Ann.M. R. Islam, M. Das, Agric. M. (2018) N. Mondal 22 (1) and : 95-105 G. M. Mostakim ISSN 1025-482X (Print)95 2521-5477 (Online) STATUS OF DIVERSITY IN GHAGHAT RIVER IN NORTHERN BANGLADESH M. R. Islam1*, M. Das1, M. N. Mondal2 and G. M. Mostakim3 Abstract Fish species diversity and it’s conservation status of Ghaghat river in northern region of Bangladesh was investigated by field sampling using a taxonomic guide, FishBase data and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation index. The study revealed that a total of 55 species of belonging to 45 genera, 22 families and 9 orders were found in the river. Among the identified fish orders, was the highest diverse group with 34% species abundance followed by Siluriformes and Perciformes with 24% each. On the other hand, fishes under the orders Beloniformes, Decapoda, and Tetradontiformes were the least abundant (2%). Fish species diversity was found prominent during the monsoon. Based on IUCN conservation index 6(11%), 10(18%) and 7(13%) species in Ghaghat river were identified as critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable respectively. A total 14 types of fishing gear under 8 major groups were found to operate in the studied river, which included some banned gears like gill net and seine net. An effective conservation strategy needs to be developed to stop indiscriminate fishing and to conserve the fish biodiversity in Ghaghat river. Keywords: Fish, biodiversity, ghaghat river, conservation.

Introduction barrages, pollution, using of banned fishing gears fish biodiversity is declining (Rahman Bangladesh is blessed with a large number et al., 2016). of rivers including tributaries of about 700 covering a total length of about 24,140 km The Ghaghat river (236 km long) is a (Rashid, 1991). Total fish production of tributary of Tista river, originated at Jaldhaka the country was 38.78 lakh MT in 2015-16, in Nilphamari district and after passing where the contribution of inland open water through Gaibandha town (few km north of fisheries is 4.60% (1.78 lakh MT) (DoF, Fulchhari Ghat) joins to the Brahmaputra 2017). The open water bodies are of river (Banglapedia, 2012). In the northern 265 species (Rahman, 2005). part of Bangladesh the Ghaghat river is an Therefore, rivers have rich fish biodiversity important inland open water-body and a vital (Rahman et al., 2015). Unfortunately, due to breeding ground of many freshwater fish overfishing, indiscriminate harvesting of fry species, therefore, plays a significant role in and fingerlings, construction of roads and the fisheries sector of the country. However,

1Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, 1706, 2Department of Fisheries Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, 3Department of Fisheries Biology and Aquatic Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.*Corresponding author: [email protected] 96 Status of Fish Species Diversity in Ghaghat River in Northern Bangladesh fish catch and species diversity in most of the Sample collection river are declining day by day. There is no Sampling was carried out at all the stations previous research on fish biodiversity, fishing during day and night with the help of gears, fish availability of Ghaghat river, which professional fishermen covering pre-monsoon consequently would limit the establishment of (Mid April-Mid June), monsoon (Mid June- management and biodiversity conservation Mid August) and post-monsoon (Mid August- strategies. Therefore, the present study was conducted to gather fish biodiversity Mid October) period in the year 2017. Fish information and baseline data to reveal the samples were also collected from local fish present status of the Ghaghat river. landing centers and markets. Fishes were caught by means of traditional fishing gears Materials and Methods like cast net (jhaki jal), seine net (ber jal), lift Study area net (dharmo jal), hook (borshi) and traditional The investigation was carried out in four fish trap locally called bair. Twenty throw sampling sites (station 1 to 4) in the main river and twenty hauls were considered by cast net basin (Fig. 1) for recording available fish species and lift net in each time during the sampling. diversity. The prime criteria for site selections Fishing traps were set at the stations during the were higher fishing intensity and the presence late afternoon and kept for overnight to check of a good number of fishermen in the locality. the trapped species in the following morning.

