DOCSLIB.ORG

GUIDING THOUGHT of REVOLUTION: the HEART of MAOISM Spring 2013 GUIDING THOUGHT of REVOLUTION: the HEART of MAOISM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GUIDING THOUGHT of REVOLUTION: the HEART of MAOISM Spring 2013 GUIDING THOUGHT of REVOLUTION: the HEART of MAOISM GUIDING THOUGHT OF REVOLUTION: THE HEART OF MAOISM Spring 2013 GUIDING THOUGHT OF REVOLUTION: THE HEART OF MAOISM This document – project has been promoted by the following organization and parties: Organization of the Workers of Afghanistan (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist, principally Maoist) Communist Party Marxist Leninist Maoist ! Bangla#esh Communist Party Marxist Leninist Maoist ! France This #ocument has &een supporte# &y the Marxist Leninist Maoist Center of Belgium' Spring 2013 “Revolutions give rise to a thought that guides them, which is the result of the application of the universal truth of the ideology of the international proletariat to the concrete conditions of each revolution; a guiding thought indispensable to reach victory and to conquer political power and, moreover, to continue the revolution and to maintain the course always towards the only, great goal: Communism.” Communist Party of Peru, On Gonzalo thought. The present document is a project The “thought” of the individuals And: to introduce to the concept of here concerned is the reflection of “All-sided, universal elasticity of “guiding thought” through the movement of eternal matter; concepts, an elasticity reaching to questions and answers on those individuals are not “genius” the identity of opposites, that is individuals which have played a with great “ideas”, but people ! the essence. great role in their own country, understanding reality in the precisely in formulating a dialectical materialist way and This flexibility, applied subjectively “thought”. accepting it as it is. = eclecticism and sophistry. This project is called to progress It is useful here to quote Lenin. Is this elasticity objectively applied, and to win in completeness, in the When studying Hegel, Lenin notes i.e. reflecting the all-sidedness of quality of the explanations, but the following things: the material process and its unity, also in the quantity of individuals then it is dialectics, the correct “Dialectics is the teaching which whose life is here shortly reflection of the eternal shows how Opposites can be and presented. development of the world.” how they happen to be (how they Indeed, in each country, class become) identical, under what In this sense, we hope this struggle generates individuals who ! conditions they are identical, document will help to forge guiding proceed to the analysis of their becoming transformed into one thought in each country, guiding own social and national reality, another, why the human mind thoughts which are the reflect of understanding the contradictions ! the eternal movement of matter, they live in, paving the way for should grasp these opposites not advancing to communism. progress through revolution, i.e. as dead, rigid, but as living, New Democratic Revolution or conditional, mobile, becoming Socialist Revolution. transformed into one another.” Guiding thought of revolution: the heart of Maoism 1. The context How and in which context did comrade Akram Yari Guiding Thought evolve? The revisionist ideologically, was filled with petit- Youth Organization) established the PDPA (People’s bourgeois minded intellectuals who first anti-revisionist organization in Democratic Party were tailing a social-imperialist Afghanistan. of Afghanistan) ideological model. PYO was a Maoist organization, in which was a pro- In such a context, a “No!” was upheld! indeed Akram Yari Thought was the Khruchievite party, This came from a young revolutionary, theoretical expression of this in mid-1960s, was who neither reconciled with revisionism organization in context of national and to bring about a even a moment, nor neglected fighting international struggle against betrayal to democratic revolution of it. revisionism, a struggle which gave birth Afghanistan. This was comrade Akram Yari, who by to the first Maoist organization in Indeed, the rank-and-file of this party, the formation of PYO (Progressive Afghanistan. How and in which context did comrade Ibrahim Kaypakkaya Guiding Thought evolve? The Communist Born in 1949, Ibrahim Kaypakkya's its origin: the kemalist “revolution”, a Party of Turkey produced a thought which merged as counter-revolution that was considered was found by the most developed part of a whole by opportunism as “bourgeois” or even Mustafa Suphi revolutionary wave produced by the “democratic and betrayed”. (1883-1921), but masses (others famous figures which Ibrahim Kaypakkaya studied the collapsed soon promoted armed struggle were the nature of Turkey, its history since its because of guevarist Mahir Cayan and the founding by Mustafa Kemal, affirming kemalism, the nationalist ideology of hoxhaist Deniz Gezmiş). its semi-colonial semi-feudal nature the bureaucratic bourgeoisie taking The main question was to understand and the necessity to follow the path of power on the ruins of the Ottoman the nature of the Turkish regime, and the New Democratic Revolution. Empire. How and in which context did comrade Siraj Sikder Guiding Thought evolve? After the Russian respectively gave birth to India and rose in rebellion against Pakistani revolution, the Pakistan named two semi colonial colonial rule from language movement Communist