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Report of the Committee on Voting Pattern and Electoral Violence

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Report of the Committee on Voting Pattern and Electoral Violence Republic of Zambia REPORT OF THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO VOTING PATTERNS AND ELECTORAL VIOLENCE January 2019 Table of Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... xiv PART ONE ................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Setting up the Commission of Inquiry ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Composition of the Commission. ................................................................................ 1 1.3 Mandate of the Commission ....................................................................................... 2 1.4 Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Secretariat .................................................................................................................... 2 1.6 Period of inquiry.......................................................................................................... 3 1.6.1 First extension ...................................................................................................... 3 1.6.2 Second extension ................................................................................................. 3 1.6.3 Third extension .................................................................................................... 3 1.6.4 Administrative extension ..................................................................................... 4 1.7 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 4 1.7.1 Data collection ..................................................................................................... 4 1.7.2 Mode of submissions ........................................................................................... 6 1.7.3 Petitioner‘s Guidelines ......................................................................................... 7 1.7.4 Special sittings ..................................................................................................... 8 1.7.5 Primary data ......................................................................................................... 8 1.7.6 Secondary data ..................................................................................................... 8 1.7.7 Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 9 1.8 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 9 1.8.1 Late setting up of Secretariat ............................................................................... 9 1.8.2 Erratic funding ..................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Arrangement of the Report ........................................................................................ 10 1.10 Historical background ............................................................................................ 11 ii 1.10.1 Pre-independence ........................................................................................... 11 1.10.2 First Republic (October 1964- December, 1972) ........................................... 12 1.10.3 The Second Republic (September, 1973 – 1990) ........................................... 15 1.10.4 Beginning of the Third Republic .................................................................... 15 1.10.5 Overview of democracy ................................................................................. 16 1.10.6 Emergence of political violence ..................................................................... 20 1.10.7 Voting pattern in 1996.................................................................................... 20 1.10.8 Voting pattern in 2001.................................................................................... 21 1.10.9 Voting pattern in 2006.................................................................................... 21 1.10.10 Voting pattern in 2008.................................................................................... 23 1.10.11 Voting pattern in 2011.................................................................................... 24 1.10.12 Voting pattern in 2015.................................................................................... 26 1.10.13 Voting pattern in 2016.................................................................................... 27 1.11 Legal framework for elections .................................................................................. 29 1.11.1 International and regional instruments ............................................................... 29 1.11.2 National legislation ............................................................................................ 30 1.12 Election stakeholders................................................................................................. 32 1.12.1 Central Government ........................................................................................... 32 1.12.2 Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) ........................................................... 32 1.12.3 Electoral Conflict Management Committees (CMCs) ....................................... 32 1.12.4 Local Authorities ............................................................................................... 33 1.12.5 Zambia Police Service ....................................................................................... 33 1.12.6 Judiciary ............................................................................................................. 33 1.12.7 Media ................................................................................................................. 34 1.12.8 Election Observers and Monitors....................................................................... 34 1.13 Election Management ................................................................................................ 35 1.13.1 Voting age and voter registration ....................................................................... 35 1.13.2 Constituencies and polling stations .................................................................... 35 1.14 Voter education ......................................................................................................... 35 1.15 Ballot paper printing.................................................................................................. 36 iii 1.16 Ballot paper counting and announcement of results ................................................. 36 PART TWO ............................................................................................................................. 37 THE FINDINGS ON VOTING PATTERNS .......................................................................... 37 2.1 Root Causes of the Voting Patterns........................................................................... 37 2.1.1 Tribalism, ethnicity and regionalism ................................................................. 37 2.1.2 Dominance of presidency by one region ........................................................... 44 2.1.3 Access to State resources ................................................................................... 46 2.1.4 Unfulfilled campaign promises .......................................................................... 49 2.1.5 Violent conduct of party cadres ......................................................................... 50 2.1.6 Vote buying ........................................................................................................ 54 2.1.7 Use of Government resources for campaigns .................................................... 59 2.1.8 Influence of traditional leadership ..................................................................... 61 2.1.9 Influence of religious organisations ................................................................... 64 2.1.10 Conduct of the Zambia Police Service ............................................................... 68 2.1.11 Management of the election process .................................................................. 74 2.1.12 Media influence ................................................................................................. 80 2.1.13 Voter apathy ....................................................................................................... 84 PART THREE ......................................................................................................................... 93 FINDINGS ON PRE- AND POST- ELECTION VIOLENCE ............................................... 93 3.1 Causes of pre- and post-election violence ................................................................. 93 3.1.1 Importation of cadres ......................................................................................... 94 3.1.2
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