Fig. 1. Map of the study area (Left) with satellite image (Right) of Ghaghat river showing four sampling sites. M. R. Islam, M. Das, M. N. Mondal and G. M. Mostakim 97

The collected specimens were identified Results and Discussion primarily during sampling time. Unidentified Fishing gear samples were preserved in the plastic jar with Different types of fishing gear operated in 10% formalin and brought to the laboratory Ghaghat river, major fish species caught and of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman the number of people engaged to operating the gears was recorded during the study period Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh (Table 1). A total 14 types of fishing gear were to perform species identification. recorded under 8 major groups such as gill net (current jal, fash jal), seine net (ber jal), cast Identification of fish sample net (jhaki jal), lift net (dharma jal, khora jal), Fish samples were identified on the basis of push net (thela jal, moiya jal), trap (bar, dheal, morphometric and meristic characteristics. polo), hook and line (chip borsh, wheel borsh), The collected specimens were identified up and wounding gear (koch). Jhakijal, ber jal, dharma jal, darki, dheal, and chip borshi were to species level according to the taxonomic found mostly operated fishing gears in the guide of Rahman (2005) and Talwar et al. study area. (1991). In addition, FishBase (Froese and Pauly, 2000) was used to remove The use of banned fishing gears was one of the discrepancies. main reasons of loss of biodiversity around the world (Harrison and Stiassny, 1999; Allan Identification of fishing gear et al., 2005; Dudgeon et al., 2006). According to a study of Afrose and Ahmed (2016), over Fishing gear including major species caught exploitation is responsible for 42% of fish by the particular gear was surveyed by diversity loss in the Brahmaputra river of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) through Bangladesh. Indiscriminate fishing by gill net, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key seine net even in the breeding season is also Informant Interview (KII) with the fishermen responsible for the decline in fish catch and in the sampling sites. species composition. Rahman et al. (2015) found that fish diversity is declining in a river Determination of threatened and non- of Bangladesh due to overfishing and use threatened fish status of non-selective fishing gears like seine net, The present status of threatened and non- gill net and push net. Some gears with small threatened fish species was determined by mesh size such as: seine net, cast net, push using the Red Book of Threatened Fishes of net, lift net could act as non-selective for the Bangladesh (IUCN, 2015). certain group of fishes, which could lead to a huge quantity of immature fish being caught Data analysis (Adebiyi, 1998). All the collected data were carefully checked Fish species diversity recorded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented in both graphical and A total 55 species of fishes were recorded tabular form. in Ghaghat river during the study belonging 98 Status of Fish Species Diversity in Ghaghat River in Northern Bangladesh

Table 1. Different types of fishing gears recorded for fishing in Ghaghat river Operational fishermen Gear Local name Fish species caught (No.) Gill net Current jal Mystus vittatus, ticto, Channa punctatus, 1-2 Eutropiichthys murius Fash jal Mystus bleekery, Tenualosa ilisha, Sperata aor 1-2 Seine net Ber jal Amblypharyngodon mola, Laubuca laubuca, Puntius ticto, fasciata, Labeo rohita, 8-10 Catla catla Cast net Mut jal, Jhaki jal Puntius ticto, Trichogaster fasciata, Labeo bata, 1 Labeo rohita Lift net Dharma jal Puntius ticto, Mystus bleekery, Amblypharyngodon 1-2 mola, Osteobrama cotio Khara jal Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Mystus bleekery, 1-2 Puntius ticto, attu Push net Thela jal Mystus bleekery , Puntius ticto, Rasbora rasbora, 1 Channa punctatus, Glossogobius giuris Moiya jal Small fishes 1-2 Darki Trap Puntius ticto, Channa punctatus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus, Mastacembelus 1 armatus Dheal Puntius ticto, Channa punctatus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus, Mastacembelus 1 armatus Polo Mystus bleekery, Puntius ticto, Channa punctatus, 1 Glossogobius giuris Hook and Chip borshi Puntius ticto, , Mystus bleekery, 1 line Channa punctatus, Labeo rohita Wheel borshi Puntius ticto, Wallago attu, Mystus bleekery, 1 Channa punctatus, Labeo rohita Wounding Koch Channa punctatus, Channa striatus 1

to 9 orders, 22 families and 45 genera During the study, a great variety of fish species (Table 2). The most dominant fish order were recorded from 22 diversified families. was Cypriniformes (34%) contributing Among those was the most species 19 fish species in 13 genera followed by rich family accounting for 29.09% of the total Siluriformes and Perciformes both consist number of species recorded with 10 diversified of 24% of the species biodiversity (Fig. 2). genera (Figure 3). Other noticeable families The other orders were Synbranchiformes, were Bagridae (9.09% species), Channidae Osteoglossiformes, Clupeiformes consisted of (7.27 % species), Cobitidae, Mastacembilidae, 5, 4 and 3%, respectively of the total species Osphronemidae and Schilbeidae (5.45% caught. The rest 3 orders were: Beloniformes, species each). The lowest percentage of Tetradontiformes, and Decapoda each had 2% fish (1.82%) were recorded from the family species composition. Anabantidae, Belonidae, Cichlidae, Clariidae, M. R. Islam, M. Das, M. N. Mondal and G. M. Mostakim 99