party semi feudal states by making of 1952 and mass movement of 1969 was formed in communal class contradiction up to national liberation war of 1971. India, but this party antagonistic. The East Pakistan Communist party did not lead the As majority mass peasants of East failed to lead people’s struggle in peasants to armed Bengal as Muslim was object of correct line. struggle against communal exploitation and With the emergence of Khruschevyte British colonialism and its feudalist suppression by the Hindu Jamindars, revisionism internationally, that party basis, and denied to lead their armed and as the problem was not solved became a revisionist party. struggles. through revolution, Muslim peasantry As Chairman Mao led international Moreover, during Second world war, it of East Bengal voted in favor of struggle against that revisionism, that tried to push Indian people to the unity Pakistan. party got divided into two trends – Pro with British in the name of line of an Since after the creation of Pakistan, Moscow and Pro Peking faction. The anti fascist united front, and as a result, backward East Bengal became a Pro Peking faction could not free itself Congress and Muslim League that are colony of the comparatively advance from revisionism. Comrade Siraj Sikder representative of Hindu and Muslim West Pakistan. People of East Bengal broke that chain of revisionism. bourgeoisie and feudal of India How and in which context did comrade Gonzalo Guiding Thought evolve? With José Carlos Communist Party, but after his death background was marked by the Mariategui (1894 revisionism prevailed, with a line of influence of revisionism. -1930), Peru “national unity” and then the one of There was the need for a correct produced a great modern revisionism. understanding of José Carlos leader who was The context was one of raising of the Mariategui's works about Peru, for a able to build a real mass struggles, but the ideological correct understanding of Peru as a 2 Guiding thought of revolution: the heart of Maoism semi-colonial semi-feudal country. there have been three stages. With the beginning of the people's war In the well known interview Gonzalo The first stage laid the basis for the in I980, we entered the third stage, of gave in 1988, he explained in this way development of bureaucrat capitalism; the general crisis of bureaucrat the general context of Peru: the second stage, which deepened the capitalism. “We have an understanding of the development of bureaucrat capitalism, The destruction of contemporary workings of contemporary Peruvian began after World War II, because the Peruvian society has begun because it society, by which we mean the society first stage lasted until then. has become historically outmoded. which came into being in I895. This deeper development of Therefore what we are witnessing is its We believe that the process we are bureaucrat capitalism ripened the end and the only correct course is to living through began then and that conditions for revolution. battle, to fight, and to struggle to bury it.” How and in which context did comrade Alfred Klahr Guiding Thought evolve? Alfred Klahr was a middle of the 1930's, he led the This permitted to understand the eminent Party Austrian section of the Lenin school in situation in a country where the clerical activist from the Moscow, from 1935 to 1937. Austro-fascists were in conflict with the communist move- During this period, he developped a Pan-German national-socialists, each ment in Austria. very deep analysis of the Austrian being expression of different social Because he was society, how its nation emerged from classes. particularly under the German part of Europe to take police attack in the another direction, oriented to the East. 2. Constitution and reconstitution Did comrade Akram Yari form a new party or join a preexisting party? In many countries, anti-revisionism But, in Afghanistan, anti-revisionism Akram Yari was not member of any was carried out by splitting from was not carried out by splitting from a organization. PYO was the initial steps Communist parties whom fell into former party. of chairman Akram Yari, and also his revisionism. Before formation of PYO, comrade greatest initiative. Did comrade Ibrahim Kaypakkaya form a new party or join a preexisting party? Ibrahim Kaypakkaya was only 21 review of the TIIKP, which officially
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Answer: Maoism Is a Form of Communism Developed by Mao Tse Tung
    Ques 1: What is Maoism? Answer: Maoism is a form of communism developed by Mao Tse Tung. It is a doctrine to capture State power through a combination of armed insurgency, mass mobilization and strategic alliances. The Maoists also use propaganda and disinformation against State institutions as other components of their insurgency doctrine. Mao called this process, the ‘Protracted Peoples War’, where the emphasis is on ‘military line’ to capture power. Ques 2: What is the central theme of Maoist ideology? Answer: The central theme of Maoist ideology is the use of violence and armed insurrection as a means to capture State power. ‘Bearing of arms is non-negotiable’ as per the Maoist insurgency doctrine. The maoist ideology glorifies violence and the ‘Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army’ (PLGA) cadres are trained specifically in the worst forms of violence to evoke terror among the population under their domination. However, they also use the subterfuge of mobilizing people over issues of purported inadequacies of the existing system, so that they can be indoctrinated to take recourse to violence as the only means of redressal. Ques 3: Who are the Indian Maoists? Answer: The largest and the most violent Maoist formation in India is the Communist Party of India (Maoist). The CPI (Maoist) is an amalgamation of many splinter groups, which culminated in the merger of two largest Maoist groups in 2004; the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), People War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India. The CPI (Maoist) and all its front organizations formations have been included in the list of banned terrorist organizations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning to Swim in Stormy Weather” Was first Published July 31, 2011, at Winterends.Net
