule in Southern Africa, has overtones Africa in its own terms and not as an nized and celebrated. of the sinner who hits the mourner's extension cf our preoccupations, any A fairly respectable history of the bench after a long lifetime of spectac­ shift in policy is only a question of tac­ Christian Church might be written with ular and rewarding sin. One can only tics. the idea of showing that the Church has rejoice that he has seen the light and With these reservations,_we must still generally tried harder to sacrifice indi­ welcome him into the fold while retain­ applaud the Administration for doing vidualism fo r the sake of corporate ing some skepticism about motives and what needed to be done. The mere fact harmony rather than risking internal insisting on some deeds to back up his that it can be claimed that President unity fo r the sake of individual freedom. fine words. . Ford lost the Texas Republican Primary Certainly, throughout much of its his­ As Senator Dick Clark of Iowa points to Ronald Reagan because of Kissinger's tory the Church has been loathe to out elsewhere in this issue, formal U.S. affirmation of majority rule in Africa recognize what the prophet Joel ( 2: policy on Africa has always been cor­ shows how politics can paralyze Amer­ 28-32) foresaw: God's Spirit is poured out rect. Actual policy, however, has been ican foreign policy. It also shows how without regard to age, race, sex, or sta­ quite a different matter. The notorious strong the racist and colonialist strain in tion in life- "even upon slaves and slave­ Byrd Amendment, allowing purchase of our national life remains, for there is no girls." ( Had the prophet been at General chrome from Rhodesia in defiance of other accurate way to characterize that Conference he might have added : with­ UN sanctions against the white minority reaction but by those terms. out regard to denominational affiliation.) regime there, is perhaps the most blat­ Let us welcome then the repentant Instead, we have often sought an arti­ ant example. This was the responsibility sinner and keep an eye out that he fi cial unity based on determining ahead of Congress but administration support doesn't take to backsliding. That, of of time the thought patterns by which for its repeal has been feeble at best. course, means keeping an eye upon our­ the Spirit is poured out to the Church. Coupled with this went tacit backing of selves for while foreign policy may be The season of Pentecost is as good the Portuguese colonial government until made by experts, it depends upon the a time as any to give thanks that there its collapse and a benign attitude toward acquiescence of the people before it are more divergent voices heard within the government of South Africa. It was can be put into effect. If we had been the Church than ever before and that only after the fiasco of Angola, where doing our job all these years, there many groups historically under-repre­ the Congress very wisely put its foot would have been no need for a change sented in leadership-racial minorities, down on covert intervention, that the in policy. women, "senior citizens," young people U.S. government began to reassess its - are able to speak with boldness of the position in that continent. The Pentecostal Experience vision they have for God's creation and Well, better late than never but the His Church. African nations and liberation move­ Because the terms "pentecostal" and Unfortunately, because we have so ments may be pardoned if they wait "charismatic" are sometimes used inter­ often sought to freeze the patterns in a while before they begin dancing in changeably the season of the birthday which the Spirit speaks to us these fresh­ the streets. They will be watching for of the Church is often associated in­ er voices may sound like Babel to our tangible proof in the form of U.S. aid correctly with the phenomenon of ears. The problem is most acute when appropriations in repeal of the Byrd speaking in tongues. But in fact the the Church attempts a response to these Amendment, and, most importantly, in experience of the disciples and their voices, especially to those who feel the increased signs of understanding of their friends described in Acts 2 is exactly most hurt by the Church's past ignorance legitimate aims and aspirations. the opposite of speaking in tongues or and inaction. What was once called the This basic question of understanding glossalalia. The Jews who were gathered "suburban captivity of the Church," and sympathy is fundamental. As we from all parts of the known world heard with its relatively homogenous congrega­ have noted before, the U.S. government the disciples each in his own language tions, prevents the Church from effective­ and the Secretary of State in particular telling the great things God had done. ly dealing with what is being said. At have great difficulty in viewing the world Instead of cutting off communication heart, we fear diversity more than we as anything but an arena for American­ through an ecstatic experience, the com­ cherish it and we tend to look on new Russian conflict. Dr. Kissinger still per­ ing of the Holy Spirit actually created voices as new battlegrounds instead of sists in talking about Angola this way, communication. fresh opportunities to hear what the as if he does not yet know why his The miracle of Pentecost was not that Spirit may be saying to the Church. SOUTHERM AFRICA Southern Africa is an area of racial, political, and economic exploitation. Internal conflicts there can produce major big power confrontations. The articles in this issue, including those dealing with American policy in Africa, were written prior to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's visit to Africa. The editors feel that these articles are in general still valid assessments of American policy and the directions it must take in the months ahead. SOUTHERM AFRICA COMF'LICTS- a threat to world peace? George M. Houser

he world is full of little­ T known places which most Americans only become conscious of when a catastrophe brings them to notice, or when they become the focus for a clash of big power " interests" threatening world peace. Vietnam was such a place. Until the middle 1960's when American sol­ diers were sent there in the thou­ sands, few Americans would have known where to look for Vietnam on the map. Africa is another area of the world which has been ob­ scure for many Americans. Only a few times have African countries been brought dramatically to world attention. Ghana's independence in 1957 brought the continent into fo­ cus as symbolic of a new era of Africa's emergence from colonial domination. The Congo was head­ lined in 1960 when long years of Belgian colonial domination was ending and Patrice Lumumba was 8LANKES briefly the Prime Minister of a new - ALLEEN . country with Russian backing and American opposition. In the last few months Angola has been the center WHITES of world attention. ONLY . A relatively small number of Americans would have known An­ gola was an African country until late in 1975. The fact that there had been an armed struggle against Portuguese colonial domination for 13 years in Angola, and that this, together with similar struggles in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, had triggered the army coup of April 1974 in Portugal, was second­ ary news to most. But quite sud­ denly Angola was catapulted into the headlines. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger made a speech in

George M . Houser is executive di­ rector of the American Committee on Africa. New World Outlook • June 1976 (269] 9 The stakes in sout

Detroit on November 24, 1975, in which he accused the Soviet Union and Cuba of intervening in an in­ ternal struggle for power in Angola and warned that continued inter­ vention would affect " other rela­ tionships." For about three months after this Angola events were fea­ tured in the news because the near confrontation between the United States and the USSR threatened the uneasy detente between the super powers. Following the lead of Presi­ dent Ford and Secretary Kissinger, the American people began to see the Angolan conflict in terms of a " communist take-over." Patrick Moynihan, at the United Nations, accused the Soviet Union of being a new colonial power. The crisis in Angola has quieted down now. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the political organization which the U.S. Government opposed and which was backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba and in a less prom­ inent way by other countries, has won victory. It is now the govern­ ment of the Peoples Republic of Angola. The two movements sup­ ported by the United States, by South Africa, and certain African countries (the most prominent of which was Zaire), have been de­ feated. The critical question now is whether this near confrontation be­ tween the big powers in Angola has ended as far as Africa is concerned or whether it will emerge again over the issues at stake in southern Africa. My conviction is that condi­ tions are present which make south­ ern Africa one of the areas of the a world where internal conflicts can a produce major big power confronta­ n tions and that this can threaten b world peace. This conviction needs analysis and is based on the follow­ ing factors : 1 are great. The areas as a whole is rich, but not all countries in it are.

The Stakes in Southern Africa tion of some 61/2 million are white. broke down on March 19th. Nkomo Yet the whites have 50 of the 66 First, the stakes in southern Africa stated that Smith was only prepared seats in parliament. African protest are great. Geographically the area to concede majority ru le in some­ has been strictly controlled by the thing like 15 years. stretches from Zaire and Tanzania Unlawful Organization Act (under in the north to the Republic of In Namibia, out of a population which major African political or­ South Africa in the south, encom­ of something less than a million, ganizations have been banned) . passing twelve nations in a region only 13% are white. Africans do not Thousands of politically aE:tive Afri­ have voting rights and none are rep­ larger than the United States. Whites are something less than 5% of the cans have been arrested under the resented in the legislature. 65 % of Preventive Detention Act. The Law total regional population of 100 the land is in the hands of the and Order Maintenance Act grants whites. All African land is under an million, and live mainly in South further powers to the police to ar­ Africa (about 4.2 million), and Rho­ agency called " The Bantu Trust. " rest nationalists and ban meetings. The South African government has desia (280,000). The Land Apportionment Act and controlled Namibia since the end The area as a whole is rich, but the Native Land Husbandry Act puts of the First World War when the not all the countries in it are. Every the best land in the hands of the territory, previously a German important mineral is found there. whites. 71 % of the country's most colony, was put under the Mandate The region is the world's number arable land is owned by Europeans. system of the League of Nations one producer of manganese, gold, The Africans have only 13% of this with South Africa administering it. diamonds, chrome, cobalt, and best land. The South African government has platinum. In addition there is vast The Industrial Conciliation Act encouraged the division of the hydroelectric power and an abun­ limits trade union rights so that country among ethnic groups. At dance of fisheries, and productive Africans are virtually powerless to present a Constitutional Conference agricultural and pasture lands. It is change their working conditions. is in session which may take several suspected that there are large un­ The average annual income of years to do its work if it follows tapped resources of oil such as was blacks in 1974 was $641. For whites the South African proposal. It is found in the Cabinda region of An­ it was $7,152. The white-controlled assumed that out of these discus­ gola and offshore from Zaire. South government spends only $68.14 per sions will emerge a loose federation Africa alone is a very rich country. black child in school while !>pend­ of tribal groups that then can be It is responsible for 60% of the ing $746.00 for each white child. controlled economically and politi­ world's gold production and is the Henry Kamm wrote in the NY Times cally by South Africa. The principal third ranking producer of uranium. Military strategists point to the March 17th, " There are no visible liberation movement in the area, poor whites, no whites in menial The Southwest African Peoples Or­ critical location of southern Africa. jobs and it seems unlikely that there ganization (SWAPO) , recognized by In the east it fronts on the Indian is a white who has one of this the United Nations and the OAU, Ocean and in the west on the South country's 6.1 million blacks as his (Organization of African Unity) as Atlantic. The shipping lanes around working superior. There appeared to the legitimate representative of the the Cape of Good Hope are used be few (white) Rhodesians to whom Namibian people, refuses to partici­ constantly and are the only effective this state of affairs does not seem to pate in the Conference under the alternative to the Suez Canal. be worth fighting for . . . ." restrictive terms and framework Oppressive Conditions Persist Since the independence of Mo­ established by South Africa. zambique, which borders Rhodesia The Economy of South Africa Second, oppressive conditions on the east, tremendous pressure and resistance to change in the has been put upon Rhodesian Prime In South Africa, approximately areas of southern Africa still under Minister Ian Smith to accept rapid 19% of the nearly 25 million popu­ minority white control make for change toward majority rule, but to lation are white. Yet the black bitter conflict. Southern Africa is an no avail. The negotiations between majority is not allowed to vote or area of racial, political, and eco­ Ian Smith and the African leader be elected to public office. The nomic exploitation. In Rhodesia Joshua Nkomo, which had bee~ major African political organizations only about 5% of the total popula- going on for several months, finally have been banned. 87 % of the land New World Outlook • June 1976 (271) 11 Preceded by the Mace Bearer and the Speaker, Senators of the Upper House and Prime Minister Ian Smith file into the as­ sembly for the opening of Rhodesia's Parliament. Even though Rhodesia has severed her links with Britain, the Mace still re­ tains the symbol of the Crown. is reserved for whites, and only government, under its system of over the last 20 years has not pri­ 13% for Africans. Africans are not apartheid, is imposing the division marily been characterized by vio­ permitted to travel within the coun­ of the country according to tribal lence. Up until 1961 , most African try without special permission. An origins. And yet this division is being countries achieved independence intricate system of passes regulates carried out in such a way as not to through negotiations with the the Africans if they wish to leave hinder the economic growth of the colonial power involved. With the the areas designated for them. white areas. A myriad of laws cur­ exception of the independence war The economy of South Africa tail African nationalist opposition in Algeria against the French and rests upon the labor of the Africans. through the Suppression of Com­ the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, the Theoretically Africans are permitted munism Act, the Sabotage Act, etc. French, British, the Belgian Congo, to live only in their " homeland", Africans who are in active opposi­ and the Spanish colonies gained ethnic areas which only a few years tion to the regime are working their freedom with I ittle violence. ago were called " native reserves. " deeply underground, are in prison, The African National Congress of A system of migratory labor has under banning orders, or in exile. South Africa was one of the move­ been imposed on the Africans, who In spite of the highly touted ments most dedicated to non-vio­ cannot sustain themselves economi­ " changes" which are supposed to lence until 1960. But this changed cally in the areas to which they are have taken place in the pattern of suddenly and dramatically with the restricted and therefore must travel apartheid (with some few hotels Sharpeville Massacre of March, periodically, with specia l permission, now open to black overseas visitors, 1960, in South Africa when police either to European farms or to urban or park benches no longer desig­ fired on unarmed Africans peace­ areas for jobs. About 47% of the nated " for Europeans only" ) there fully demonstrating against the pass African people live in the " home­ has been no shift whatsoever in the system, killing 69 and wounding lands" or Bantustans. Over half of basic laws of prohibiting the Afri­ about 170. The African National the blacks live below the poverty cans from participating in the politi­ Congress and the Pan-Africanist datum line which for a family of cal or economic decision-making of Congress of South Africa were five is set at $120.00 monthly. The the country. banned. Constitutional methods of ratio of white earning power to change were impossible. The Resort to Violence black is 6 :1 and higher. But it was not initially in South Th e white minority in South Third, African reliance on violence Africa, where the odds against the Africa intend to hold on to their as a means of bringing change has African people were so great, that privileged way of life indefinitely. been accepted as a necessity. The armed struggle against colonialism As in Namibia, the South African struggle for independence in Africa and white minority domination was 12 [272) New World Outlook • June 1976 The Lu aka Manife to outh Afri a would learn something from th Portuguese experi nee. In pril, 1969, ind p nd nt stat s Th ind p nden of Mozambique of Ea st and ntral Africa m t in Lu aka , the apit I of Zambia, and and Angola flowing from the coup of April 1974, brought new realities adopt d what b am known as the Lu aka Manif to. Thi was direct d into south rn Africa. Rhod sia was toward th whit minority regimes now bard r d by three ind pend nt of outhern fri a. It r fl t d the state - Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana; outh Africa by Mozam­ d ir of Afri an ind pend nt biqu and Botswana ; Namibia by tat for hange by peaceful Angola and Botswana. B ause of m thods. The tat m nt aid in part would urg our brothers in the South Africa's great strength, the re i tance mo m nts to us peace­ two countries most exposed to the ful method of struggl v n at the pre sur of hange were Rhodesia ost of som ompromise on the and Namibia. The white minority timing of hange. But while p a ful government of Rhodesia fac s n w progress is blo k d by actions of pr ssur s of isolation. South Africa tho e at present in pow r in states has rea ted to this development not of outhern Afri a, we have no with a hang of internal policy, but with a change of international tac­ hoi e but to give th peoples of tics. A " correct" policy has been tho territori s all th support of adopted towards Mozambique. At hich we are apabl in their least limited pressure has been ap­ truggle against their oppressors." pli d to the government of Ian In ff ct this stat ment was saying, Smith to come to terms with the hope that change can be African nationalist movement there. pea ful, but if not then we will A policy of " detente" was atempted upport the arm d struggle." by South Africa with black African The African indep ndent states states to the north. Th e objective of hoped that the white minority gov­ Prime Minister Vorster is to try to rnments of Rhod sia, Namibia and stave off an extern al attack agai nst