Table 2. Fish diversity and present status of threatened and non-threatened species of Ghaghat river in the northern region of Bangladesh Present status Order Family Scientific Name Common Name Local name Availability (IUCN ,2015) Local Global Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius sophore Pool Barb Jat Puti TY, LM NO LC Puntius ticto Tit Puti TY, LM VU VU Laubuca laubuca Indian Glassbarb Chela TYS, LAM EN LC Osteobrama cotio Cotio Dhela R EN NT Labeo rohita Rohu Rui TY, LM NO LC Hypophthalmichthys Silver Silver TY, LM Exotic NT molitrix Labeo bata Bata Bata TY, LM EN LC Gibelion catla Catla Catla TY, LM NO LC Cyprinus carpio Common Carp Carpu TYS, SM Exotic VU Puntius sarana Olive Barb Sharputi TY, LM CR NO Devario devario Sind Danio Chebli LM NO LC Cirrhinus cirrhosus Mrigal Mrigel, Mirka TYS, LM NT VU Labeo calbasu Orange-fin Labeo Kalibaus TYS, LM EN LC Labeo boga Boga Labeo Bhangon TYS CR CR Puntius terio Onespot Barb Vati puti TYS NO LC Rasbora rasbora Gangetic Scissortail Darkina, Dairka TY,LM EN NT Rasbora Cobitidae Botia dario Bengal Loach Bou Mach, TYS, LAM EN EN Rani Mach Amblypharyngodon Mola Carplet Mola, Moa TYS, LAM NO LC mola Lepidocephalichthys Guntea Loach Gutum, Guchi TYS, LM NO LC guntea Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus vittatus Striped Dwarf Tengra TY, LM NO LC Mystus bleekeri Days Mystus Gulsha Tengra TY, LM NO LC Sperata aor Long Whiskarted Air TYS, LM VU VU Catfish Rita rita Rita Rita TYS, LM CR EN Chandramara Hobering Catfish Gura Tengra LM DD LC chandramara Schilbeidae Eutropiichthys murius Batchwa Bache Bacha Mach LM NO LC Ailia coila Gangetic Ailia Bashpata, TY, LM NO LC Kajuli, Batasi Clupisoma garua Garua Bachcha Gharua LM CR EN Pangasiidae Pangasius pangasius Yellotail Catfish Pangas VR CR EN Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis Stinging Catfish Shing, Shingi R, SM NO LC Clariidae Clarias batrachus Philippine Catfish Magur R, SM NO LC Sisoridae Bagarius bagarius Dwarf Goonch Baghair VR CR DD Wallago attu Wallago Boal TYS, LM EN VU Synbranchiformes Mastacembilidae Mastacembelus Zig-zag Eel Baim TY, LAM EN EN armatus Macrognathus Spiny Eel Tara Baim TYS. LM VU NT aculeatus Macrognathus pancalus Barred Spiny Eel Guchi Baim TYS, LM Not LC assessed 100 Status of Fish Species Diversity in Ghaghat River in Northern Bangladesh

Present status Order Family Scientific Name Common Name Local name Availability (IUCN ,2015) Local Global Perciformes Osphronemidae Trichogaster fasciata Banded Kholisa TYS,LAM NO LC Trichogaster chuna Honey Gourami Chuna Khoilsha LAM NO LC Trichogaster lalius Lal Kholisha LAM NO LC Ambassidae Chanda nama Elongated Glass Chanda, Lomba LM VU LC Perchlet Chanda Pseudambassis ranga Indian Glassy Fish Ranga Chanda LM LC LC Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris Tank Goby Bele, Baila TYS, LAM NO LC Channidae Channa punctatus Spotted Snakehead Taki, Shati TY, LAM NO LC Channa orientalis Walking Snakehead Cheng LAM VU LC Channa striatus Striped Snakehead Shol VR NO LC Channa marulius Great Snake head Gojar VR EN EN Nandidae Nandus nandus Gangetic Leaffish Bheda, Meni TYS, LAM VU NT Cichlidae Oreochromis Indian Tilapia Tilapia VR Exotic Not mossambicus assessed Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Climbing Perch Koi VR Not LC assessed Beloniformes Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Freshwater Garfish Kakila, Tin TYS, LM NO LC thuitta Clupeiformes Clupeidae Corica soborna River Sprat Kachki TY NO LC Tenualosa ilisha Hilsa Shad Ilish SM NO LC Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Bronze Featherback Foli R, SM VU VU Notopterus chitala Clown Knifefish Chitol R EN EN Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Tetraodon cutcutia Ocellated Pufferfish Potka, Tepa LM NO LC Decapoda Palaemonidae Macrobrachium River Prawn Chingri TYS NO LC daganum * Present status: DD=Data Deficient; LC=Least Concern; NO=Not Threatened; CR=Critically Endangered; EN=Endangered; NT=Near Threatened; VU=Vulnerable * A vailability: TY=Throughout the year; TYS= Throughout the year in small amount; SM= Small amount during monsoon; LM= Large amount during monsoon; LAM= Large amount after monsoon; R= Rare; VR= Very rare