    Greece’s Communist Organization: LearningLearning toto SwimSwim inin StormyStormy WeatherWeather by Eric Ribellarsi Also includes “The in!uence of the Chinese Revolution on the Communist Movement of Greece” by the Communist Organization of Greece (KOE), 2006 KASAMA ESSAYS FOR DISCUSSION “Greece’s Communist Organization: Learning to Swim in Stormy Weather” was first published July 31, 2011, at winterends.net. Winter Has Its End is a team of reporters traveling during the summer of 2011 to places in the world where people are rising up. “!e influence of the Chinese Revolution on the Communist Move- ment of Greece” was published by the Communist Organization of Greece (KOE), May 2006 Published as a Kasama Essay for Discussion pamphlet August, 2011 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States Licence. Feel free to reprint, distribute or quote this with attribution. Cover photo illustration by Enzo Rhyner/original photo by Eric Ribellarsi Kasama is a communist project that seeks to reconceive and regroup for a profound revolutionary transformation of society. website: kasamaproject.org email: [email protected] 80045_r2 08.11 Greece’s Communist Organization: Learning to Swim in Stormy Weather by Eric Ribellarsi We in Kasama, and many others, have been en- Great and energetic hopes often masked under- gaged for several years now in trying to imagine new lying naiveté and fracture lines that would inevitably ways to fuse revolutionary ideas with the popular dis- come to the fore: How should these popular move- content of the people. It is part of what drew our Win- ments view the existing army (in Egypt), or the intru- ter’s End reporti ng team to Greece and what draws sive Western powers (in Libya), or problems of defin- us now to discuss the Communist Organization of ing specific solutions, or the organizational problems Greece (known as the KOE, and pronounced ‘Koy’).
    [Show full text]
  • FROM MAOISM to TROTSKYISM -Reprinted from WORKERS VANGUARD, No.1, October 1971
    iii PREFACE The Communist Horking Collective originated tvhen a small group of Ivlaoists came together in Los Angeles to undertake an intensive investigation of the history of the communist movement in order to develop a strategy for the U.S. ,socialist revolution. Its study of the essentials of Stalinist and Maoist theory led the CWC to the inescapable conclusion that the theory of IISocialism in One Country" is in irreconcilable opposition to revolutionary internationalism. The consolidation of the CWC around Trotskyism and its systematic study of the various ostensible Trotskyist international tendencies was culminated in the fusion between the CWC and the Spartacist League in September 1971. The brief history of the Ct'lC which appeared originally in the first issue of Workers Vanguard (see page viii) alludes to the splits of the CWC's founding cadre from the Revolutionary Union (RU) and the California Communist League (CCL). To convey the genesis of this process, we have included a number of forerunner documents going back to the original split from the CPUSA on the 50th anniver­ sary of the October Revolution. The original resignation of comrade~ Treiger and Miller began the "floundering about for three years ••• seeking in Mao Tse Tung Thought a revolutionary al ternati ve to the revisionists." Treiger went on to help found the CWC; fUller con­ tinued to uphold the dogmatic tradition and declined to even answer the "Letter to a IvIao~_st" (see page 30). Why the Critique of "Tvw Stages"? The lynchpin on which all variants of the fJIaoist "t"t'lO stage" theory of revolution rest--whether applied to the advanced countries or to the colonial world--is collaboration with the ruling class or a section of it during the initial "stage." Early in its develop­ ment the CWC had rejected the conception as it was applied to the Un1 ted States, but believed it remained applicable to the col'onial revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Siraj Sikder Works Statement No. 1 on the Question