The econom of South Africa re I upon the labor of Afri can . In the depths of the mine the quarters are often cramped and low at th e working fa ce of the reef. his country's secu rity w hile ti ghten­ now is no altern ative except armed Angola in mid-1975. ing up internal machinery to preserve strugg le. The struggle for majority rule in control. Efforts toward communica­ In Namibia and on its borders, Rhodesia does not appear to invite tion with African leaders such as SWAPO has bee n rapidly building super power involvement. South President Ka unda of Za mbia, the up its military potential and now Africa n troops have presumably attempt to normalize relations with has thousands of men trained for been removed. The United States Mozambique, speeches for exte rn al m ilitary ac tion. Despite the recent ha s no major interests in the terri­ consumption about changes due to intern al conflict in Angola and de­ tory. International economic sanc­ come inside So uth Africa , the re­ spi te the presen ce o f South African tions have been imposed by the moval of So uth African troops from troops in northern Namibia and U.N. No country recognizes ·the Rhodesia, speeches whose purpose poss ibly still in southern Angola, independence of the Ian Smith re­ was to make So uth Africa n policy on Angola is a sanctuary for the forces gime. As far as is known, the United Namibia so und rea son able, all of prepared to act for majority rule by States has not supported any of the this designed to make the interna­ military mea ns . Zimbabwe nationalist movements. tional community think that ba sic Recognizing the pressures, South China and the Soviet Union have, change ta king place in South A fri ca has gone to great lengths to­ but it is unlikely that military forces Africa. wards the creation of a militarized from non-African countries will be Th e ap proach of independent police state. Within the last three introduced into the Rhodesian con­ African states to detente has a years military expenditures in South flict. A large number of Zimbabwean limited objecti ve. It is not designed Africa ha ve more than doubled and nationalists have received military to lesse n press ure for change within now amount to more than a billion training and are ready for action. South Africa , but to try to remove dollars a year. South Africa produces South Africa does not want to suf­ South Africa economically and mili­ about 80% of its light weapons, fer another military and political tarily from Rhodesia and Namibia. A more than 100 kinds of ammunition, setback in Rhodesia as it did in sta tement proposed by Tanzania and rifles, explosives and armored cars. Angola and probably will not com­ adopted by the Organization of White South Africa is preparing it­ mit troops to help support the white African Unity session in April, 1975, self for a struggle which will in part minority government. It is doubtful in Dar es Salaam dealt w ith the take military form. that the United States would make a question. It read : " The w illingness commitment to uphold the white The International Implications to talk to Vorster and his govern­ supremacist regime even though ment about the transfer of power Fourth, the struggle in southern white Rhodesia tries to include itself in Rhodesia and in Namibia is quite Africa ha s assumed major interna­ among the western nations of the a different thing from cooperating tional dimensions. Those who may so-called " free world." Secretary of with him as he attempts to make have thought that the conflict in State Kissinger warned Cuba not to friends in Africa in order to weaken southern Africa would remain local send its forces into Rhodesia. The the struggle for human rights and or regional should now have learned Rhodesian Foreign and Defense dignity w ithin South Africa." differently from the Angolan experi­ Ministers thank Kissinger that " at ence. Angola reflected at least two least somebody in the western world Rhodesia's Vulnerability things about the struggle in south­ is beginning to realize the menace Rhodesia is the most vulnerable ern Africa : (1) That South Africa that threatens the west. .. ." Yet, at to change, and yet the small white was prepared to commit significant this point, it does not appear that minority of that country seems military force in the southern Africa the United States will become in­ determined to hold on to the bitter conflict. The Defense Minister of volved militarily. end, inviting a conflict which Prime South Africa said that at least 4000 The struggle for majority rule in Minister Vorster of South Africa has to 5000 South African troops were Namibia and South Africa is quite called " too ghastly to contemplate." either in southern Angola or in a different story. The conflicts are On March 3rd, 1976, in spite of the northern Namibia near the Angolan internationalized inevitably. The sacrifices that were involved, border during the contest for control United Nations, with support from Mozambique closed the border of that country. (2) The major pow­ all the major powers, has voted to with Rhodesia. This meant that ers of the world could very easily be end South Africa's administration of Rhodesian goods could no longer involved in southern Africa. The Namibia. A Council for Namibia and be sent by rail through Mozam­ Soviet Union had been giving sup­ a Commissioner for Namibia have bique to the Indian Ocean port of port to the MPLA on a low-keyed been established. SWAPO has re­ Be ira . President Samora Machel of basis for many years. This was ceived assistance politically and Mozambique said that his country escalated as the internal struggle be­ militarily from both the Soviet Union would now go on a war footing. came intense. China, for a limited and China. South Africa has been An estimated 20,000 troops of Zim­ period of time, was giving support defying the United Nations and the babwe, the Africans' name for their to the FNLA. Internationalization of present Constitutional Conference country, are in Mozambique pre­ the struggle was re-enforced by the which it is sponsoring runs counter pared for attacks on the white presence of Cuban troops. The to basic principles which the UN minority regime of Rhodesia. The United States had given some covert General Assembly has adopted call­ negotia tions between Smith and assistance to the FNLA for a decade ing for a united and independent Nkomo have been halted. Even or more and escalated this appre­ Namibia. It is very likely that South Presi dent Kaunda has said that there ciably as the fighting intensified in Africa would make Namibia its first 14 [274] New World Outlook • fune 1976 South Africa has armed African police officers and trained them in anti-guerrilla operations. These are members of the South African Counter-Insurgency Police. line of defense and would make a trast with the position of the United port to the preservation of a white major commitment of military force States, the other two major powers, supremacy government of South against black nationalist encroach­ China and the Soviet Union, have Africa will be disastrous. ments. no economic interests in South The apartheid system and racism Africa and have actively been sup­ Can Armed Struggle be Avoided? in South Africa have been interna­ porting one liberation movement or Can a growing armed struggle be tional issues ever since the United another. These movements are not avoided in southern Africa? Certain­ Nations was created after the Sec­ likely to appeal to the United States ly th is is possible. But it is only pos­ ond World War. Virtually all the or Western Europe for assistance as sible if the white minority are pre­ nations of the world have con­ their struggle against the white mi­ pared to accept an end to white demned apartheid including the nority regime of South Africa de­ supremacy, an end to special privi­ United States. Yet the United States velops. Some of the same issues may lege and a willingness to live. in maintains a vested interest in the be involved in the South African countries where Africans exercise economy of white-ruled South struggle as were involved in Angola. the full political rights they are Africa. American investments have The difference may be that white entitled to as the majority. An inter­ risen by a billion dollars within the South Africa is committed to an all­ national confrontation of major last decade and now are approach­ out military defense and has strength proportions, even if there is an es­ ing 1.5 billion dollars. Between 300 to back it up. Also American inter­ calation of the armed struggle for and 400 American corporations ests in South Africa both econom­ majority rule, can be avoided if the have interests in South Africa, in­ ically and logistically in a geo-politi­ major powers, including the United cluding such major companies as cal sense are extensive. White South States, commit themselves to work International Telephone and Tele­ Africa already depicts the issue, not together to press for genuine graph, General Motors, International just in South Africa but in all of change. This will mean the end of Business Machines, and Union Car­ southern Africa, in communist vs . policies by the United States which bide. Although the United States has anti-communist terms. Judging from back up South African power in time and again attacked the scheme Angolan experience, this fits en­ both Namibia and in the Republic of apartheid in public statements, tirely within the frame of reference itself. Without a shift in American the government has avoided any of the United States. The conse­ policy the chances of avoiding a known assistance to the African lib­ quences of the United States com­ major international conflict in south­ eration movements there. In con- mitment to give any degree of sup- ern Africa seem slight. •

New World Outlook • June 1976 [275) 15 U.S. POLICY IM SOUTHERN AFRICA Dick Clark

t cou ld be said that the United proposa ls for in crea sing that pres­ the United States became the only I States has painted itself into a sure w ithout in itiating proposal s of country to require by law that corner in its southern African poli cy. its ow n. sanctions against Rhodesia be It chose to provide economic and broken. Policy Being Eroded military assistance to its NATO ally, The United States' actual support Portugal, during the anti -colonial Th ose policies that the United for peaceful change in southern struggles in Angola and M ozam­ States has adopted to promote Africa has been half-hearted at best. bique. Policy-makers here ignored peaceful change in so uthern Africa The U.S . aided Portugal economi­ the liberation movements and their were formulated long ago and have call y and militarily throughout the appeals that, if the U.S. could not been gradu ally eroded. In 1963, the liberation struggle in its African help in thei r struggle for freedom, United States adopted the policy of colonies, and it now continues to at least it could deny aid to the not ex porting arms to southern support Rhodesia with its trade and colonial power. The Zimba bwe and Africa . However, since th e adoption South Africa with its trade and Namibian liberation movements in ea rl y 1970 of certain proposal s inves tment. Th e liberation move­ have also been ignored. Th e United made in NSS M 39, this poli cy ha s ments have had to go to the Soviet States has p rofessed a com mitment bee n relaxed, and such "gra y area Union, China and Cuba for support. to peaceful tra nsition to maj ority equipment" as civilian light aircraft America has come down consis­ ru le in so uthern Africa and ex­ and C-130's (or L-100's) have been tently on the side of the " has beens" pressed concern about the trag ic so ld to South Africa. Although it is in southern Africa rather than the consequences of war in that part of argued that th ese are for non-mili­ " will be's" -leaving them no alter­ the world. tary use, a South African Cessna native but to go to the Communist At the sa me time, the United was shot down in Angola, and powers. And now, when it is ap­ States has taken very few steps to C-1 30's w ere used to transport parent that majority rule will come encourage peaceful change in troops and equipment. In 1964, the to Rhodes ia in the near future and southern Africa and has opposed United States adopted the policy of· to Namibia not long after, the ma ny of the initia tives in that not encouraging trade with South Administration is responding with d irection taken by the African Africa through the Export-Import expressions of concern about Soviet states in the United Nations. Th e Bank. Th is poli cy has also been and Cuban intervention in southern majority of the United States' eroded. United States companies Africa and statements that it will Security Council vetoes have been ca n now obtain small direct Ex-Im not tolerate further Cuban activities on southern African iss ues . Th e Bank loans for business with South in the area. From the Administra­ U.S. has vetoed resolutions strength­ Africa, and much larger loan guar­ tion's· " global view", further Soviet ening inte rn ational sa n c tions antees are available. Recently, busi­ and Cuban successes in southern agai nst Rhodesia and imposing a ness intere sts and 21 Senators ap­ Africa will only encourage similar mandatory arms emba rgo on South pealed to the Administration to ventures elsewhere in the world. Africa during its illega l occupa tion grant a request for a $225 million Soviet and Cuban Activities of Namibia. W hile rhetorically ad­ direct Ex-Im loan to a South African vocating non-violent intern ational government-owned corporation and Soviet and Cuban activities in p ressure as a viable altern ative to an additional $225 million loan southern Africa are indeed cause military solutions in so uthern Africa, guarantee. Finally, in 1967 and for concern. The fact that the Soviet the United States has in fact blocked 1968, the United States agreed to Union invested $300 million and Senator Dick Clark of Iowa is a mem­ comply fully first with partial then Cuba sent 12,000 troops to assure ber of the U. S. Senate Committee on full economic sanctions against that the faction they backed would Foreign Relations and chairman of the Rhod es ia . In 1971, however, the win in Angola cannot be taken African Affairs Subcommittee. Byrd Amendment was passed, and lightly. But if what is going on now 16 [276] New World Outlook • June 1976 in southern Africa is viewed entirely from the perspective of countering Soviet and Cuban military interven­ tion, far too much is left out to make this an accurate " global view." First, the Administration does not seem to understand that, not only . in Africa, but in most of the world, racial domination in southern Africa is perceived as a far greater prob­ lem than Soviet and Cuban inter­ vention on the side of the liberation movements. Racial domination is a particularly offensive form of op­ pression to most of the world­ especially to the former colonies. As concerned as African countries are about the Soviet and Cuban presence in southern Africa, they could not oppose any support these countries gave to the struggle for freedom in southern Africa. In that sense, Rhodesia and Namibia are entirely different from Angola. Al­ though I opposed United States involvement in Angola, a much better case could be made for countering Soviet and Cuban inter­ vention in an African civil war than for countering their assistance to Zimbabwe and Namibian liberation movements with U.S. assistance to the racist regimes. In stating that the United States " will not accept" Cuban interven­ tion in Rhodesia, the Secretary of State has given the impression that this country might well provide assistance to the Smith regime if it were attacked by a Cuban-supported liberation movement. It may be that the Administration does not fully understand how disastrous this would be for our relations with Africa and for our image in the to be taken over by the "Commu­ world, or how little support this par­ nists." ticular anti-communist ve nture A Losing Proposition would have. A third problem with the Ad­ A Military Solution? ministration's response to Rhodesia A second problem with the is that politically and militarily it is Administration's response to the a losing proposition if the Cubans threat of Communist-supported do decide to help the liberation military action in southern Africa is movements in Rhodesia. If the that it has increased the likelihood United States "will not accept" that the solution to the Rhodesia Cuban intervention, it will have to problem will be a military one rather do something about it-otherwise, than a negotiated settlement. Im­ America's prestige will be weakened mediately after Secretary Kissinger's and its commitments will appear statement that the United States to be empty threats. The U.S. could would not tolerate Cuban interven­ not do much to Cuba itself that it t-ion , the following took place : one is not doing already-it couldn't Rhodesian government official ex­ break diplomatic relations or cut pressed " thanks" to the United off trade. One possible United States for its understanding of the States response to Cuban interven­ gravity of the Communist threat in tion in Rhodesia would be to pro­ southern Africa ; another Rhodesian vid~ military aid to the other side­ representative stated that the United to the Smith regime. And that States might provide Rhodesia with would put this country on the los­ material assistance in its struggle ing side morally, politically and against liberation movements but militarily. The Secretary of State has was not likely to provide troops un­ wisely ruled out any direct aid to less " Ru ssia were directly involved"; the Smith regime. But he has not Ian Smith asserted that he would ruled out direct military action not accept majority rule for Rho­ against Cuba-either a blockade or desia; and Dr. Gabella, a represen­ invasion. This would constitute tative of the ANC in Rhodesia, said indirect support for the Smith re­ that negotiations were a waste of gime, and it would mean running time. serious risks of a confrontation with Clearly, the Secretary's statement the Soviet Union. gave the Rhodesians cause for hope Finally, the Administration's re­ that the United States might help fusal to state that it will not under them preserve the status quo there. any circumstances defend the racist In taking the " global view", the minority regimes in southern Africa pressure for peaceful change in Administration overlooked the fact could cause serious domestic prob­ southern Africa have never been that its warning to the Cubans might lems. After Nigeria, the United better. According to the African make the white Rhodesians more States has the greatest number of countries that have made the intransigent and a Cuban-supported black citizens in the world. If there greatest effort and the greatest military solution more likely. Un­ is a race war in southern Africa, race sacrifices to achieve peaceful doubtedly, the Administration did relations in this country are bound change, such a policy is exactly not take into consideration the spe­ to be strained no matter what U.S. what is needed. Southern· Africa cial affinity Rhodesian whites policy is. But the problems will be could still be spared the tragedy of have always felt for the United by far most severe if the United a major race war in Rhodesia and States or the influence this country States government defends white Namibia. Zambia, Tanzania, Mozam­ can have on them-arising from supremacist regimes. bique and Botswana could avoid the numerous sympathetic tourists Policy Alternatives the serious problems that would be who go to Rhodesia from here caused by the presence of heavy every yea r, the parallels Rhodesians Fortunately, the situation in south­ foreign military equipment and see between their Unilateral Decla­ ern Africa still poses policy alter­ foreign troops on their soil. How­ ration of Independence and the natives for the United States other ever, to assure a peaceful transition American Revolution, and the than either cutting its losses and to majority rule in Rhodesia and Rhodesians' belief that they are in leaving southern Africa to the Namibia, the United States would the forefront of the fight against Soviets and the Cubans or counter­ have to make more than a verbal communism in southern Africa. The ing the Soviet and Cuban presence commitment. This country has Secretary's statement reinforced the by providing assistance to the white bought all the time it could with Rhodesians' hope that the U.S. regimes in Rhodesia and South fairly empty statements about hu­ would not allow a country with Africa. In fact, the prospects for man rights, self-determination, which it had so much in common success of a policy of non-violent peace and stability in southern 18 (278] New World Outlook • June 1976 )ut on the golf links, Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith, hands in pockets, discusses his country's handicap with South Af­ ican Prime Minister John Vorster. His problem is symbolized by these two photos : above, white refugees from Angola board 1 South African ship at Walvis Bay while, below, children of newly independent Mozambique march in the streets. Before in­ tependence, Mozambique provided Rhodesia with vital rail connections to the sea.