Tetraodontiformes Beloniformes 2% 2% Clupeiformes 3% Synbranchiformes 5%

Siluriformes Cypriniformes 24% 34%

Decapoda Perciformes 2% 24% Osteoglossiformes 4% Fig. 2. Percentage of fish species according to the fish order in Ghaghat river. M. R. Islam, M. Das, M. N. Mondal and G. M. Mostakim 101

35 29.09 30 % ) (

25

e

c 20 n a

d 15 5.45 n 9.09 5.45 u 10 7.27 3.64 3.64 1.82 1.82 5.45 3.64 1.82 5.45 1.82

A b 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 5 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 0

Fig. 3. Percentage of fish species on the basis of Family in Ghaghat river.

Gobiidae, Heteropneustidae, Palaemonidae, in the present study had a slight different view Pangasiidae, Siluridae, Sisoridae, and from the two connected rivers (Tista/origin Tetraodontidae. and Brahmaputra river). According to the study of Khan et al., (2013), 42 fish species Among aquatic organisms in the world were found in Tista river where the Ghaghat 40% species inhabit in the freshwaters, river has 55 fish species. However, in the while the remaining 60% are in marine Brahmapurta river 67 fish species (46 genera) (Leveque et al., 2008). In the study, were identified by Galib (2015), which was Cypriniformes fishes were the first and both of higher than the Ghaghat river. Siluriformes and Perciformes had the second abundant species group in the studied stream water at every season. Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Seasonal abundance status Channidae, Cobitidae, Mastacembilidae, Species availability pattern is summarized Osphronemidae and Schilbeidae were the in Figure 4 and Table 2. Most of the most endemic species-rich families in the Cypriniformes fishes including carps and river. The most species-rich orders and other fishes were found throughout the year families in the river were about similar to the with a large quantity during the monsoon. freshwater bodies in the world. This suggests Among the Cypriniformes fishes,Osteobrama that a diverse group of fish in the Ghaghat cotio was rarely found in the Ghaghat river. river plays an important role in the freshwater Siluriformes fishes were largely abundant fish species diversity of our country. Fish in the monsoon season except for stinging species richness in the river was low than the catfish (Heteropneustes fossils), walking other big rivers in Asia might be because of catfish (Clarias batrachus), Baghair the smaller area coverage (Fu et al., 2003). (Bagarius bagarius) and Pangas (Pangasius The number and composition of fish species pangasius) which were found rarely in the 102 Status of Fish Species Diversity in Ghaghat River in Northern Bangladesh

60 During the study, three exotic species: Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Common

) 50 %

( carp (Cyprinus carpio), Tilapia (Oreochromis

y t

i 40 l mossambicus) were found in the Ghaghat river. b i a l i 30 However, Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), v a a

s Sucker mouth (Hypopthalmus plecostomus), e i 20 c Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), p e S 10 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and