    Siraj Sikder Works Statement No. 1 on the question of Establishing Unity among the Sincere Proletarian Revolutionaries of East Bengal Siraj Sikder The Proletarian Party of East Bengal produced the original Bengali document in December 1972 and published it in 1973 The Communist Party Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Bangladesh translated the document in English and published online via www.sarbaharapath.com on 12 September 2014. Party slightly edited the translation on 9 February 2017 1 Plan for unity among the proletarian revolutionaries of East Bengal The People, proletariat and sincere revolutionaries of East Bengal are very sorry to see the disunity and repeated split among the proletarian revolutionaries. They want unity among the revolutionaries. We also declare solidarity with the sincere aspiration of people, proletariat and revolutionaries. This unity is far more essential at the present revolutionary situation of East Bengal. Therefore, we are giving a plan for establishing unity among the proletarian revolutionaries. We hope, the revolutionaries will sincerely consider the plan and respond to the unity effort. We should always keep in mind that the unity among the proletarian revolutionaries is a fundamental pre-condition for the unity of the proletariat and people, and a necessary pre- condition for the success of the sacrifices of revolutionaries. The basis of unity among the proletarian revolutionaries is as follows Take Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought as the guiding theoretical basis of revolution of East Bengal. Recognize the principle of concrete application of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought to the concrete practice of revolution of East Bengal. Oppose the Soviet Social Imperialism-led modern revisionists and other various forms of revisionists and opportunists in domestic and international field.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Legacies
    1 The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Legacies Vladimir Tismaneanu The revolutions of 1989 were, no matter how one judges their nature, a true world-historical event, in the Hegelian sense: they established a historical cleavage (only to some extent conventional) between the world before and after 89. During that year, what appeared to be an immutable, ostensibly indestructible system collapsed with breath-taking alacrity. And this happened not because of external blows (although external pressure did matter), as in the case of Nazi Germany, but as a consequence of the development of insuperable inner tensions. The Leninist systems were terminally sick, and the disease affected first and foremost their capacity for self-regeneration. After decades of toying with the ideas of intrasystemic reforms (“institutional amphibiousness”, as it were, to use X. L. Ding’s concept, as developed by Archie Brown in his writings on Gorbachev and Gorbachevism), it had become clear that communism did not have the resources for readjustment and that the solution lay not within but outside, and even against, the existing order.1 The importance of these revolutions cannot therefore be overestimated: they represent the triumph of civic dignity and political morality over ideological monism, bureaucratic cynicism and police dictatorship.2 Rooted in an individualistic concept of freedom, programmatically skeptical of all ideological blueprints for social engineering, these revolutions were, at least in their first stage, liberal and non-utopian.3 The fact that 1 See Archie Brown, Seven Years that Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 157-189. In this paper I elaborate upon and revisit the main ideas I put them forward in my introduction to Vladimir Tismaneanu, ed., The Revolutions of 1989 (London and New York: Routledge, 1999) as well as in my book Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel (New York: Free Press, 1992; revised and expanded paperback, with new afterword, Free Press, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • 180203 the Argentine Military and the Antisubversivo Genocide
    Journal: GSI; Volume 11; Issue: 2 DOI: 10.3138/gsi.11.2.03 The Argentine Military and the “Antisubversivo” Genocide DerGhougassian and Brumat The Argentine Military and the “Antisubversivo ” Genocide: The School of Americas’ Contribution to the French Counterinsurgency Model Khatchik DerGhougassian UNLa, Argentina Leiza Brumat EUI, Italy Abstract: The article analyzes role of the United States during the 1976–1983 military dictatorship and their genocidal counterinsurgency war in Argentina. We argue that Washington’s policy evolved from the initial loose support of the Ford administration to what we call “the Carter exception” in 1977—79 when the violation of Human Rights were denounced and concrete measures taken to put pressure on the military to end their repressive campaign. Human Rights, however, lost their importance on Washington’s foreign policy agenda with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the end of the Détente. The Argentine military briefly recuperated US support with Ronald Reagan in 1981 to soon lose it with the Malvinas War. Argentina’s defeat turned the page of the US support to military dictatorships in Latin America and marked the debut of “democracy promotion.” Keywords: Proceso, dirty war, human rights, Argentine military, French School, the School of the Americas, Carter Page 1 of 48 Journal: GSI; Volume 11; Issue: 2 DOI: 10.3138/gsi.11.2.03 Introduction: Framing the US. Role during the Proceso When an Argentine military junta seized the power on March 24, 1976 and implemented its “ plan antisubversivo ,” a supposedly counterinsurgency plan to end the political violence in the country, Henry Kissinger, the then United States’ Secretary of State of the Gerald Ford Administration, warned his Argentine colleague that the critiques for the violation of human rights would increment and it was convenient to end the “operations” before January of 1977 when Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate and winner of the presidential elections, would assume the power in the White House.