81

11 •• •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • •

Africa. Th e costs of peaceful change side with the w hite sup remacist re ­ in southern Africa-diplomatic, po­ gimes, even against the Soviet Union litical, and financial-w ill be real , and Cuba, is probab ly the greatest but they will ce rtai nly be w orth it. contri bution the United States could Recently, I have held a se ries of make to pressure for negotiated hea rings in the Africa n Affairs Su b­ settlements in Rhodesia and Nami­ committee on the future of United bi a. At the same ti me, it would be States policy in southern Africa, con­ no more than an ac knowledgement ce ntrating on the major powers in of the only rea listic alternative the so uthern Africa and United Sta tes United States would have if serious relations with the liberati on move­ war did break out. If there is con­ ments. During the course of these cern that such a statement w ould be hea rings, seve ral proposa ls have an invitation for the Cu bans to bee n disc ussed th at dese rve th e intervene immediately, it could se ri ous and immediate considera­ certai nly be made privately to South tion of the Un ited Sta tes govern­ Africa an d Rhodesia rather than ment. publicly. Seco nd, the United States should Specific Actions give maximum diplomatic support Th e first ac ti on the United States to the African states which have should ta ke is to make it clea r that been working so hard to ac hieve this country will not defend the negotiated se ttlements in Rh odesia minority reg imes in so uthern Africa and Namibia. Represe ntati ves of two under any circumstan ces . A dec­ of those cou ntri es have told me lara tion of our unwillingness to personall y how important American diplomatic press ure is at thi s time. Africa n states are more important ma1n1ng trade route, South Africa We need to listen to and ac t on to this country than simply oppos­ can press ure the Smith regime to their appeals fo r diplomatic ass is­ ing eve rything th e Sovi et Union acce pt peaceful change in a way tan ce . And we need to ass ure them supports. And it would gi ve Angola that no other country can. While that the United Sta tes will not ag ree an altern ative to dependence on the South Africa has strongly opposed to any se ttlement in Rh odes ia o r Soviet Union and Cuba, an alterna­ economic sa nctions in the past out Namibia that the Africa n states find tive th at the other African states in of fea r th at they might used against unacceptab le. At th e sa me time, w e th e area badly w ant Angola to have. itself nex t, it also has more than should ass ure them th at the United Fifth, th e Administration should any other country to lose if serious States w ill provide whatever eco­ itse lf initiate an effort to secure race war does break out in Rhodesia. nomic or diplomatic ass istance is repea l of the Byrd Amendment. The Stated Policy Is Right needed to help guarantee that an y re cent House repeal effort failed settlement that is acceptable to the large ly because of a lack of signi­ The stated policy of the United African states works. fi ca nt Administration support. It States-favoring a peaceful transi­ Th ird, the United States should w ould take the maximum commit­ tion to majbrity rule in southern provide economic assistance to ment of the White House for such Africa-is the right policy. It has a Zam bia and M ozambique to help an effort to succeed, but, given the better chance of working now than th em ove rcome th e se rious hard­ intern ational visibility of the Byrd ever before. But it will require the ships that have resulted from their Amendment as a symbol of the real commitment of both Congress complia nce w ith intern ational sa nc­ fa ilure of U.S. southern Africa policy, and the Executive Branch, and the tions agai nst Rhod es ia . Thi s would this effort would be worthwhile. question remains whether this gov­ be tangible evidence of a United Si xth, the United States should ernment yet takes the problems of States commitment to peaceful make a greater effort in the United southern Africa seriously enough to change. And it would demonstrate Nations to increase international make such a commitment. the U.S. recognition that the coun­ pressure on South Africa to give up Some argue that it is best for the tries w hi ch are prepared to support its illegal occupation of Namibia. United States to make no commit­ a military struggle for liberation in Sp ec ifically, United States opposi­ ments at all in southern Africa-to southern Africa are also willing to tion to a mandatory arms embargo let events take their course and not make the grea test sa crifices to make against South Africa should be become involved. In my opinion, non-violent pressures work. The dropped. The U.S. can no longer this would be a serious mistake. As Administration has said it is willing make a credible case in the Security a nation that is committed to racial to consider favorably requests of Council that Namibia is not a equality, majority rule and the pro­ ass istan ce from these two countries. threat to international peace. tection of minority rights, the Fourth, the United Sta tes should Finally, the United States should United States can make a unique recognize and seek to establish urge South Africa to put additional contribution to settlements in south­ good relations with the government pressure on Ian Smith to agree to a ern Africa that would replace racial of Angola. This would make it clear negotiated settlement of Rhodesia's domination with effective multi­ that U.S. relations with the black problems. As Rhodesia's only re- racial societies. There is no reason that the Soviet Union, China and Cuba should be viewed as the only supporters of those striving for hu­ man rights, freedom and racial justice in southern Africa. The liberation movement leaders were all educated in mission schools­ many of them American mission schools. What they are fighting for comes not out of Marxist doctrine but out of our own political and religious traditions. They have per­ sistently asked us to help in their struggle for the principles that are most fundamental to our way of life. We can and must help now. If we do, there might well be peace­ ful change rather than a destructive race war in southern Africa. And we might be able to counter Commu­ nist intervention in southern Africa in the only truly effective way-by taking the initiative away from them in the struggle for human rights and racial equality. • WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF

THE CHRISTIAM CHURCH

IM SOUTHERM AFRICA?

Lawrence W. Hend erson

he Christian Church has Some Africans consider the mis­ in any other continent. T played an ambiguous role in sionary movement an integral part Seventy percent of the popula­ Southern Africa. At the same time of Western colonialism and im­ tion of Southern Africa is Christian : that it was supporting colonialism perialism, so anti-colonialism implies and the white minority regimes, it hostility to Christian missions and Total was criticizing the same regimes the church . This view expresses it­ Population Christians and stimulating the nationalist self in the old aphorism : " When the Angola 5,597,000 4,944,250 movements which would lead the white man came to Africa, he had Mozam- peoples to political independence. the Bible and we had the land ; now bique . . . . 8,076,000 2,745 ,840 we have the Bible and he has the Rhodesia/ land." The Africans did in fact re­ Zimbabwe . 5,433,000 2,933,820 Lawrence W. Henderson is Regional ceive the Bible and found in it the South West Africa/ Secretary for Latin America and As- people of God with whom they Namibia . 666,000 554,400 ociate Regional Secretary for Africa of South could identify. The Christian Church the Board fo r W orld M inis tries of the Africa . .. 21 ,185,000 17,583 ,000 United Church of Chris t. He is a former has been growing more rapidly in missionary in Ango la . Africa in the twentieth century than 40,957,000 28,761 ,310

New World Outlook • June 1976 [281] 21 The art shown on pages 21-31 Is the work of contemporary Black South African artists who ...,.. at the Artl and Craft a..tN kf Rorke's Drift, in Natal on the border of ~ land. The Centre was~ In the 19UI llnder the aeaiS of the Eva~ l.utheran Cheirch by two 5Wedlsh ardill. lhe program there

Let us examine .the situation of church and the people of each of of a prominent lay leader of the the church in each of these coun­ these three areas became very Church of Central Angola. tries. strong. These three regions produced As Portugal colonialism began to liberation movements which led the crumble after the coup in Lisbon, Angola struggle for independence from April 25, 1974, the relations be­ The Roman Catholic Church was Portuguese colonialism from 1961 tween church and state changed in the official church in Portugal and to 1974. Consequently strong re­ Angola. The Catholic Church re­ in all of her colonies. The State gional alliances were formed: gretted its close ties with Portugal gave substantial subsidies to the Bakongo-Baptist-FNLA, Kimbundu­ and appointed African bishops to Catholic Church, and in return, the Methodist-MPLA and Ovimbundu­ identify with the peoples of Angola. Church provided schools, civil reg­ Church of Central Angola-UNITA. The Protestants hoped that they isters and moral support for the The alliances were personalized in could at last become first-class citi­ Portuguese colonial system . The the presidents of the three move­ zens and some even expected that Protestant missions in Angola were ments: Holden Roberto of FNLA, their churches might be given spe­ always considered subversive by the who was trained in a Baptist Mis­ cial privileges and responsibilities Portuguese government. They re­ sion ; Dr. Agostinho Neto of MPLA, by the new government. During the ceived no subsidies for the exten­ son of a Methodist pastor who civil war in 1975 the churches acted sive educational and social services studied medicine with a Methodist according to the regional alliances. which they provided and Protestant scholarship ; and Jonas Savimbi, son The MPLA won and January 29, Christians suffered various social and civil disadvantages. The sharp Evangelical Lutheran Church Women's Meeting John Muafargejo contrast between Catholic and Prot­ estant relations with the Portuguese State accounts in part for the fact that there are 3,693,340 Catholics and 1)50,910 Protestants in Angola. The first three Protestant missions to arrive in Angola at the end of the nineteenth century established themselves in the center of the three largest ethno-linguistic groups. The Baptist Missionary Society of London founded its first station in the north in the capital of the King­ dom of the Kongo, Sao Salvador, in 1878. The United Church of Christ, later joined by the United Church of Canada, sent its first missionaries to Angola in 1880, and they built a mission station in Central Angola among the Ovimbundu. The United Methodist Church arrived in Luanda in 1885 to found missions from the capital to the hinterland among the Kimbundu peoples. The missionaries of each church learned the language of its area and began to translate the Scriptures into the regional African language. The identification between the A Sacrament for the Last Supper Judus Manlangu

1976, the Methodist Church solemn­ withdrew from Mozambique in Church and the Moslems supported ly declared : " .. . that it expresses protest against Portugal's policy in Portuguese colonialism to defeat solidarity with the policies defined that colony. Frelimo, thus to destroy the Mozam­ by the Government, without reser­ Since Mozambique became inde­ bique people. The colonialists here vation." (underlined by LWH) The pendent June 25, 1975 the role of in Mozambique used religion a lot. Churches more closely aligned with the Christian Church in the new We want to liberate the people and the losing parties have not, as yet, nation has been seriously discussed. permit th em to be free." expressed their political positions. Much of the discussion is based on The Mozambican government not speeches by President Samora only points to the dangers which it Mozitmbique Machel. For example, he said: sees in the Catholic Church and the The Christian Church in Mozam­ " Another point about which I Moslems. In a circular dated Octo­ bique included only 34% of the would like to speak is religion. We ber 14, 1975 the National Political population while in Angola 83 % conquered this in our liberated Bureau condemned the Jehovah's of the population was nominally zones. For some, religion is like a Witnesses and ten other churches Christian. About a million Mozam­ disease ... We will not permit the as enemies of the people. While bicans (12%) are Muslim, making Catholic Church to go around oblig­ some Christians are fearful of the this the only Southern African na­ ing people to be Catholics. The policies of the new government, tion with a considerable Muslim Catholic Church is not the govern­ others are very supportive. The population. ment or the party. You can clap Fathers of Burgos, a Catholic mis­ The Roman Catholic Church in hands or not, but this is the Frelimo sionary order, made th e following Mozambique revealed the ambiguity line. It is hard, but it has to be statement August 19, 1975: of the Christian role in Southern applied here in Mozambique. It is 1. " Based on a scientific analys is Africa. While the Archbishop of a question for individuals to believe of reality, which has shown us th e Lourenco Marques was exhorting or not to believe. No religion can great inequalities in our world be­ the faithful to support Portuguese oblige anyone to follow its belief. twee n the exp loited and the ex­ colonialism as part of their Christian The Moslems also must not go ploiting classes, we opt fo r social­ responsibility, the White Fathers, a about mobilizing so that people be­ ism . Roman Catholic missionary order, come Moslems. Both the Catholic 2. " We understand the prese nt New World Outlook• June 1976 [283 ] 23 "The conflict in southern Africa has been a struggle in which the Christian Church has been officially identified with both sides."

