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A Manual for Commercial Production of the Gourami, Trichogaster Trichopterus, a Temporary Paired Spawner

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A Manual for Commercial Production of the Gourami, Trichogaster Trichopterus, a Temporary Paired Spawner A Manual for Commercial Production of the Gourami, Trichogaster Trichopterus, A Temporary Paired Spawner Brian Cole, M.S., Clyde S. Tamaru, Ph.D., Richard Bailey, B.A. Sea Grant Extension Service/Aquaculture Development Program School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Christopher Brown, Ph.D. Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology April 1999 Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number 135 - 1 - Acknowledgements The authors extend a sincere thank you to all who contributed to the completion of this manual. The production of this handbook is a combined effort of three institutions: 1) the United States Department of Agriculture Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture (CTSA) through a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA grant #96-38500-2743. 2) the University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service (SGES) through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), project #AIAS-1 which is sponsored by the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, School of Ocean Science and Technology (SOEST), under Institutional Grant No. NA36RGO507 from NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Com- merce, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-98-03. 3) the Aquaculture Development Program, Department of Agriculture State of Hawaii, as part of the Aquaculture Extension Project with the University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Contract #42991. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies or their sub-agencies. - 2 - Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction to the Gourami ................................................................................................................. 4 Taxonomy ............................................................................................................................... 4 Biology ................................................................................................................................... 5 Distribution ............................................................................................................................. 5 Morphology ............................................................................................................................ 6 Sexing Gouramis .................................................................................................................... 7 Reproductive Biology ............................................................................................................. 7 Fecundity .............................................................................................................................. 11 Temperature and Light ......................................................................................................... 13 Commercial Production ...................................................................................................................... 15 Growth .................................................................................................................................. 17 Feeding ................................................................................................................................. 19 Water Quality ....................................................................................................................... 20 Harvesting............................................................................................................................. 20 Holding Tank ........................................................................................................................ 21 Preparation of Anesthesia ..................................................................................................... 21 Sorting and Grading.............................................................................................................. 21 Disease Prevention, Treatment and Management .............................................................................. 22 Formalin Preparation ............................................................................................................24 Economics .......................................................................................................................................... 24 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix 1. .......................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix 2. .............................................................................................................................. Hatching Brine Shrimp (Artemia) and Preparing Them for Feeding ........................... 29 Appendix 3. Directory of Suppliers and Organizations ....................................................... 32 - 3 - Introduction to the Gourami All gouramis belong to the suborder Anabantoidei and are commonly known as the labyrinth fishes. These fish are characterized primarily by an accessory breathing organ called the labyrinth organ. The labyrinth organ is located next to the gill cavities and is made up of folded membranes mounted on a bony frame. The delicate tissue has a high concentration of blood vessels and func- tions much like a terrestrial lung. If a labyrinth fish is denied access to the air it will drown because the gills alone will not provide sufficient oxygen to the fish. There are over one hundred Anabantoids that are currently traded in the tropical fish industry. Many are color varieties of the same species within the various genera. This would include about thirty species in the genus Betta, about twenty species of Ctenopoma, several species in the genus Colisa, Macropodus, Anabas, Helostomidae, Pseudomodas and Sandelia and the numerous species of Trichogaster. The genus Trichogaster contains many of the more popular gouramis traded in the industry, including the “Pearl gourami”, “Moonlight”, “Snake skid”, “Three spot”, “Blue”, “Silver”, “Gold”, “Opaline” and hybrids in the same genus. All of these fish reproduce in a very similar manner and for that reason this manual will concentrate on the Genus Trichogaster. It should be noted that many of the procedures for the reproduction of these fish can be successfully applied to many of the other genera of gouramis. Taxonomy There are 16 genera and 50 species of Trichogaster distributed over Asia, the Indian sub- continent and Central Africa (Degani et al., 1992 and Alfred, 1962). Like the nomenclature of many other families of fishes, there has been a considerable amount of renaming and \ or reclassification at the level of genera or species. The Gouramis are no exception. Trichogaster Trichopterus, the “Three Spot Gourami”, was originally known as Labrus trichopterus, then in 1801 was renamed Trichogaster Trichopterus which is the present classification (Richter 1988). Other names which might appear in the literature include Trichopodus Trichopterus, Trichopus trichopterus, Trichopus sepat, Osphromemus siamensis, Osphromenus trichopterus, Trichopus siamensis, Trichopodus maculatus and Osphromenus saigonensis. Most of these changes in nomenclature occurred in the mid 1800’s until the current name, Trichogaster Trichopterus, was settled upon as the standard classification. Table (1) gives the current taxonomic classification of the Anabantoids (from Richter, 1988). - 4 - Table 1. Current taxonomic status of the Anabantoids (Modified from Richter 1988. ORDER Perciformes SUBORDER Belontiidae FAMILY Belontia SUBFAMILY Trichogaster, Colisa GENUS Anabantoidei SUBFAMILY Belontinae GENERA Trichogasterinae SUBFAMILY Ctenopinae GENERA Pseudosphromenus, Parosphromenus, Malpulutta, Trichopsis, Ctenops, Betta SUBFAMIL Macropodinae GENUS Macropodus SUBFAMIL Spaerichthyinae GENERA Parasphaerichthys, Sphaerichthys FAMILY Helostomidae GENUS Helostoma FAMILY Osphronemidae GENUS Osphronemus FAMILY Anabantidae GENERA Anabas, Sandelia, Ctenopoma, Oshimia Biology Distribution Labyrinth fishes are only found in southern and western Africa and eastern and southeastern Asia. Figure (1) represents the natural range of these fishes. The natural distribution of Labyrinth fishes has a northern boundary in China at latitude 50 degrees. The eastern boundary of natural distribution is in Korea at a longitude of 130 degrees. The southern most ranges are in Sumatra south to the equator with the western limits in India to longitude 70 degrees east. Trichogaster Trichopterus occurs naturally in southern Vietnam, the Suda Islands, Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula (Richter 1988). Trichogaster Trichopterus is the most common species of fish in rice-field areas and is some- times collected for food in certain parts of Asia and Africa (Alfred 1962). Generally the Trichogaster spp. inhabit the thickly vegetated areas of rivers, canals, ditches, lakes and swamps to avoid preda- tion from birds and fish. - 5 - Figure 1. Natural distribution Anabantoids Morphology Most of the labyrinth fish have developed very similar types of fins as illustrated in Figure 2. In addition many of the Anabantoids exhibit some form of sexual dimorphism either in the form of color and \ or differences in the finnage. Trichogaster
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