    [Show full text]
  • Frantz Fanon and the Peasantry As the Centre of Revolution
    Chapter 8 Frantz Fanon and the Peasantry as the Centre of Revolution Timothy Kerswell Frantz Fanon is probably better known for his work on decolonization and race, but it would be remiss to ignore his contribution to the debate about social classes and their roles as revolutionary subjects. In this respect, Fanon argued for a position that was part of an influential thought current which saw the peasant at the center of world revolutionary struggles. In The Wretched of the Earth, Fanon argued that “It is clear that in the co- lonial countries the peasants alone are revolutionary, for they have nothing to lose and everything to gain. The starving peasant, outside the class system, is the first among the exploited to discover that only violence pays.”1 This statement suggests not only that the peasant would play an important part in liberation and revolutionary struggles, but that they would be the sole revolu- tionary subjects in forthcoming change. Fanon’s attempt to place the peasant at the center was part of a wider cur- rent of thought. This can be seen in the statement of Lin Biao, one of the fore- most thinkers of Maoism who argued, “It must be emphasized that Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s theory of the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas and the encirclement of the cities from the countryside is of outstanding and universal practical importance for the present revolutionary struggles of all the oppressed nations and peoples, and particularly for the revolutionary struggles of the oppressed nations and peoples in Asia, Africa and Latin America against imperialism and its lackeys.”2 It was this theorization that “turn[ed] the image of the peasantry upside down,”3 especially from Marx’s previous assessment that peasants constituted a “sack of potatoes”4 in terms of their revolutionary class-consciousness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nepalese Maoist Movement in Comparative Perspective: Learning from the History of Naxalism in India
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 23 Number 1 Himalaya; The Journal of the Article 8 Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies 2003 The Nepalese Maoist Movement in Comparative Perspective: Learning from the History of Naxalism in India Richard Bownas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Bownas, Richard. 2003. The Nepalese Maoist Movement in Comparative Perspective: Learning from the History of Naxalism in India. HIMALAYA 23(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol23/iss1/8 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RICHARD BowNAS THE NEPALESE MAOIST MovEMENT IN CoMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: LEARNIN G FROM THE H ISTORY OF NAXALISM IN INDIA This paper compares the contemporary Maoist movement in Nepal with the Naxalite movemelll in India, from 1967 to the present. The paper touches on three main areas: the two movemems' ambiguous relationship to ethnicity, the hi stories of prior 'traditional' m obilization that bo th move­ ments drew on, and the relationship between vanguard and mass movement in both cases. The first aim of the paper is to show how the Naxalite movemem has transformed itself over the last 35 years and how its military tacti cs and organizational· form have changed . I then ask whether Nepal's lvla o­ ists more closely resemble the earli er phase of Naxali sm , in which the leadership had broad popular appeal and worked closely with its peasant base, o r its later phase, in which the leadership became dise ngaged fr om its base and adopted urban 'terror' tactics.
    [Show full text]
  • Not for Distribution
    6 The decline of the legitimate monopoly of violence and the return of non-state warriors Cihan Tuğal Introduction For the last few decades, political sociology has focused on state-making. We are therefore quite ill equipped to understand the recent rise of non-state violence throughout the world. Even if states still seem to perform more violence than non- state actors, the latter’s actions have come to significantly transform relationships between citizens and states. Existing frameworks predispose scholars to treat non-state violence too as an instrument of state-building. However, we need to consider whether non-state violence serves other purposes as well. This chapter will first point out how the post-9/11 world problematises one of sociology’s major assumptions (the state’s monopolisation of legitimate violence). It will then trace the social prehistory of non-state political violence to highlight continui- ties with today’s intensifying religious violence. It will finally emphasise that the seemingly inevitable rise of non-state violence is inextricably tangled with the emergence of the subcontracting state. Neo-liberalisation aggravates the practico- ethical difficulties secular revolutionaries and religious radicals face (which I call ‘the Fanonite dilemma’ and ‘the Qutbi dilemma’). The monopolisation of violence: social implications War-making, military apparatuses and international military rivalry figure prominently in today’s political sociology. This came about as a reaction to the sociology and political science of the postwar era: for quite different rea- sons, both tended to ignore the influence of militaries and violence on domestic social structure. Political science unduly focused on the former and sociology on the latter, whereas (according to the new political sociology) international violence and domestic social structure are tightly linked (Mann 1986; Skocpol 1979; Tilly 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Five Years of People's