process in Mozambique as a class " Remember that many priests of confrontations in Namibia and struggle, the only means to create a the Congregation of Burgos were South Africa sharpen the issue of new society free from any exploita­ imprisoned, condemned and then violence for Christians in Southern tion of men by men. We support expelled from Mozambique by the Africa. It is now generally agreed the achievements of the Mozambi­ former colonial fascist government that colonialism and white minority can people, especially the decisions because they had denounced the regimes have been based on vio­ of the Council of Ministers made on various crimes of that regime." lence. Since 1961 African Christians July 24, 1975 (nationalizations) . (IDOC Bulletin n.37 Nov. 1975 p. have been responding to violence 3. " In such a process we intend 10-11 ) with violence in Southern Africa, to side with the working masses, the and some of their more articulate Rhodesia/Zimbabwe sole powers able to carry to its leaders have given a theological completion an authentic revolution­ The Christian Church has played rationale for their actions. Bishop ary process. the same ambiguous role in Rhode­ Abel T. Muzorewa, facing the issue 4. " As foreigners who are work­ sia as it has in other parts of South­ of violence in 1975, affirmed: ing in Mozambique in solidarity ern Africa. The leaders of the " Whereas I have always tried as with all exploited peoples in the African nationalist groups are either a Christian to deal non-violently world we want to take part in this leading churchmen or have their with the great problems in Zim­ process, according to our possi­ roots in the Christian heritage. The babwe of non-justice, detentions, bilities, knowing that we ourselves Reverend Abel Muzorewa, president economic exploitation and torture, shall be freed through it. of the African National Council, is others have come to other conclu­ 5. " We recognize FRELIMO as a bishop of the United Methodist sions. the revolutionary vanguard and the Church. Joshua Nkomo, president " Today in Zimbabwe, ANC (Afri­ sole leader of the Mozambican of ZAPU, is an active Methodist lay can National Council) has properly people. preacher and the Reverend Nda­ affirmed a double strategy. We will 6. " In this context we recognize baningi Sithole, president of ZANU, pursue an internal policy of non­ the validity o f our involvement in is an ordained minister of the violence and there will be an ex­ the Mozambican revolution. United Church of Christ. The ternal policy to protect our people 7. " We reject any attempt to ap­ Roman Catholic bishops in Rhode­ from the violence of the Ian Smith propriate the faith as an instrument sia have been strongly critical of government. of ethnic or moral convictions deep­ the Ian Smith regime. On the other " If we come to a point where we ly tied to the bourgeois ideology hand, Smith contends that his gov­ are absolutely convinced the Smith of man and the world. ernment is defending Christian regime and all the imperialists that 8. " As believers we actualize the civilization, and several white support him do not want any more history of brotherhood in the revo­ church leaders have lent their sup­ for us to follow the peaceful way, lutionary process, and we actualize port to this racist interpretation of I think it is now an open secret the the message of Jesus of Nazareth. the Christian faith. alternative is that the people of my We re cognize ourselves as sons of While these comments are being country are going to use armed the same Father in such a brother­ written the Zimbabwe nationalist struggle as the FRELIMO has done hood. forces are escalating their military II 9. " W e disassociate ourselves attacks on the white minority re­ Namibia from any reactionary or reformist gime all along the Rhodesia-Mo­ attitude or action of the Church. zambique border. Although negoti­ Namibia, the former South West 10. " Within the Church itself ations are going on between the Africa, was a German colony until cl ass struggle is present, often Rhodesian government and one the end of World War I, when the masked by a fal se sense of unity. faction of the African National League of Nations gave the territory Our participation in the revolution­ Council, the military struggle will to South Africa to administer as a ary struggle is a step towards true undoubtedly continue until the " sacred trust" on behalf of the un ity in the Church, because unity white minority regime falls. League. Since the United Nations in the Church is possible only if The current war in Rhodesia and was formed, it has been trying to unity exists among people. the prospects of increasingly violent persuade South Africa to administer 24 (284] New World Outlook • June 1976 the territory in the spirit which was intended; to move toward Namibian self-determination and independ­ ence. Protestants compose 69% of the population of Namibia and Cath­ olics 15%. As the United Nations has kept the issue of independence for Namibia before the world polit­ ically, the World Council of Churches and the All Africa Con­ ference of Churches have repeatedly shown solidarity with the people of Namibia. The Reverend Canon Bur­ gess Carr, General Secretary of the All Africa Conference of Churches, spoke before the Security Council of the United Nations on the ques­ tion of the illegal occupation of Namibia by the Republic of South Africa : " African Christians ... have pro­ tested loudly and clearly against the misuse of the Christian message to bolster this system of exploitation Untitled (Biblical Scenes) Azaria Mbatha and oppression. We are more than aware that it has been and still is very largely Western elements of tive. But violence and non-violence gain the credibility to redeem the Christian forms of thought and or­ are symptoms of an evil social order w ite minorities in the region from ganization, developed through the which requires radical change. No the stigma that characterizes them history of the Church and in the people-and certainly not the peo­ as racists and oppressors." history of European theology, which ples of Africa, just coming into South Africa has favored the oppressive struc­ national independence and con­ tures in Southern Africa, structures fronted by the enormous problems The conflict in Southern Africa which constitute a stumbling block of human development- wishes to has been a Christian struggle in that to national independence, unity and embark on a course of violence for the majority on both sides has been human freedom. the sheer joy of it. But we are Christian and the Church has been ". . . I come here to speak today driven to this position by the sheer officially identified with both sides. in the name of the Christian Church force of the intransigence of the This is supremely true in South in Africa, because too often we political system and social order Africa. The Dutch Reformed Church Christians, by our silence on the that we know as apartheid. (DRC) has been called " the Na­ burning issues of social and political " ... The goal of Christian recon­ tionalist Party at prayer." The Presi­ injustice and by our active support ciliation is liberation and redemp­ dent, Prime Minister and all cabinet of a social order that denies mil­ tion for both the oppressed and members of the white minority re­ lions of persons their birthright, their oppressors. It is only insofar gime are active members of the have helped to sow the seeds of as the churches actively support the DRC, which has provided the Bibli­ violence and to cause these seeds liberation of the oppressed black cal and theological basis for apart­ to spread, thereby hindering any people in Southern Africa in their heid. Condemning apartheid is the possibility that non-violence could just demand for the redistribution South African Council of Churches, be a realistic or desirable alterna- of power and wealth that we shall which includes mainly the " En- New World Outlook • June 1976 [285) 25 "The Protestant missions in Angola were always considered subversive by the Portuguese government."

GRANTS TO LIBERATION MOVEMENTS g i~ Since its beginning in 1969 the Mozambique g World Council of Churches' Pro­ Mozambique Institute of Frelimo ( gram to Combat Racism CPCR) has (Mozambique liberation Front)- p made grants totalling $1,529,000 to 1970, 71, 73, 74 ...... $120,000 more than 50 organizations around Namibia the world working on behalf of South West African People's Or­ racially-oppressed peoples. By far ganization (SWAP0)-1970, 71, 73, the lion's share of tfiese grants, 74, 75 ...... $163,500 $913,000, has BOne to the libera­ South Africa tion movements of Southern Africa. lutuli Memorial Foundation of In every case, the World Coun­ ANC (African National Congress)- cil specified that lhe grants were 1970, 71, 73, 74, 75 ...... $77,500 to be used for the humanitarian Pan Africanist Congress of Azania work of these organizations, such (PAC-South Africa)-1973, 74, as literacy centers and medical fa­ 75 ...... $62,500 cilities, and not for mUitary put­ Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) poses. There is no evidel1£.& that African National Council (ZANU these requirements were: not fol­ and ZAPU)-1970, 71, 74, 75 lowed by the recipient organiza­ $143,500 tions, afthough it 45 that The liberation movements of An­ these grants did """it tb6llbeta.. gola, Mozambique, and ~­ tion movements to invest other .re- Bissau were taken off the PCR list in sources in their war efforts. 1975 after those groups had won The totals to the liberation independence for the three former movements for the years of the Portuguese colonies, however hu - Program thus far ~ .as follows: manitarian and development aici (Guinea-BiSSQ w.a>nsidered J)Jrt wiU continue to 80 to th0$8 .couft... of Southem Afdca because it was tries through two other World ruled by the ~se, even Council sub-units, the Commission though it is pographically in West pp lnterchurch Aid, Refugee and Africa.) World Service (CICARWS) and the Commission on the Churcb'J Guin..._ Participation in DeveJopment African l~ce Party ol !CCPD). Guinea and CaRe Verde lsJands According to the World Coun , (PAIG0-1970, 71, 73, 74 $170,(X)O grants to the ANC in RhOdesia ~ used to open offices th~llt Angola the country to enable thtt ~ People's M~t ior the libera­ to communicate with the l)UJIS4lt~.~· tion of Angola (MPl.A)-1970, 71, and also to provide social and w 73, 74 ...... ••••.. $78,000 fare services to Africans. SWAPO The Revolutionary Government of in Namibia asked money to furnish Angola in Exile (GRAE or FNLA)- legal defenses for detainees, relief 1970, 71, 73, 74 ...... $60,500 for their families and health, edu­ National Union for the Total Inde­ cational and rehabilitation services pendence of Angola (UNITA)-- to Namibians who fled to Zambia 1970, 71, 73, 74 ...... $37,500 to escape South African harrass-

26 [286] New World Outlook • June 1976 gl ish-speaki ng" churches-Method­ ist, Anglican, Presbyterian, Congre­ gational and Lutheran. In 1969 the Council sent "A Message to the People in South Africa" stating : " In South Africa, everyone is ex­ pected to believe that a man's racial identity is the most important thing about him : only when it is clearly settled can any significant decisions be made about him. Those whose racial classification is in doubt are tragically insecure and helpless ... This belief in the supreme import­ ance of racial identity amounts to a denial of the central statements of the Christian Gospel. " .. . A policy of separation is a demonstration of unbelief in the power of the Gospel ; any demon­ stration of the reality of reconcilia­ tion would endanger this policy. Therefore, the advocates of this policy inevitably find themselves opposed to the Church if it seeks to live according to the Gospel ... Untitled (Biblical Scenes) Azaria Mbatha A thorough policy of racial separa­ tion must ultimately require that Christian principles with Western question : " What is the future of the the Church should cease to be the culture, not to say beliefs. Chris­ Church in Southern Africa?" It is Church ..." tianity became identical with West­ possible, however, to identify cer­ (Violence in Southern Africa p. 87) ernism . . . The need for a spiritual tain issues which the Church in The Christian struggle in Southern revolution became urgent, and it Southern Africa is facing. The shape Africa has stimulated some very soon became manifest that the Holy of the church in the future will creative theological thinking. A Spirit could speak directly to the depend in great part on the way in series of essays which was banned African to save the Church in Africa which it deals with these iss ues . as soon as it was published in from the extinction that had been 1. What is the proper relation South Africa, has now been re­ the fate of the North African Church between church and state in each published in the United States under country? centuries before. The Holy Spirit the title The Challenge of Black 2. What is the role of th e church descended and called out Africans Theology in South Africa (ed . Basil in providing health, education and to express Christianity in language Moore, Atlanta, Georgia, John Knox welfare services for the peopl e? Press, 1974). that would be understandable and 3. How is the Good News of the Perhaps as many as a quarter of meaningful to the people. Thus Christian faith proclaimed, by word the African population of South came into exi stence the phenome­ and deed, in a socialist society? Africa belongs to African Independ­ non of the African Independent 4. What is the role of individual ent Churches (AIC). They are seek­ Churches." (Th e Challenge, page Christians and churches w ho pa rti ci­ ing an African expression of Chris­ 85 ). pate in violent conflict? Can Chris­ tianity. " In their zeal to save the tians do this? Conclusion souls of Africans from eternal dam­ 5. Is there a peculiarl y Afri ca n nation, the early missionaries mixed It is impossible to answer our express ion of the Christian fa ith? •

New World Outlook • June 1976 [287] 27 Isaac H. Bivens AFRICA, 2000 A.D.

Cosmic Trinity Dan Rakgoathe ..&. frica is dynamic. Traditional encouraged. Animism (or dyna­ Our chief concern here is the im­ ~frica is not now nor has it mism, as some call it) runs counter pact of Christianity upon change in ever been static. To stereotype to the scientific or the purpose­ Africa. Africa today is to label oneself as oriented approach of western con­ In assessing the various forces af­ being among a fast vanishing breed cepts of labor, profits and efficiency. fecting change in Africa, we must of academics, religionists, and an­ Animistic fear is a dominant nega­ not forget that there is in Africa, as thropologists. Africa and the world tive social force in Africa. Too much in all places, the unpredictable con­ will ..be better informed, better in­ progress, too much good luck or sequences of the innovation of a volved and better motivated with profits, can be attributed to evil do­ specific technology or idea. Chris­ their demise. ings or witchcraft. Thus, one should tianity has been a powerful force in Change, which is fundamental, not work too hard, acquire too • the move toward independence in never comes easy. In situations great a success, or be innovative for Africa. With its emphasis upon the where the- natural cultural expres­ fear of public condemnation. But dignity of the individual, the right sions and indigenous aspirations are industry, diligence in work, objec­ and obligation of all people to be frustrated and prevented from ven­ tivity and fearlessness before a com­ equal and free under God, it has tilation, normal change which leads mand were essential for efficient been the single force introduced by to development is inhibited. Social colonial administration. Clearly a westerners beyond their power to platitudes are enforced and devel­ change from animism to theism control. opment is arrested by forces which would enhance the position of the Christianity did not create the de­ often have their own interest at colonist. In assessing the negative sire for freedom or liberation in stake. Colonialism is a case in point. role of dynamism on the develop­ Africa. But undeniably it provided It has not always been to the ment of the African society, note an ethical moral basis that stimu­ advantage of the colonialist in Africa Edwin Smith- lated action in Africa and denied to aid in the development of the "Who can measure its baneful ef­ any rational religious or political African people. Certainly, the full fect in preventing the progress of basis for opposition to it in the development of colonized people the Bantu? Men simply do not dare West. So those who opposed Afri­ would result in the end of colonial­ to be more industrious and to ac­ can freedom were morally dis­ ism. For the colonialist, it has been cumulate more wea1th than their armed. Now, with the political dis­ better to form a static view of Afri­ fellows; they dare not to show armament of the colonist in Africa, can development and ability and great skill; they do not venture out a new day has appeared. to coerce that image upon the upon new paths of progress, for Africa and her people are winning African to maintain control. In this fear they will be condemned by pub­ the moral and political victories. way, change which was desired by lic opinion of being concerned with Old platitudes and stereotypes are the colonist in Africa could be mon­ witchcraft." giving way. We are and will be itored and controlled for the bene­ Science, industrialization, and, witnessing a radical continuity to­ fit of the colonist. more significantly, Christianity are ward development. let us admit that Often change was encouraged. To forces for change in Africa. The we will have difficulty in under­ free the African from animism was most recent catalyst, of course, has standing all of this continuity. It been the achievement of political will be contrary to our ivory tower lsuc H. Bivens is assistant general sec­ independence for many African na­ theories of development and will retary for African Affairs, World Di­ tives. Nationalism is thus a power­ challenge our most scientific and vision, BOCM, United Methodist ful force to be dealt with in the new hallowed predictions. Church. dynamics of the African continent. let me interpret what I mean by "The Christian faith has been a tremend Can it be an equal force in

