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Vaccaria Pyramidata (L.) Medik. Synonym Saponaria Vaccaria L

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Vaccaria Pyramidata (L.) Medik. Synonym Saponaria Vaccaria L V Vaccaria pyramidata (L.) Medik. anthocyanine enriched extracts of the fruit, in symptomatic treatment Synonym Saponaria vaccaria L. of problems related to varicose Family Caryophyllaceae. veins, such as heavy legs. (ESCOP.) Cranberry (Vaccinium sp.) is used Habitat Throughout India, as a weed. in urinary incontinence and for UTI prevention. (Sharon M. Herr.) English Soapwort, Cow Herb. Folk Musna, Saabuni. The main constituents of the Bil- berry fruit are anthocyanosides .%. Action Roots—used for cough, Other constituents include tannins, hy- asthma and other respiratory droxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic disorders; for jaundice, liver and acids, flavonol glycosides, flavan--ols, spleen diseases (increases bile flow). iridoids, terpenes, pectins and organic Mucilaginous sap—used in scabies. plant acids. (ESCOP.) Saponins of the root showed haemo- In India, V. symplocifolium Alston, lytic activity. Lanostenol, stigmas- syn. V. leschenaultii Wight, known as terol, beta-sitosterol and diosgenin Kilapalam in Tamil Nadu, is abundant- have been isolated from the plant. ly found in the mountains of South In- Xanthones, vaccaxanthone and sapx- dia up to an altitude of , m V. neil- anthone, and a oligosaccharide, vac- gherrense Wight, known as Kalavu in carose, have also been isolated. Tamil Nadu and Olenangu in Karnata- ka, is commonly found in the hills of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu at Vaccinium myrtillus Linn. altitudes of –, m. Family Vacciniaceae. Habitat UK, Europe and North Valeriana dubia Bunge. America. (About species of Vaccinium are found in India.) Synonym V. officinalis auct. non English Bilberry, Blueberry. Linn. Action Astringent, diuretic, Family Valerianacea. refrigerant. Habitat Western Himalayas, Key application Fruit—in non- Kashmir at Sonamarg at ,– specific,acute diarrhoea; topically in , m. mild inflammation of the mucous English Common Valerian. membranes of the mouth and throat (German Commission E); Ayurvedic Abhramaansi. 692 Valeriana hardwickii Wall. Action Rhizome and roots— Baalaka is a confusing synonym of sedative, hypotensive, cardiotonic; Tagara. Itshouldbeequatedwith Pavo- depressant on CNS, antispasmod- nia odorata Willd. (Malvaceae). ic; used for hysteria, neurosis, Baalaka (syns: Ambu, Baala, Barhi- nervousness, hypochondriasis. shtha, Hrivera, Jala, Kacha, Muurd- haja, Udichi, Udichya) is known as The roots and rhizomes yielded al- Sugandhabaalaa in Northern markets. kaloids—dipyridylmethylketone, ac- In South India Coleus vettiveroides tinidine, iso-valeramide and valerian- K. C. Jacob (Labiateae)ispreferred ine; sesquiterpene ketone-valeranone. as Baalaka. Delphinium brunonianum Bornyl acetate is the major constituent Royle (Ranunculaceae), with syno- of the root oil, .%, whereas it is only nyms Kutila, Nata, Vakra, is also used .% in leaf oil. Bornyl isovalerate is as Tagara. reported from the root oil. Valeriana leschenaultii DC. var. Valeriana hardwickii Wall. brunoniana C. B. Clarke. Family Valerianaceae. Family Valerianaceae. Habitat Karnakata and the Nilgiris. Habitat The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes Ayurvedic Tagara (related species). of ,–, m and in the Khasi Folk Sugandhabaalaa, Taggar, and Jaintia hills between , and Baalaka. , m. Action Used as a substitute for Folk Sugandhabaalaa, Tagger, valerian. Taggar-ganthodaa. Asaarun (Ku- maon). Action Used as V. jatamansi and V. Valeriana officinalis Linn. officinalis. Family Valerianaceae. V Valeriana hardwickii is known as Habitat Native to Eurasia. (V. Taggar-ganthodaa in Mumbai and officinalis auct. non Linn. is found AsaaruninKumaon.InUnanimedi- in Kashmir at Sonamarg at ,– cine, Asaarun is equated with Asarum , m) europaeum Linn. (Aristolochiaceae). It English Valerian, Garden He- is known as Subul-e-barri, Naardin- liotrope, Common Valerian. barri and Persian Tagar; Wild Nard, Hazel Wort and Asarabacca in En- Ayurvedic Tagara, Nata. Baalaka glish. Though sedative and brain tonic, (syn. Udichya, Jala, Barhishtha) is Asaarun should not be equated with also equated with Valeriana sp. Tagara. Folk Sugandhabaalaa, taggar. Valeriana pyrolaefolia Decne. 693 Action Tranquillizer, hypnotic, have a sedative effect. Since valepo- a natural relaxant to higher triates are not soluble in water, it was nerve centres. Used for nervous concluded that valerenic acid is also tension, sleeplessness, restlessness, the chemical factor responsible for the palpitation, tension, headache, sedative effect of the herb. Most com- migraine, menstrual pain, intestinal mercial extracts in Western herbal are cramps, bronchial spasm. water-soluble extracts standardized for Key application Internally for valerenic acids. restlessness and sleeping disorders Large doses of valepotriates from the based on nervous conditions herb decreased benzodiazepines and (German Commission E). (See diazepam withdrawl symptoms in rats. Expanded Commission E, ESCOP At low doses valerian enhances binding and WHO monographs.) of flunitrazepam, but at high doses it inhibits binding of the drug. Valerenic Constituents of the root include val- acid inhibits breakdown of GABA, and trates, didrovaltrates and isovalerates. hydroxypinoresinol binds to benzodi- Other constituents include .