    44 Excerpts from Worldwide Compoign Speech Five Yeqrs of People's Wqr I I a Following ore excerpts {rom the political power: revolutionary carried out in our homeland by the I moin speech given ot meetings held violence. The theory of seizing Peruvian people and the Communist oround the power peaceful road is guided 'Irorld os port"of the by the wrong, Party of Peru, by the invin- Worhwide Compoign to Support impracticable and revisionist. cible banners of Marxism-Leninism- i= the People's Wor in Peru. The Revolution is the overthrow of one Maoism, Guiding Thought of speech wos prepored by o Peru- class by another and the old classes Chairman Gonzalo. I vion living obrood who closely will never give up their political Let's look at some historical a { follows events in Peru. -AWTW power voluntarily, not even in the background. c worst crisis. The only way to deal The Communist Party of Peru, o SUMMING UP FIVE YEARS OF with them is to sweep them away the PCP, was reconstituted as a Par- i PEOPLE'S WAR IN PERU AND through revolutionary war, by ty of a new type, based on Marxism- THE CURRENT POLITICAL means of revolutionary armed force. Leninism-Maoism, Guiding SITUATION We should keep this universally Thought of Chairman Gonzalo, in valid principle in mind. other words, as a fighting machine PART ONE: SUMMATION OF We should also keep in mind one and not just an organising machine. FIVE YEARS OF PEOPLE'S of Marx's great teachings: If this hadn't been done, it would WAR "Once the banner of revolution is have been impossible to make raised, it cannot be lowered again." revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Restructuring the Socialist Economy
    CAPITAL AND CLASS IN CUBAN DEVELOPMENT: Restructuring the Socialist Economy Brian Green B.A. Simon Fraser University, 1994 THESISSUBMllTED IN PARTIAL FULFULLMENT OF THE REQUIREMEW FOR THE DEGREE OF MASER OF ARTS Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies O Brian Green 1996 All rights resewed. This work my not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Siblioth&ye nationale du Canada Azcjuis;lrons and Direction des acquisitions et Bitjibgraphic Sewices Branch des services biblicxpphiques Youi hie Vofrergfereoce Our hie Ncfre rb1Prence The author has granted an L'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable non-exclusive ficence irrevocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant & la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationafe du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, preter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque maniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes int6ress6es. The author retains ownership of L'auteur consenre la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial th&se. Ni la thbe ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiefs de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent 6tre imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisatiow. PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Sion Fraser Universi the sight to Iend my thesis, prosect or ex?ended essay (the title o7 which is shown below) to users o2 the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the Zibrary of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users.
    [Show full text]
  • Pietas Austriaca? the Imperial Legacy in Interwar and Postwar Austria
    religions Article Pietas Austriaca? The Imperial Legacy in Interwar and Postwar Austria Dieter A. Binder ID Chair of Cultural Studies, Andrássy University, Pollack Mihály tér 3, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] Received: 7 July 2017; Accepted: 21 August 2017; Published: 29 August 2017 Abstract: This paper aims to outline the specific Habsburg character of Austrian Catholicism through a study of Pietas Austriaca, the supposed Habsburg tradition of Catholic piety, and its role in the First and Second Austrian Republics. It analyzes the narrative of Austrian history presented by the Heldendenkmal, or Heroes’ Monument, which was erected in Vienna in 1934. Further, it argues that Pietas Austriaca was linked in the postwar period to a notion of Heimat (Home, Homeland) and served the needs of Austrian political Catholicism, which was seeking to recruit former National Socialists. Keywords: Habsburg; Austria; empire; Catholicism; Pietas Austriaca; Christian Social Party; Austrian People’s Party; Heimat; Heldendenkmal Political Catholicism utilised its commitment to the concept of Pietas Austriaca to define its political position towards both Social Democratic Austro-Marxism and National Socialism. After 1945, the Roman Catholic Church served as a vehicle for the denazification of former National Socialists. By creating the “Heimat”, it endeavoured to establish a common front against Social Democracy in order to implement a masked bourgeois bloc. Ultimately, this would to some extent explain the rise of the Austrian Freedom Party from 1986 on. “The Pietas Austriaca, i.e., Austrian piety—referring here to Austria as Casa d’Austria, i.e., the House of Austria, and not as a geopolitical entity—was propagated in the Baroque era as the most fundamental virtue of the Habsburg dynasty.
    [Show full text]