radical continuity. I am not thinking Christianity is Africanized, when it African conceptualization could about radical dis-continuity, which is indigenized and made African, take place if African Christians in my opinion is very rare and gen­ will we still call it Christian? Or will bought western theism without erally disastrous. But, there are sit­ we withhold that privilege? If the African analysis. So their treatment uations in human history where the latter occurs, the prediction by Dr. of the subject may produce a Chris­ natural will of a people, race or David B. Barrett that by 2000 A.O. tianity that we would scarcely rec­ society is thwarted by colonial there will be 350,000,000 Christians ognize as Christian. What happens oppression, ignorance or physical in Africa may have to be revised . then with our predictions? catastrophe until these are dra­ Look at two eminent scholars of My own thesis is this. The ta sk matically and unexpectedly elimi­ African religion, Edwin Smith1 and of Christian mission in Africa is to nated. Then, when all of the previ­ Dr. Malcolm V. McVeigh. Both of keep Christianity as a strong, live ously inhibited forces for develop­ these men have tremendous creden­ option to African people in rapidly ment of the people are set free, we tials. changing situations. This is the chal ­ can witness radical continuity. This Smith (according to McVeigh) be­ lenge. The challenge is not to en­ is taking place in Africa. This process lieves that traditional African reli­ list 350,000,000 Christians. Our hope will not be orderly, rational, demo­ gion cannot bear the burden of the is that in the process of nation cratic, religious, or planned. But invasion of science. Christianity, he building, which is the African task people will rush into the future as believes, will be able to replace the today, that the seeds of the Chris­ the old Israel rushed into the prom­ traditional moral values questioned tian faith will be an integral part of ised land. Any predictions about the • by science. Dr. McVeigh himself be­ the roots and branches of each new fame and fortune of Christianity in lieves that the most important con­ nation and of every society. Africa must deal with this phenom­ tribution that Christianity makes to Challenging the minds of the enon. For the future of the faith in Africa is its emphasis on theism. African masses and leaders will be Africa will have many forces play­ Today's Africa presents problems a host of ideas, economic, religious ing upon it. for both positions. In the case of and methodological. To assume Thus, we come to my personal Edwin Smith, we must remember that Christianity will easily emerge view of the possible future of that Christianity is not the exclusive as the inevitable choice is to ig­ Christianity in Africa. It is with deep or even the most elite ideology to nore the realities of Africa. concern and caution, lest I be mis­ " rescue" the African mind in the African leaders of new nations understood, that I state this opinion. scientific era. must deal not only with economics By no means would I challenge In the position of McVeigh, we and social problems. They must de­ those, eminently qualified by expe:.. have another problem. If Christian­ velop infrastructures as they create rience and integrity, who make pos­ ity brings to Africa " an assurance of production systems against great itive predictions in relation to the the reality of a personal God who odds. But they must also deal with rapid expansion of the faith in is Creator and Redeemer, King and the psychological scars of colonial Africa. I would, however, be a little Father," as McVeigh says, there are history. The spirit of impotence and more conservative in overall expec­ some problems for the pragmatic dependency fostered by the past is tations. tradition of the African mind-set. a real burden that slows progress. Furthermore, by voicing caution Keep in mind that in most of the How they and their people view about the rapid advancement of Bantu languages there is no word the Christian church is important. Is Christianity, I do not question the for person. There is one for man it a resting place for post colonial­ intent or ability of Africa to advance and for woman. This refusal to deal ism or is it a launching pad to the the quality of life after the scourge with human experience in non-ex­ future? of colonialism. I suspect that what istential terms may be a strength Africans tend to be pragmatic and I am calling into question is the and not a shortfall. The concept of they read the world and religion in rationale of the sweet predictions God as a person may in its prac­ a certain literal way. God is power of the future of Christianity in tical reality be an objectifying of the and acts. Religion provides access Africa. To what extent do the pre­ abstract that is illogical and unac­ to change by approaches to the dicters of this rapid advance of the ceptable to African pragmatism. Power that controls. fa ith identify the Christian conquest And well it might be, considering Fantastic changes have, are, and or its acceptance as being based on the African's experience with west­ will be occurring in Africa. To what a western interpretation? When ern theism. Grave damage to total extent will the Christian faith relate 30 [290] New World Outlook • June 1976 Mr in the elimination of colonialism.

~i of the new Africa?"

to and be identified with them? would be a disservice both to the Africans with minds blown open to African nations are facing tremen­ African and to Christian mission. the politics of the modern world? dous problems- economic, politi­ The Christian faith has been a I believe that it can . But that ulti­ cal and social. You name the prob­ tremendous force in the elimination mate victory must come through lem and you will find it in Africa. of colonialism. Can it be an equal patience and moderation that will What does. it mean when under­ force in the faith of a new Africa? help us to strive to keep the faith standing of these needs and aid is Can it provide the qualitative and as a live option today. Africa will coming from non-Christian nations? quantitative optimism for Africa to provide the Christian heroes and Many African youth are caught heroines for this needed task. It will move ahead with the radical con­ up in transitional crises from ani­ not be our money or our insight tinuity that is needed to eliminate mistic religions to religions of the that will be demanded. It will be the deep suffering and harmful iso­ scientific age. In a world which African feelings, intellect and voli­ misses or misconstrues the religious lation that has been her lot? Can it tion that will produce the power, value of traditional African religions supersede the offering of socialism, insight, and lives. It will be their many claim Christianity as a label communism and atheism in a prac­ achievement. We will all praise God rather than to be called " pagan". tical way to capture the loyalty of together for His victory. • Shall we call the growth of " nomi­ nal Christians" development? Is it Awaiting Trial Vuminkosi Zulu growth minus development? One of the most important ques­ tions is whether or not African Christianity will be " accepted" as Christian by western Christians. For example, if African Christians ac­ cept a different form of marriage and family relations from the mo­ nogamous pattern, what will the West say? Christians in the West have made peace with capitalism. What will be their response when Africans and others make peace with various forms of socialism? It is my opinion that the future of Christianity depends on the abil­ ity of Christians in Africa to deal with these questions. We are just beginning to witness the debate, the struggle and dialogue for the mental turf of Africa. Our challenge is to attempt to be supportive of African Christians as they assume the responsibility for these activities before and with government, with women, youth and the poor and rich in their nations. To predict that Christianity will sweep over Africa can be coded racism or dangerously naive. It can even be an example of cultural im­ perialism. It can imply the immature state of African religion, emotion, and understanding. To do this he cry of the Angolan people Angola must not be considered as T has been heard once more, tragic setbacks in the life of the from the depths of a tormented and Church. The instability caused by coveted country that won, thanks the w ar brought the problem of to the blood of her best sons and displaced populations. In some areas daughters, the right to liberation reg ul ar church work had to be in­ and dignity. It w as a cry of op­ terrupted, to be resumed a few pressed people, that was beautifully months later. Also, because of lack transformed into an exultant cry of of communications, churches re­ freedom. The Church, as a com­ mained isolated one from one an­ munity of believers directly in­ other. But communication is now volved in this struggle, is also an possible and we feel optimistic integral part of the suffering peo­ about new possibilities of exchang­ ple. ing conce rns in an attempt to build With this significant turning-point up a truly Angolan church in a new in our history, the Church in An­ society. The sudden withdrawal of gola saw the end of an era of more expatriate personnel (not at religious discrimination and the the initiative of Angolan Christians) coming of a new era of religious from the north, central and south of freedom that it had never enjoyed. Angola, gave the churches in those The new Constitutional Law of com­ parts of the country a supreme plete separation between church chance of relying upon their own and state, by which all religions will leadership and of integrating the the be respected and churches pro­ " dying mission" with the " living tected, and under which freedom church." church in of conscience and faith is not liable These last weeks have been, for to suffer violation, is a fulfilment of me, very rewarding. Dr. R. Brechet our hopes. The new law also guar­ and Pa stor Eliseu Simeao, of Calu­ southern antees the equality of all faiths and quembe, came to see me at my their practical programs, thus throw­ office. News about the church in Emilio de Carvalho africa ing a ray of hope after the former that area was simply encouraging. 500 years of deteriorated relations The Church in Central Angola, between church and colonial state though still surrounded by uncer­ in Angola. tainties, is very much alive. Yester­ Some new opportunities have day, Pa stor Joao Makondekwa vis­ MGOLA. just come for the Church in Angola. ited me, as well as Pastor Daniel To be herself. To speak for herself. Nzinga, both from the Baptist To become a truly indigenous com­ Church in Northern Angola. They munity. To recover her own iden­ told me that in spite of working tity. To be with the suffering peo­ without salaries for months and ple, whose cry is an urgent appeal walking hundreds of kilometers to to participation in the ministry of visit the villages (cars for evange­ liberation. Confron.ted with a new listic work was a privilege of foreign social, political, religious and eco­ missionaries in Angola !), they are nomic reality, the Church in An­ still in Angola to continue to build gola is now being challenged to up the Church. effectively respond-as a reality not The great task before us today is separated from the present revolu­ to join the valid forces in the coun­ tionary process-to the radical try, engaged in the reconstruction transformations of soc1et1es in of our nation. The cry of our people Southern Africa, by taking a clear is heard from the mountains of the position on the side of people that north to the plains of the east, from cry and still struggle for their true the sea to the plateaus of the center. liberation. God's miss ion is also our mission­ During the past troubled months, " to hear the cry of the people," and there have not been significant to be at the service of the people. changes in the global situation of Suffering has made us a strong and the Church. Some of the events and courageous church. We believe that possible disgraces that came upon the Church in Angola will be totally parts of the Christian community in devoted to the cause of liberation, and willing to become directly in­ Emilio de Carvalho is the bishop volved in the task of reconstruction. of the United Methodist Church in It has been widely propagated Angola. that the Church in Angola is po- Opposite page, the Central Methodist Church in downtown Lu anda, Angola. Left, The "suburbs" of Luanda, where there are also many United Methodist churches, are depressing and poverty stricken symbols of the legacy of colonialism. Below, left, a demonstration for the Popular Movement in Luanda. Below, Bis hop Emilio de Carvalho, who was 21 months in a Portuguese prison in the early sixties.

litically divided. The idea of polit­ while still struggling to overcome still place women in my country in ical divisions within the Church in those barriers. Some churches are an inferior status. Signs of hope Angola is a myth. It is true that in­ still too anachron istic, too loyal to ca n al ready be seen : the Bethel dividual members of local congre­ related mission boards, thus rein­ church in Luanda has elected its gations are divided as far as their forcing their foreign origin instead fi rst woman lay leader, and we political allegiances. It is also true of promoting the identity of the hope this wil l be the beginning of that there have been some mission­ Angolan chu rch . W ith indepen­ a tremendous revolution in the aries and Angolan pastors who have dence and the growing se nse of status of women in the Chu rch in gone too far in their political zeal. nationhood, w e hope to imple­ Angola. This is one thing. But this evidence ment ecumenica l relations and to We are facing a situation of does not allow us to conclude that begin a National Council of emergency an d reconstruction, cre­ the Church in Angola is politically Churches, in the context of Africa n ated by war, death, disgrace and divided. On the contrary, recent po­ and world Christian ity. hunge r. Emergency and develop­ litical developments in the country The Church in Angola is still lack­ ment projects to help needy popu­ taught many of us who really are ing a well trained indigenous lead­ lations attain abundance of life can our enemies, and who are our ership, able to respond to de­ be a positive response to the cry of friends, and on which side th~ Christian Church should stand firm. mands of the present days. Basic our people. We have nothing to The thurch in Angola is still di­ general and theological educa tion fear about the present and the fu­ vided by denominationalism. We for pa stors and full-time lay w orkers ture. Th e Church in Angola will are still surrounded by barriers cre­ in the church is almost nonexistent. continue to be a salvific reality in ated by missionary societies, thus On the other hand, attention must the new country, adapting her perpetuating tribal divisions and al so be give n to th e minis try to forms of apostolate to th e demands regional differences. It is hard to women, helping them to attain lib­ of today, and promoting its sel fhood speak of concrete ecumenical re­ eration from enslaving forms of under th e guida nce of the Holy lations in the Church in Angola, marriage and social behavior, w hich Sp iri t. • New World Outlook • June 1976 [293] 33 n June 25 it will be exactly a ince in southern Mozambique at­ year since Mozambique's tacked many towns, overran the nine0 million people attained full Prazos, and even established a king­ independence from Portugal and dom before finally being defeated formed the People's Republic of by the Portuguese, who were aided Mozambique under the leadership by the Briti_sh. Interestingly, the area of President Samora Machel. of that defeat, Manjicaze, was the The country's transition from the area in which Eduardo Mondlane, dark night of Portuguese colonialism the founder of FRELIMO, was born. to one of the most rigidly Marxist In the twentieth century the states on the continent has been Portuguese evolved a way of look­ viewed by some with cautious hope ing at their colonies as "overseas for one of Africa's most impover­ provinces" or " greater Portugal" ished lands, by others with consider­ rather than as colonies or territories. able disappointment at increasing The tie was supposed to be based totalitarian rule, and by everyone on the Portugese culture, the com­ with a lack of precise data on mon interests of the Lusitanian exactly what has been happening community, rather than on color. there. Streets in downtown Luanda, or Most Americans are only now Lourenco Marques, were named hearing of Mozambique for the after Portugese explorers and writ­ first-time-as a possible launching ers. Schoolbooks endlessly described pad for African nationalists against the glories of the Portuguese culture the Rhodesia. A I ittle historical back­ and history, with rarely a mention ground is necessary. of another European country, much church in Mozambique was discovered by less African civilization. Vasco da Gama six years after With all its defects, the Portuguese Columbus discovered America. concept of colonialism was less southern Situated on the Southeast coast of " racist" than that of other European Africa, it occupies 304,000 square countries. There was far more inter­ afric:a miles, somewhat more than Texas. marriage in the Portuguese colonies. The first Portuguese settlers were Theoretically, an African could be adventurers who acquired large " assimilated" into European citizen­ holdings of land from local chiefs. ship if he met the standards for From this the prazo system devel­ being civilized; speaking Portuguese, MOZA.M· oped under which the owners had ridding himself of all tribal customs, unlimited powers over all their in­ and being regularly and gainfully habitants. They imposed taxes, ad­ employed. An African who could mitted and expelled people by not meet those standards-probably BIQUE decree, and sold slaves. For the 99 percent-was declared indigena ordinary African, prazo and oppres­ and had no rights of citizenship. sion were synonymous. Angola This is different from the rigid color supplied more slaves than Mozam­ bar of apartheid in South Africa, bique, but there is evidence that the though its effect was the same for relationship that developed in the vast number of Africans. Actu­ Angola between the white settlers ally, the tests to become an " assi­ and the Africans was more benign milado" were so difficult many and "integrated" than the more Portuguese could not pass them, hostile relationship that grew up but of course they didn't have to in Mozambique where far fewer take them. Portuguese settled. In 1869, slavery Even by African standards, Mo­ was abolished by decree through­ zambique is an underdeveloped out the Portuguese empire, but country. Few Africans can afford ·a forced labor systems continued in plow. The chief agricultural tool is several different forms. the hoe. The country's principal The Africans resisted Portuguese export is cotton. Other cash crops control, sometimes with consider­ are sugar (the world's largest plan­ able success. In the 19th century tation is near Sena) , sisal, tea, the Ngoni people in the Gaza prov- tobacco, and cashew nuts. The gold and silver mines are now practically exhausted. The vast majority of the people live at a subsistence level (This report was compiled from various and the country has been called a sources.) perfect example of what happens Opposite page, the new president of Mozambique, Samora Machel, embraces a white friend on his emo­ tional return from many years exile in Tanzania. Left, an urban street scene. Below left, many whites have identified with the new govern­ ment. A rural church in Mozam­ bique.