–.% azepine receptor. (Sharon M. Herr.) monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, caf- The safety of valepotriates has been feic, gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) questioned. and chlorogenic acids, beta-sitosterol, Currently valerian is an approved methyl, -pyrrolketone, choline, tan- over-the-counter medicine in Ger- nins, gums alkaloids and resin. (Ex- many, Belgium, France, Switzerland panded Commission E Monographs.) and Italy. (The British Herbal Com- The volatile oil (.–%) contains pendium.) bornyl acetate and bornyl isovalerate as See Valeriana dubia Bunge, syn. V. the principal components. Other con- officinalis auct. non Linn., known as stituents include beta-caryophyllene, Common Valerian. valeranone, valerenal, valerenic acid and other sesquiterpenoids and mono- terpenes. The co-occurrence of three cyclo- Valeriana pyrolaefolia Decne. pentane-sesquiterpenoids (valerenic acid, acetoxyvalerenic acid and valere- Family Valerianaceae. V nal) is confined to Valeriana officinalis L. and permits its distinction from V. Habitat The temperate Himalayas edulis and V. Wallichii. (WHO.) from Kashmir to Bhutan. The important active compounds of valerian are the valepotriates (iridoid Ayurvedic Dhyaamaka (including molecules) and valeric acid. Originally among aromatic drugs of Jatamansi it was thought that valepotriates were group.) responsible for the herbs sedative ef- Folk Sugandhabaalaa. fect,but,lateron,anaqueousextract of the root has also been shown to Action Used as V. jatamansi. 694 Valeriana wallichii DC. Valeriana wallichii DC. from roots contains calarene, beta- bargamotene, valeranone, ar-curcu- Synonym V. jatamansi Jones. mene, maalioxide and maalitol. Main Nardostachys jatamansi (Jones) DC. acids present are isovaleric acid and Family Valerianaceae. (+)-beta-methyl valeric acid. Valeriana jatamansi auct. non Jones, Habitat Temperate Himalayas from synonyms Nardostachys grandiflora Kashmir to Bhutan, above , m, DC. and N. jatamansi DC. is equat- and Khasia Hills. ed with Indian Spikenard, Musk-Root English Indian Valerian. and Jataamaansi. Ayurvedic Tagara, Sugandhabaalaa, Kaalaanusaari, Kaalaanusaarikaa, Dosage Rhizome—– g powder. Nata. (Delphinum brunonianum (API, Vol. I.) Royle, Ranunculaceae, syn. Kutila, Nata, Vakra, is also used as Tagara.) Vallaris solanacea Unani Asaarun, Tagar Reshewaalaa. Kuntze Siddha Tagarai. Synonym V. heynei Spreng. V. dichotoma (Roxb.) Wall. ex G. Folk Taggar, Baalaka, Mushkbaalaa, Asaarun, Tagar-ganthodaa. Don. Family Action Rhizomes and roots— Apocynaceae. used as a substitute for Valeriana Habitat Throughout India; officinalis; prescribed as a remedy cultivated in gardens. for hysteria, nervous unrest Ayurvedic Aasphotaa, Asphuka, and emotional troubles, and as Bhadravalli, Saarivaa-utpala (white a sedative. var.). Rhizomes and roots contain cy- Folk Haapharamaali var. Dudhi-bel clopentapyrans, acacetin--O-rutino- (Garhwal). sides, valtrate, didrovaltrate, linarin Action Latex—applied to old iso-valerinate, valepotriates and an iri- wounds and sores (mildly irritant). doid ester glycoside, valerosidatum. Bark—astringent. Seeds—cardiac V Cyclopentapyrans exhibit sedative, tonic. tranquilizing and bacteriocidal prop- erties. Seeds are rich in cardiac glyco- Valtrate and didrovaltrate were cy- sides; contain acoschimperoside P, totoxic to hepatoma cells in culture and mono-O-acetylvallaroside, mono-O- inhibited synthesis of DNA and protein acetylsolanoside, mono-O-acetylaco- in tumor cells. schimperoside P, vallaroside, valla- Root—spasmolytic. Essential oil— rosolanoside, solanoside and -deace- antibacterial. (Indian Valerian oils are tyl--anhydroacoschimperoside P. O- considered poor as compared to those acetylsolanoside is a potent cardioton- of V. officinalis oils.) The essential oil ic. Vanda spathulata Spreng. 695 The seed oil contains palmitic, ole- Throughout South India Alpinia ic and linoleic acids. The leaves gave galanga is used as Raasnaa. beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin and urso- Folk Baandaa-Raasnaa. lic acid. Vallaris glabra Kuntze (WestBengal) Action Roots—antipyretic, anti- is also equated with Aasphotaa. inflammatory, tranquilizer, tonic to liver, laxative. Used in rheumatism, lumbago, inflammations; diseases of the nervous system; diseases of Vallisneria spiralis Linn. the abdomen, dyspepsia; bronchitis,
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