to a colonial possession when the Freedom and Liberation for Mozam­ 1961 he and Janet visited Mozam­ ole interest of the colonizers is in bique-under the leadership of Dr. bique where they were discouraged e tracting a quick profit from its Eduardo Mondlane. by the increasi ng exploitation and raw materials and there is no inter­ Mondlane was the quintessential oppression they found there. By e t in teaching the inhabitants skills proof of the familiar statement that 1964 they had moved to Dar es and techniques. there is hardly an African leader Salaam, Tanzania, where Eduardo In the mid-twentieth century, as today who is not the product of a became the undisputed leader of France and Great Britain were grant­ mission school. The son of a tribal the liberation movement. In one of ing independence to their colonies chief who spent his boyhood herd­ the great tragedies of the African in Africa, the regime of Antonio ing goats until his unusual intellec­ struggle, Dr. Mondlane was killed Salazar was tightening the controls tual capacities were recognized by by an assassin 's bomb on February from Lisbon and expressing its a Swiss Presbyterian pastor, Mond­ 3, 1969, while he was working in determination to hold on to " greater lane studied at mission schools, his small beach house in Dar es Portugal" forever. An uprising in then in Lisbon, and then came to Salaam. It was never discovered 1961 in Angola was brutally re­ the U.S. as a United Methodist whether the assassin was a dissident pressed by the Portuguese who im­ Crusade Scholar at Oberlin College, Mozambican or a Portuguese. Dr. prisoned many of the Angolans where he met his wife, Janet John­ Mondlane was 48 years old. who are now that country's leaders son . He received his M .A. and Ph .D. For ten years FRELIMO waged a today. There was no similar upris­ degrees in anthropology from guerrilla war against the Portuguese, ing in Mozambique at that time, but Northwestern University and be­ chiefly in two northern provinces of in 1962 three African political came assistant professor of anthro­ Tete and Cabo Delgado, while also parties merged to form FRELIMO- pology at Syracuse University. In maintaining literacy programs and New World Outlook • June 1976 [295) 35 the Catholic Church and Protestants. As one Protestant pastor has said, " Throughout the period of colonial­ ism we were crushed by the Portu­ guese authorities and contained, h u m i I i a t e d, and discriminated against by the dominant Church .... As Mozambicans desirous for the independence of this nation, we did not expect thanks for our contri­ bution, but what was not anticipated was to find ourselves hedged in and slandered by the new govern­ ment and, as churches, our partic­ ipation in the 'new society' re­ United Methodist Bishop Escrivao jected." However, despite the Zunguze. President's speeches, there is no evidence of systematic measures clinics for the increasing numbers interest. Machel has said that his against the Church. According to of Mozambican refugees in Tan­ government is not opposed to Lukas Vischer, of the World Council zania. The Portuguese responded by whites and in fact welcomes those of Churches, "the government does herding Africans into " pacified" who agree with the economic and not seem to wish to eliminate the areas in the northern provinces and political goals of the country. And churches from the life of society." using napalm in anti-guerrilla at­ while many whites have left The churches have generally ac­ tacks. The long struggle came to a Mozambique, perhaps more than cepted the nationalization of their sudden and unexpected end on half of the 160,000 who were there, medical and educational institu­ April 25 , 1974 when Portuguese some have returned after disap­ tions. The question of the status of military forces overthrew the gov­ pointing experiences in Portugal missionaries, who are now required ernment of Premier Marcello Cae­ and many observers believe that to work under government contract, tano, heir to Salazar's long dictator­ Mozambique has a better chance is unclear. At this writing, the only ship. The process by which Europe's than many other African countries, United Methodist missionaries in oldest and most stubborn colonial including Angola, to achieve a truly the country are Mary Jean Tennent empire was dramatically changed multi-racial society. FRELIMO actu­ and Mr. and Mrs. Borje Persson. Dr. had begun, and by September 20 ally has many white members who and Mrs. Robert Simpson, who had of that year a transition government are as dedicated as the Africans to hoped to return to Mozambique, was in charge in Lourenco Marques creating a new society in Mozam­ have not been able to return, while led by Samora Machel, a former bique. Dorothy and Bill Anderson, who male nurse and second in com­ There is no doubt that some of had been at Ricatla seminary, have mand to the late Eduardo Mondlane. these developments have been dis­ been reassigned to work in Kenya. Fu ll independence was achieved on turbing to many people. After the The Methodist Church's constitu­ June 25 , 1975. Among those who direction of the new government ency in Mozambique is about attended the ceremonies were three became obvious, foreign capital 40,000, under the leadership of staff and board members of the investment in Mozambique virtually Bishop Escrivao Zunguze. The Swiss Board of Global Ministries. dried up. The international affairs Presbyterian Church is approxi­ From the beginning, Machel made editor of the Wall Street Journal has mately the same size, but unlike the it clear that Mozambique's political written that Mozambique has col­ more rural Methodist Church, the ideology would be Marxist. " We are lapsed " into anarchistic Communist Presbyterian Church is centered in anti-imperialist, anti-colonialist," he rule" and that the country "now urban areas. said. " We are against the exploita­ incarcerates more political prisoners According to one recent church tion of man by man and against than did Portugal .. . and most of observer, the word which best Capitalism. " Disagreement with the those prisoners are black." To characterize~ the situation between policies of FRELIMO was not to be former United Methodist missionary the churches and government is tolerated, and freedom of expres­ Bruce Broughton the situation in " uncertainty". There is not yet any sion (in the Western sense) was to Mozambique " is as bad or worse clarity as to how the progress of the be either narrowly limited or than it used to be under the awful revolutionary change in Mozam­ abolished. A vast program of na­ Portuguese rule." bique is going to effect the life of tionalization was begun, including While the new government pro­ the churches. The churches do not the nationalization of schools, hos­ claimed that Mozambique would seem to have any background ex­ pitals, funeral parlors, etc. Private have a total separation of Church perience in taking initiatives in medical practice was officially and State-in contrast to the favored public life. They are not equipped abolished. At the same time the position of the Catholic Church for this task, and their leadership new government began a conc~rted under Portuguese rule-the Presi­ is not prepared in this respect, so attack on prostitution, alcoholism, dent began to attack the churches it will take time for the churches vagrancy, idleness, health and sani­ in his public speeches and made to find their way in this new tation problems, and self or group little effort to distinguish between situation. • 36 [296] New World Outlook • June 1976 ith its head, Bishop Abel indigenous blacks in education and W Tendekayi Muzorewa, now hospitalization. Some of the church's in exile in neighboring Mozambique products are now serving their coun­ and leading the armed struggle try in government service in hospi­ against Ian Smith's white minority tals and education. regime, with several of its mission­ The church would have failed in aries having been deported and with fulfilling its service to the blacks the a number of black pastors now in directly and indirectly and to the political detention, the United Meth­ white population as well if it did church in odist Church in Rhodesia can rightly not extend service to helping the be said to be caught in the crossfire people to sta nd on their own. It was of political, social and economic perhaps as a result of this process southern events in Southern Africa. that the white authorities started The United Methodist Church, like keeping an eye on the activities of africa many pioneering churches in Rho­ the church in the early sixties, and desia at the turn of the century, has particularly on Bishop Ralph Dodge contributed to the full life of the who was later deported. Justin V. J. Nyoka In recent years the Rhodesian au­ thorities have kept a systematic check on the activities of United RHODESIA Methodist Church missionaries, re -

Zimbabwe guerrilla fighters camp out somewhere near the Rhodesian border. Left, United Methodist Bishop Abel T. Muzorewa, who for years en­ gaged in fruitless talks with the Smith regime, is now in exile. Bishop Muzorewa, with other black nationalist leaders, sought a peace­ ful solution to the country's con­ stitutional crisis by negotiating with Mr. Smith and his ministers. These negotiations led to the re ­ lease late in 1974 of nationalist leaders, such as Joshua Nkomo and Ndabaningi Sithole, so they could participate in constitutional talks. The Final Crunch The final crunch came in August, 1975 when constitutional talks col­ lapsed at the Victoria Falls on the Zambia-Rhodesian border on the Zambezi River, because Mr. Smith was not prepared to make any meaningful concessions. There was talk after the break­ down of these talks that should Bishop Muzorewa return to Rhode­ sia from neighboring Zambia, he The pastor of a church in one of the suiting in several of them being de­ would be detained. The con­ townships surrounding Salisbury. ported, and others being refused sensus of opinion, both in the it residence permits. church and among the Blacks, was Anti-United Methodist Church that Bishop Muzorewa should re­ sentiments have been voiced at the main in exile and reassert the armed ti annual conferences of the ruling struggle which had been slowed 0 Rhodesian Front Party, with some down to give detente in Southern government members calling for the Africa a chance. banning of the church for what they Bishop Muzorewa has since called subversion, particularly in the moved from the Zambian capital, eastern districts of the country Lusaka, to Maputo (formerly Lou­ where Methodists are heavily con­ renco Marques) in Mozambique. It R centrated. is from there that he is now calling on White Rhodesians to lay down The Bishop in Exile their arms and come to peace terms It is this harrassment of the w ith their Black compatriots. c church and its leaders that has I have given details of the events p forced Bishop Muzorewa into exile. leading to the exile of Bishop Mu­ h1 The regime had first barred him zorewa to clarify a picture that may C! from entering the rural areas where look confused, especially if one is in fact three-quarters of his church looking at it from a distance. followers live. This was done, ac­ The Rhodesian United Methodists cording to the authorities, in the are now under the temporary lead­ tr public interest, when in fact not ership of Bishop Muzorewa's Ad­ h only Methodists, but other church ministrative Assistant, American­ J leaders protested. educated Dr. J. W . Zvomunondita e This persecution of The United Kurewa. I asked him what political B, Methodist Church by the authorities and administrative difficulties The d ~ has tended to endear the church to United Methodist Church was the black population so that when undergoing and these are his words, the African National Council was " As a church, we do not have formed in 1972 to oppose the settle­ political difficulties as such, but be­ c ment proposals formulated by the cause we are church members as r British government and the Smith well as citizens of this country, we it regime, Bishop Muzorewa was the ~hare the political difficulties with sa natural choice to lead the black the rest of the country. This shows masses in opposition to the pro­ that, as a church, we don't believe posals. in a theology of isolation, and what­ In the period that followed, ever the difficulties people face on a national level, they become our Justin V. ). Nyoka is a we /I-known difficulties as a church as well. We Rhodesian journalist. therefore, like all Blacks in this country, crave for liberation like country's political life. anyone else." Something which United Meth­ On the administrative side, Dr. odists themselves tend to overlook, Kurewa had this to say, " Administra­ which strikes an outsider, is the tively we do have some difficulties question of indigenization of the caused by the current situation. For personnel in the church's institu­ example, there are new structures tions. There can be no doubt that caused by protected villages." (Writ­ The Methodist Church has led in er's note: protected villages are like this field, thus giving the Black lead­ concentration camps, the only dif­ ership the necessary training and ference being that in these villages experience needed for the indige­ where people have been forced to nous people to take their rightful settle so as to be isolated from the place in the running of their coun­ guerillas, the inhabitants are al­ try. lowed to go out during the day to For example, The United Meth­ work on their fields. But should they odist Church was the first church be found outside the protected vil­ institution to appoint suitably quali­ lages by night they are shot on fied Black principals to its high sight). schools. It is interesting to note that "We have had eight of our pastors even with hostilities between the arrested and five of them have ap­ church and the authorities, the gov­ peared in court, with two remaining ernment has found some of The in detention indefinitely. This has United Methodists so capable that caused a great deal of inconven­ they have been appointed to the Members of the Rhodesian security ience in the smooth running of our schools inspectorate as education forces question an African villager in church work." officers. the Zambezi valley. What should be noted here is · With this indigenization program, that the pastors had been picked up the number of missionaries has of on trumped-up charges which could necessity decreased to just above not be substantiated in the courts, twenty as compared to more than and consequently had to be dis­ double that figure five years ago. charged after some of them had Observes Chimonyo, " The de­ spent up to six months in prison. crease in missionary numbers must On the future of the church in not be taken to mean that we no Rhodesia, Dr. Kurewa forecasts, " If longer want them here. The cir­ we are to judge the future by what cumstances have changed and we has already happened, we should have to adjust to new situations, be ready for more problems to and we will continue to need cer­ come. We can 't say right now what tain missionaries in vital fields and precise form they will take, but we these will remain with us for a long have to be prepared for whatever time to come." comes." The missionaries Chimonyo is talking about are in education, Church Finances hospitals and in administration. On the finance side, the new field Whatever the present and future treasurer, Rhodes Chimonyo, who circumstances of The United Meth­ has just taken over from missionary odist Church and the changing John Shryock, says the church is situation of Southern Africa, one experiencing its own problems. The thing can be said of the church: It Board of Global Ministries has cut has nothing to be ashamed of. down its appropriation (budget). Where it has been expected to play While the finances from abroad its part, it has more than discharged have been cut, Mr. Chimonyo ob­ its full share of its duty, both at serves that the nationals have in­ church and national level. It can be creased their contributions. " At the said without fear of being disputed time the Board is decreasing funds, that The United Methodist Church it is the time we mostly need them," has led in the field of church en­ says Chimonyo. deavor in Rhodesia and the future And according to him the areas can only witness the fruits of con­ where money is urgently needed are tributing agencies in the United the education field-scholarships, States and Scandinavia, the mission­ appropriation and projects (non­ aries who have brought the skills recurring expenses). These three and knowledge and the efforts of areas affect the church most urgent­ the indigenous people in making ly, especially at this time of the full use of the benefits. • he oppressive and retrogres­ cow given to her by her family at T sive traditions of our fore­ the time of her marriage, along with fathers have for centuries relegated its offspring, was inherited by her the African woman to a subservient son and could in no way become role in society." This cry was echoed part of her husband's belongings. time and again by African delegates This right she lost under Roman to International Woman's Year gath­ Dutch Law. Like her white counter­ erings throughout the world. Their part who lost her majority after mar­ western sisters shared their anger riage, she could no longer own and frustration as the image of the cattle. Furthermore, the land left by burdened figure hoeing the parched her deceased husband was frequently earth emerged. confiscated by the courts. And this has been the image of Marriage the African woman in the western mind from the Victorian mission­ The transfer of marriage goods, aries' first encounter with African lobo/a or bogadi, was a vital custom, womanhood-an encounter appar­ still practiced by the predominantly ently not with people but with in­ Christianized Black people of the stitutions, with polygamy and lobola South Africa of today. Termed the THE (bride price), institutions to be easily " bride price" in the west, this and vehemently denounced-to the practice is erroneously seen as a climax of United Nations sponsor­ process of buying and bartering. STATUS ship. The marriage goods serve as com­ Yet, as memories of 1975 begin pensation to· the bride's family for to fade, queries about this single the costly loss of her fertility and or BLACK image of the African woman remain. her labor. And it could be used in Ghanaian women readily testify to turn to acquire a wife for her brother. their independence and economic These goods also serve as a guar­ WOW EM power. The Bemba and Ashanti peo­ antee of good behavior. If a man ples reckon their descent through ill-treats his wife she may return to the female line. That single image her parents and he then forfeits claim IM SOUTH shifts to encapsulate the immense to the goods. differences in character and tradi­ In addition, this practice serves to tion of the peoples of Africa and establish the legality of the marriage AFRICA therefore the role of their women. and the social status of the children. Rosemary Arnold Equally diverse are the traditions The enforcement of Colonial law of the Black peoples of South Africa, assisted Black women in asserting or would have been but for white their right to choose a partner-a violence, occupation and rule. And right only recently established by even beneath the blanket imposi­ women in the west. Yet today pro­ tion of alien customs, religion and fessional women are known to pay laws, the strength and legitimacy of financial compensation to their par­ traditions developed over centuries ents in order to resist unwanted mar­ are retained. riage. The now extinct Khoi Khoin and Occupation San peoples of the Cape were the first African people to suffer the The Xhosa woman's traditional confiscation of land and cattle, fol­ role was confined to the caring of lowed by the Xhosa-speaking groups the children and the cultivation of of the Eastern Cape. Political domi­ the land. But the confiscation by the nation, the introduction of Colonial white government of these traditional or Roman Dutch Law in place of lands resulted in over-grazing, the traditional law, and the influence of loss of soil fertility, poverty and mass the Christian religion rapidly migration of adult males to work changed the life-style of the Black in the mines and on white farms. man, and of the Black woman. This white-imposed poverty has forced the women to follow, leaving Status their children in the care of their The traditional Xhosa woman mothers-in-law. In the towns they never attained legal majority. She re­ are permitted to work as domestic mained a minor under the guardian­ servants but are not allowed to live ship of her father, and after marriage, with their husbands. Their children, of her husband. However, she was described by the government as allowed the ownership of property, "superfluous appendages," cannot independent of her husband. The join them. Thus the horror of the

40 New World Outlook • June 1976 pass laws, of migrant labor, and of the destruction of family life adds to the burden of the rural Black woman. The role of subservience has been transformed into one of degra­ dation and enslavement. Black women born in urban areas, through great sacrifice on the part of their parents have attended mis­ sion schools and become teachers and nurses. Some are doctors, law­ yers, social workers and business women. But they too do not escape the restrictions and political oppres­ sion. And how do they distinguish between oppression as a woman and oppression as a black person? Resistance The forced urbanization of Black people has resulted in various forms of inter-group cultural transmission as well as " westernization." For the Black woman this acculturation process has taken the form of the bleached skin, straightened hair and the wearing of wigs, practices often regarded by the traditional woman as evidence of promiscuity. The political spectrum is constant­ ly changing as Black people become better organized and reject white values. For them the new emphasis is upon their consciousness as Black people, their traditional culture, language and values as the only means to attaining human freedom and self-assertion. Muffled against the high winds In this atmosphere of rapid and which blow across the South forced change, of constant violence African veldt, women and young in human relations if not yet of con­ girls work in the fields, regard­ less of temperature. Women stant violence on the streets, where carry their babies on their backs can the Black woman, the Christian when they walk the two miles Black woman stand? As the single to the nearest water to do image of the African woman toiling their washing. At this town, 2,000 under the broiling sun has been Africans had no running water, shown to be but one of the many only three latrines, and the realities, so too with the image of nearest shops were 28 miles away the Black mission woman. The Chris­ with only one bus a day. tianity which the Victorian mission­ aries brought to South Africa also brought the seeds of a questioning and of a searching which is today beginning to show itself in a sense of liberty through tradition and op­ pression. It is no easy process. The conflicts and contradictions are con­ stant but the choices are either to succumb to yet an even deeper sense of destruction or else to face up to the future and a full realization of what may be to come. •

Rosemary Arnold is a South African journalist. MAWIBIA--A LAMD IM CAPTIVIT

Namibia, also known as South West Africa, is bounded on the north by Angola, on the east by Bots­ wana, and on the south and south­ east by South Africa. A narrow sliver of land in the north known as the Caprivi Strip stretches 300 miles to give the country a border with Zambia. With about 318,000 square miles Namibia is approximately the size of Texas and Arkansas com­ bined. It is one of the world's largest producers of diamonds. Except for a small enclave at Walvis Bay which was annexed by the British, South West Africa came under German control in the 1880's. This historic photo taken in 1904 shows chained Herero tribesmen taken prisoner by the Kaiser's troops. Although German occupation ended during World War I, there are still many reminders of that time, including the fact that about 25 % of the white population speaks German. The palatial mansion on the hill (opposite page) behind Luderitz was built for a visit by the German Crown Prince, who never got a chance to stay there. A nated South Africa's mandate and street sign in Windhoek, the capital, the following year established an 11- is named after Kaiser Wilhelm. member Council for South West In 1920 South Africa was granted Africa. However, South Africa has a mandate to govern the territory continued to rule the territory in under the League of Nations. After defiance of the U.N. and has never World War 11 South Africa asked allowed the Council members the United Nations for permission entry in South West Africa. The to annex the territory, but was administration headquarters in turned down. On October 27, 1966 Windhoek, Namibia's capital, is ad­ the U.N. General Assembly termi- joined by a game park.

42 [302] New World Outlook • June 1976

A 1970 census placed the population of Namibia at 746,000, of whom 91,000 are whites, or Europeans. African groups include the Ovambo, the Okavango, the Damava, the Muchimba, and the Herera. This young Namibian (oppo­ site page) is a member of the Muchimba tribe; her hairstyle is comprised mainly of mud. Other Muchimba tribesmen (center) in northern Namibia draw water from a well built by the Germans. These three members of the Damava tribe (bottom left) live in Eastern Namibia on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. Although South Africa has not actually incorporated South West Africa it has in many ways treated the territory as if it was a fifth province. The infamous system of " pass laws" is in force. An African male over 18 requires a pass to move from one area to another, to visit urban centers or even to buy a railway ticket. Education is segregated and compulsory only for whites. Africans are not required to pay toll ta xes or personal or income taxes, but the land they are permitted to occupy is inferior. White-owned farm area amounts to 96,000,000 acres, much of it in the plateau region where the best grazing land is found. Africans living in Re erves- now called Home Areas or Homelands-occupy 54,000,000 acres. In urban areas Africans are segregated into townships, such as Katatura Township on the outskirts of Windhoek (left). Africans in Namibia who have opposed South African rule have either been imprisoned or have gone into exile. The chief opposition party is the South West African People's Organization, known as SWAPO. These young news vendors in Windhoek sell the " South­ wester" whose headline reports a ·-.• ..... ·- guerrilla attack on police buildings.

New World Outlook • June 1976 [305) 45 - - - - l ~ ~ Centurion, Sherman and Cmvet tanks - they possess, and there is a graph of ~ ~ the rise in South African military ex­ The lltH•lr:s penditures. Some pages seem fill ed with ~ ...... ~ numbers and percentages, such as how many Africans were arrested and de­ amazing tained in 1960 and 1961. Sometimes in their haste to get into the material .... ~ ~ .... - they know so well the authors forget story of elementary definitions. They seem un­ jntert aware, for instance, that when many aboul Kimbangu Americans begin the study of South sion TORMENT TO TRIUMPH IN SOUTH­ Africa they may not know that an ti an ERN AFRICA, by Louise Stack and Afrikaaner is not a black person. It Don Morton. New York, 1976: Friend­ There is no doubt in this reviewer's fore, ship Press, 139 pages, $2.75 mind that apartheid in South Africa and page minority rule in Rhodesia have imposed res id This may be the most thoroughly re­ oppressive and evil conditions on the the searched and documented study book majority peoples in those lands. One able for the Schools of Mission in recent like way to oppose those conditions is to years-a fact which explains both its agra become familiar with the facts and this strength and its weakness. bl ~ book by Stack and Morton does give Louise Stack and Don Morton are trib1 many of those facts, often persuasively. "agr young South Africans whose early in­ However, the book is marred by resort­ ann1 volvement in church work led them to ing too often to rhetoric and stereotype. effic outspoken opposition to the apartheid The "traditional pathetic, pale, blood­ bee! system which prevails in their home­ less image of Jesus exhorting us to love pre• land. In recent years they have been in ~ ( our neighbors by serving in some soup exile in the United States where they whi kitchen" is a stereotype out of place in have engaged in various consciousness ere: a book crammed with facts. Rhodes may cur raising projects on issues related to South well have been an "archracist and im­ Africa and the Churches. Almost half of foo perialist" but he was also a man of his act the book deals with South Africa. The time with a vision for Africa only a few tiOI other half with Namibia (South West missionaries and humanitarians (such as 191 Africa) , Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Mozam­ Livingstone) opposed. And it cannot to bique, Angola, and South Africa's honestly be said that the authors have tht "Hostages"-Botswana, Lesotho, and cast the same critical and searching Joi Simon Kimbangu was an unas­ Swaziland. The chapters on Mozam­ gaze on newly-independent Angola and l suming Christian convert who bique and Angola are discussions of Mozambique that they have cast on these newly independent nations, al­ Al preached and healed the sick in the Rhodesia and South Africa. Thus, the of Belgian Congo . . . until he was though when this study was first planned book will not necessarily convince the sh arrested and consigned to prision these countries were included because unconvinced as much as it will convert re for the last 30 years of his life. His they were under the thumb of the Por­ those already converted. fame, however, was already estab­ tuguese. Still, with these disclaimers, this will lished among his followers and now Stack and Morton describe very well be a useful book in the study courses the fully recognized Kimbanguist the evils of apartheid: the hideous pass this summer and a handy reference to A Church has nearly four million laws, the terribly poor land alloted to numerous aspects of this study. ~ adherents. Africans, the fact that the Bantustans C.E.B. UI Here, with the aid of previously are really reserves of cheap labor for unconsulted Kimbanguist docu­ the white minority, the profusion of IF YOU WANT TO KNOW ME, A ments, Protestant mission sources laws which not only restrict but de­ new collection of Poetry, Art and and secret colonial documents, the humanize Africans while effectively pro­ Photographs from Southern Africa, full story of Kimbangu and his hibiting the African from organizing for compiled by Peggy Halsey, Gail church is told. It is a fascinating political or economic improvement, the Morlan and Melba Smith. New and authoritative account that will overwhelming power in the hands of York, 1976: Friendship Press, 48 appeal to all who are interested in the whites, etc. Effective personal il­ pages, $2.25. the development of the Christian lustrations are given of the inhumanity This slim volume of poetry and art church in the Third World. of apartheid. by Africans may be the best and eas­ Unfortunately, Stack and Morton iest way for the outsider to enter into know far more about their subject than the feelings and thought forms of Kimbangu they know about their audience and the southern Africans. There are thirty con­ reader is sometimes overwhelmed with tributors, including two who are now An African Prophet more information than is necessary. presidents of their countries. The poetry By Marie-Louise Martin There are far too many graphs and sta­ is filled not only with images of leop­ 0-8028-3483-3 Cloth 224 pages tistics of questionable significance for ards and buffalo, forests and farms, but $8.95 the understanding of anyone but a also with the anguish of the people and trained sociologist. We are told the per­ rage against the power of the "city centage of the African work force in gent, money gent." If you want to 449 1"'"' WM. B. EERDMANS - I\~ PUBLISHING co. Namibia engaged in farming and min­ know how people really feel about their 2 55 J EFFERSON AVE SE G RAND RAPIDS MICH 49502 ing, the size of the South African Army, lives, not just what others think Afri- Navy and Air Force and how many cans feel , read this book. C.E.B. 46 (306] New World Outlook • June 1976 ks of \. !h \\ he sets about trying to hange people so that they will agree with his particular view. If he COMMENTS ON PERU can convince enough p ople, he implies, they will change structure. ot only is this implied, I am very pleased to receive your magazine but also he directly talks about the fact that each month and read it with a great deal of man's "h art and mind" must be chang d intere t. It does serve to keep me informed even to appreciate the problems. The fact that about developments not only in Christian mis­ he wrote the article demonstrates that he feet~ sion pecifically but also in the whole of Chris­ it worthwhile to try to change people. ow tian world developments. the question is not : should we change people? It was with more than a little interest, there­ but how will we try to change people? fore, that I read in the December 1975 issues, Getting people to care for one another and to page 39, about Peru, where I have been a be concerned for the way their acti ons affect re ident for almost ten years. The article, on others-goals of Dr. Birch-sounds a lot like the who! , was excellent and, as far as I am For two years, people have trying to introduce the spirit of Christ into been asking for the sequel to able to determine, accurate. However, I should the hearts of people. This is precisely the evan­ like to co1TU11ent about three things. First, DOORWAY TO MEDITATION. gelistic task we must give real attention to. ·Here it is. A step-by-step agrarian reform has not been an unmixed But, I think the author has stopped short in description of how to learn blessing . . . and while land has been dis­ identifying our task for what it really is. tributed to the peasant families, and while My comment on the theme would be: the and teach meditation in the "agricultural production has increased at an problems described by Dr. Birch have resulted Judaeo-Christian tradition. annual rate of 1.6 percent," at the same time because Christ's spirit has been lacking in efficiency has declined and distribution has our world. As Christ's church, our fo cus must HOW TO MEDITATE WITHOUT been curtailed. econd, related closely to the be on lifting Christ up so that his spirit lives LEAVING THE WORLD previous point, is the fact that the population and works in the world. If we are successful details workable ways to hear is continuing to expand at an alarming rate, in our task, creative answers will be provided God in the commonplace. which means that, \vith only 1.6 percent in­ for the problems which Dr. Birch lifts-up­ crease in production, declining efficiency and Practical and theologically answers that will amaze us in their effective­ sound, HOW TO MEDITATE curtailment of distribution, supplie of basic ness. is nonetheless fun to r ead, foods are frequently in short supply if not The earth is still the Lord's. And all thing actually unavailable. Third, since the revolu­ still work together for good for them who love studded with personal anec­ tionary government assumed control of Peru in the Lord. dotes of charm and warmth. 1968, it has been no longer considered proper While good information is helpful in making to refer to the slum areas as bo rriodo s; rather, good decisions, the crucial factor is the spirit Wh at readers said about the acceptable name for them now is pueblos in the heart of the person making those de­ DOORWAY TO MEDITATION Jove nes, "young towns." ci ions. Unless we continually point to the need There are a number of other items on which for changed hearts as the crucial issue, we are "An absolute delight . .. and I might comment; let the three above suffice. only sponsoring band-aid solutions. makes me very eager to see Also, why do you not identify the author( s ) REv. CARL ARTHUR of these articles on Latin America? I, for one, its sequel." Greenfield, Indiana T he Rev. C ha rles l\toor e should be very interested in knowing who is No rthbrook , Illinois responsible for them. ON BAPTISM IN MOZAMBIQUE fu:v. CHARLES H . }ESTER I am distressed to see that in your April "This book is a treasure ... Lima, Peru issue, pages 48 and 50, you published a Re­ It all unfolds naturally like li gious ews Service story on Cynthia W edel's something growing in the sun." Although written originally by authors familiar address before the Council on Religion in In­ Dora P. C haplin, 0. 0 . with the areas, the "Critical Issues" are ternational Affairs which proved to be embar­ Gene r al T heological Semin ar y( Ret) unsigned because they represent a compilation rassing both to R S and the World Council of "Delightfully refreshing with of oiews. Churches. the Spirit's own r efreshment. " At this event certain questions were raised T he Abbot of :1 Trappist monaste ry REPLENISHING THE EARTH ? about the attitude toward the church on the In a recent issue ( March 1976) you in­ part of the present government of Mozambique, "A valuable contribution to the cluded an article "Replenishing the Earth" including the allegation that the new govern­ present quest for a truer by Charles Birch. I had some immediate re­ ment had forbidden infant baptisms. Since humanity and a deeper spirit­ actions which I want to pass on to you, and neither Dr. Wedel nor I know anything of ual life." through you to Dr. Birch. these charges, we could not reply to them and The Rev. Dr. J ohn I\l acquarrie the implication was left in the reporter's ac­ Lady l\'largar et Professo r of The article impressed me at two points. Di vinity, Oxfo rd Univer s ity 1. Dr. Birch's alarmist views about the pos­ count that our silence meant that the accusa­ sible destruction of the world if we continue tions were true. Only two days later RNS HOW TO MEDITATE WITHOUT on our technological and scientific pursuits published another story quoting the Roman sounded to me like what I would have ex­ Catholic Archbishop of Mozambique who cate­ LEAVING THE WORLD pected to have heard during the age of the gorically denied the rumor concerning baptisms, $3 . 95 in paper Tower of Babel to justify their pulling in and and gave evidence that positive relationships DOORWAY TO MEDITATIO self-preservation. Dr. Birch has identified some were being developed between the new gov­ (with art by Robert Pinart) significant problems, but he should have identi­ ernment and both the Protestant and Roman $4. 95 in paper fied them years ago and offered some viable Catholic churches. At your bookstore or send alternatives. ( To put it another way, if he I hope you will do a followup story on the wishes to be the prophet, he needs to see fur­ church situation in Mozambique at your earliest check to Vineyard Books ther down the road than he is now looking.) opportunity. Dept. L, Box 3315, Noroton, Also, I find that his solutions to the problems CHARLES H . L ONG, JR. Connecticut 06820. he identifies are more conservative and binding ew York Office, World Council of Distributed to the trade by THE SEABURY PR ESS in nature rather than creative and liberating. Churches 2. At the beginning Dr. Birch says that (S ee article on Mozambique in this issue.­ changing people won't change structures. Then Editors) New World Outlook • June 1976 [3 07 ) 47 -

00000000000 S. AFRICA PLANS TO EXTEND RESTRICTIONS ON LIBERTIES The white-supremacist government of South Africa has announced plans to extend restrictions on personal and po­ \ litical liberties. Under a new bill introduced in the 171-seat House of Assembly by Justice Minister James T. Kruger, the govern­ ment would be empowered to hold "se­ curity" suspects up to a year without trial or contact with lawyers. Existing legislation, designed to sup­ press Communism, permits the govern­ ment to hold suspects incommunicado for 180 days. In the past, a number of churchmen, who have been vocal opponents of the government's apartheid (racial separa­ tion) policies, have been caught up in the meshes of these laws. Helen Suzman, a member of the Pro­ gressive Reform Party and a member of Parliament, has denounced the pro­ posed expansion of the Suppression of CASSETTE PROGRAM AIDS THE LONELY Communism Act as "an appalling meas­ Harold Russell, co-chairman of the national "Voice-A-Gram" campaign, interviews ure." Juliette Ladin and records a cassette for mailing to her family members outside N etc "This bill," she said, "is taking South York. Africa a long way further down the The recently lauched Voice-A-Gram program involves the use of volunteers who will slippery slope away from the rule of interview the elderly or handicapped persons, drawing them out so they can get their law and toward a police state." messages on tape without "freezing" in front of the tape recorder. The recorded mes­ The new measure covers not only sages will then be sent to family members or friends, who will return the tape with a those individuals suspected of promot­ message on the other side. ing Communism, but all persons and The campaign is expected to attack the problem of loneliness for the nation's handi­ capped, elderly and retarded. organizations believed by the govern­ Mr. Russell, in addition to co-chairing the campaign with author-comedian Sam ment to be threats to "state security or Levenson and actor Cliff Robertson, is chairman of the President's Committee for the public order." Handicapped. (RNS) Sentiments like these were expressed terviewed was that of a woman who HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS often and fervently by those inter­ said: "Exactly five years after our ar­ BELIEVE IN AMERICA viewed, although most have lived here rival in the U.S ., we were naturalized. A major oral history study of Holo­ for at least twenty-five years. They shed This was the closest thing to democracy caust survivors in the United States re­ a special light on the meaning of the we had experienced since Czechoslo­ veals that they do not share the loss of survivors' immigration to the United vakia." Said one concentration camp faith in American government and in­ States and their assimilation into Amer­ survivor: "We felt that going to the stitutions that their fellow citizens, ac­ ican society. United States would protect not so much cording to polls since Watergate, have The two-year study, comprising inter­ our future safety as the safety of our suffered. The Holocaust was the murder views with 250 European Jews who unborn children." of six million Jews by the Nazis in survived the Holocaust, and their fami­ The ages of the survivors vary, from World War II. lies, was conducted by the American those who were teen-agers during the In more than 1000 hours of in-depth Jewish Committee's William E. Wiener war and are now in their forties, to interviews on tape, almost all the sur­ Oral History Library, under a grant by those in their early eighties. Their oc­ vivors viewed America as "a land of the National Endowment for the Hu­ cupations run the gamut of employment endless opportunity, a vigorous country manities. from simple laborer to small business­ with wonderful people." Typical of the reactions of those in- man to professor to city planner.

48 [308) New World Outlook • June 1976 fore arnvmg in the United States. The See 250 people interviewed included 88 sur­ HAITI ... vivor women, 118 survivor men, and five BOOK AUTHORS ! Land of endless other adults who are or were married to Joan our 1ucItaly and Russa. Some emigrated to countries in the Middle East and South America be- New World Outlook • June 1976 [309] 49 caust victims began to think of emigra­ tion to America. Unlike other groups RHODESIA: who emigrated to the United States, Holocaust survivors were already dis­ The Fight for Freedom placed and had already left their fami­ by Leonard Kapungu lies, their homes and their possessions. The positive, indeed rapturous, re­ " A moving account of black sponse of the survivors to America was Rhodesia' s s truggle for racial epitomized by the comment of one wom­ equality. It is a grim story, told by an : "I was overwhelmed first by the one w h o h as lived it, with a n kindness to us strangers, and secondly equ ally grim con clu sio n . For by a city and country nearly without Kapungu is convinced tha t th e boundaries. There is the respect of the only corrective to endemic injustice Constitution and the belief in the demo­ in Rhodesia lies in revolution on cratic process. Again and again I am Your World Service gifts help the part of a black majority that stunned at how democracy works. I ex­ the United Methodist Church o utnumbers the ruling w hite perience tolerance. America gave me a reach out to others minority by 20 to 1. A must book chance to start a new life." • supplying the financial "life blood" of our Christian ministry for anyone anxious to learn wh y "DEPROCRAMMER" LOSES around the world. Southern Africa is restless today." CALIFORNIA COURT APPEAL • providing support for the mis­ America sional agencies which extend Cloth $5.95 Ted Patrick, the well-known "de­ your church's outreach. programmer" of young members of re­ You and your church also receive At your bookstore-or write: •...... ligious sects, has lost a court appeal in World Service benefits: a case involving the alleged abduction • your minister may have been 8-Q of a 19-year-old member of the Krishna helped to attend theological ~ ORBIS BOOKS Consciousness sect. school. ¥' Maryknoll, NY 10545 By a 3-0 decision, the Appellate Di­ •children benefit through vision of the Orange County Superior cooperatively developed church school materials and teacher Send copies of RHODESIA Court upheld a lower court's conviction training. Name.______of Mr. Patrick on a false imprisonment • the ministry of your church has charge. He has filed an appeal with the been strengthened by resource Add res"------State Court of Appeals. persons, materials or training If Mr. Patrick eventually loses the programs in evangelism, stewardship or worship. WORKSHOP August 2-6 California case after exhausting all ap­ Chur ch Stra tegies in Transitional Comm u­ peals, it could mean a one-year jail World Service Is a two-way street nities For min isters and laity involved in - look at It both ways. ethnically transitional communities. Annual term for him in California and another conferences, districts and metropolitan min­ For information concerning istries a re invited to send teams of three or jail term in Colorado. The latter situation more participa nts. L oca t ion : Univer sity of the many directions your San Francisco. Curriculum includes stra tegic is connected with a sentence he received World Service dollar rakes, options, m odels a nd support systems and study wri1e : of models from u rban cen ter s around the in 1974 from Denver District Court on United Methodist country. Contact : Dr. Negail R. Riley, National a conviction of kidnapping two young Communications Division, Room 343, 475 Riverside Drive, New women from another group. 1200 Davis Street York. 10027 Last year, Mr. Patrick spent 15 days Evanston, Ill. 60201 RELIGION AND THE ARTS WORKSHOP A workshop on Religion and the Arts, in­ in jail in Denver on that conviction, cluding Staging a nd Musical Play, Creating Theater, Theology a n d the Ar ts, Con cept A;rt, after having the remainder of a one-year E x perim ental Worship and Prea ching, De­ signing Mini-Workshops, and Dance. At Scar­ jail term suspended. The suspension, Greater fiartford Community College. ritt College, July 31-August 6, cost $140. in­ cludes m eals, lodg ing and tuition. Lea der s : however, was made conditional on his "Now, the signs are all negative." J ohn Killinger, Tom Trotter, Carlton Young, not being involved in other abduction Dr. Williams, who is black, said J ames W arr en , E mory Bucke, Wilma Rings­ t rom , Argyle K n ight, Susan Shelton, and activities. strongly evangelical churches such as others. Write : Center of Continuing Education, (RNS ) the Jehovah's Witnesses can attract Scarritt. College, Nashville, Tennesaee 37203 or phone: 615-327-2700. blacks successfully, even though the BLACK MIDDLE CLASS FACES church is predominantly white. President Roosevelt died," said a Hun­ CHURCH MEMBERSHIP PRESSURE Black American religion is strongly garian survivor. "We thought the world The black middle class is under severe Bible-centered, he said, and conserva­ would come to an end, you know? pressure not to join predominantly tive churches communicate with a Bible Roosevelt was-you know, like a Jew white churches, a Harvard professor emphasis that blacks appreciate. thinks of the Messiah. Who is going to told a college audience in Hartford, He said the situation is similar to the save you? President Roosevelt is going Connecticut. appeal that Democratic presidential to save you." Dr. Preston Williams, a professor of candidate Jimmy Carter has for blacks. The image of the American as liber­ theology and contemporary change, said "Being from rural Georgia, he can ator was reinforced by the fresh-faced prosperous blacks who might ordinarily communicate in a way that a Morris G. I. with pockets full of chewing gum be attracted to middle-class white con­ Udall or a Henry Jackson can't," Dr. and chocolate bars. He came from an­ gregations hold back because of the em­ Williams claimed. other continent with no share in the phasis being placed on black pride. He said there is little evidence left of history that had led to their persecution, "Years ago, it would have represented the African heritage that helped form and it was at this time that many Holo- a status symbol," he told a group at black religion in America. ( RNS)

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The Continuing Crisis in Rhodesia

This series of penetrating essays edited by George M . Daniels contribute much to an understanding of Rhodesia's turbulent past and the smoldering struggle of more than five million Blacks to achieve government by majority rule in a regime dominated by less than a quarter million Whites. " Drums of War is the most complete and comprehensive summary of the situation in Rhodesia which I have seen ." Tracey K. Jones, Jr. General Secretary, Board of Global Ministries, United Methodist Church " . .. lively and sardonic insights into the struggle for land and education, the daily insults, police harassment, and the heartbreaking search for jobs . .. ." Faraiyi Sigauke Cincinnati Herald "One of the most thorough presentations of the origin and development of the Nationalist Movements of Zimbabwe found anywhere . . . ." Bishop Ralph E. Dodge Former United Methodist Bishop of Rhodesia "An interesting, and often rather effective, mix of primary sources on Rhodesia and the liberation movements, with an afterword by Congressman Charles Diggs detailing the recent U .S. "tilt" toward the white-minority regimes." Foreign Affairs January, 197 5 ·······················································••J Service Center 7820 Reading Road Cincinnati, O hio 45237

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