0 Commom carp (Cyprinus carpio) etc. are TY TYS LM LAM SM R VR often found in the river of Bangladesh and Fishing Period Fig. 4. Species availability (%) in Ghaghat river (Galib, 2015 and Galib et al., 2013). (TY=Throughout the year; TYS=Throughout the Those exotic species may enter into the river year in small amount; SM=Small amount during monsoon; LM=Large amount during monsoon; during the annual flood from culture ponds. LAM=Large amount after monsoon; R=Rare; Introduction of exotic fish species in a certain VR=Very rare). environment could be a threat to the native river Ghaghat. In the study area, three species species (Winemiller, 2018; Dudgeon et al., of Synbranchiformes were found belonging 2006 and Schlaepfer et al., 2011). Most of the to the family Mastacembilidae which were fishes are available throughout the year but available throughout the year with large found in a large amount during and after the (Mastacembelus armatus) and small quantities monsoon could be due to the breeding season (Macrognathus aculeatus and Macrognathus for the maximum indigenous fishes. pancalus). Fishermen of Ghaghat river confirmed that abundance of Perciformes Local and Global assessment of threatened fishes increases after the monsoon. Shol and non-threatened fish species (Channa striatus), Gojar (Channa marulias) The present status of fish was verified by the and Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) assessment of local and global context. The were very rare in Ghaghat river. Two species local context refers to the assessment of the each of Clupeiformes and Osteoglossiformes status of a fish species within Bangladesh were found in the study area. A very small while global context refers to the status within amount of Kachki (Corica soborna) and Ilish the world. During the study out of total 55 fish (Tenualosa ilisha) were found in the monsoon. species found in Ghaghat river, 23 species have However, Foli (Notopterus notopterus) and considered as threatened according to IUCN Chitol (Notopterus chitala) belonging to Bangladesh (2015). Among those 11, 18 and the order Osteoglossiformes found rarely in 13% are categorized as Critically Endangered the study area. Each order of Beloniformes, (CE), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) Tetradontiformes and Decapoda had only respectively. About half of the total fish species one species which were Kakila (Xentodon (45%) sampled from the Ghaghat river are cancila), Potka (Tetradon cutcutia) and considered Not Threatened (NO) and 5% of river prawn (Macrobrachium daganum), them were exotic species (Fig. 5). According respectively. to the local conservation status of Bangladesh M. R. Islam, M. Das, M. N. Mondal and G. M. Mostakim 103

VU 13% CE11% CE DD NT 2% 2% DD 2% 2% NA VU 4% 11% EN 12% EN 18% NT9% NA 2%

NO Exotic 45% 5%

Fig. 5. Local conservation status of fishes of the NO 62% Ghaghat River. (DD= Data Deficient, CE = Critically endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, NO = Not Threatened, NA Fig. 6. Global conservation status of fishes of the = Not Assessed). Ghaghat River. (DD = Data Deficient, CE = critically endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, 2% fish species are found Near Threatened NT = Near Threatened, NO = Not Threatened, NA (NT). In a global context, population trend of = Not Assessed). more than half (62%) of the fishes was free from any threats and 25% of the fishes were by IUCN but would mark as vulnerable in threatened of which 2% CE, 12% EN and 11% near future because of their rare abundance. were VU among the total fish species (Fig. 6). On the other hand, there was no scientific There was no management strategy observed study and strategy observed for the for the conservation of threatened fish species management and conservation of existing in the river. and threatened fish diversity in the river. The freshwater ecosystems are experiencing much According to the assessment of IUCN more decline of biodiversity than any other Bangladesh 64 freshwater fish species have terrestrial ecosystem and if it continues, we found threatened (IUCN, 2015) which was 54 will loss the chance to conserve the remaining in 2000 (IUCN, 2000). Among the threatened biodiversity (Dudgeon et al., 2006; Sala et al., fishes, 9, 30 and 25 species are identified as 2000). Risk of extinction of freshwater fishes CE, EN, and VU respectively. On the other is significantly higher than that of terrestrial hand, 27 species are found NT, 122 species organisms and 130 to 855 times more than are the least concern (LC) and the rest of the natural destruction rates (Burkhead, 2012). species are considered as data deficient (DD) Freshwater ecosystems are heavily impacted (IUCN, 2015). by human usages which lead to the most In the Ghaghat river four wild indigenous vulnerable situation to freshwater fishes. fish species: Heteropneustes fossilis, Excessive pressures on inland waters and Clarias batrachus, Channa striatus, Anabus freshwater fish biodiversity have been seen testudineus are not considered as threatened in Asia because of having perhaps over half 104 Status of Fish Species Diversity in Ghaghat River in Northern Bangladesh of the global human community (Dudgeon Dudgeon, D. and R. E. W. Smith. 2006. Exotic et al., 2006). Therefore, documentation of all species, fisheries and conservation of riverine biodiversity has enormous value. freshwater biodiversity in tropical Asia: the case of the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea. Aquat. Conserve.16: 203-215. Conclusion Dudgeon, D., A. H. Arthington, M. O. Gessner, The loss of biodiversity could be due to some Z. Kawabata and D. J. Knowler. 2006. major threats: over fishing, fishing during Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, the breeding season, siltation, destruction of threats, status and conservation challenges. breeding ground, invasion by exotic species, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 81: 163-182. and use of non-selective fishing gears. To Froese, R. and Pauly, D. 2000. Fish Base 2000: stop the loss of biodiversity and retain the Concepts, Design and Data Sources. existing stocks the effective management ICLARM, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. strategies are very essential. Establishment 344 P. of the fish sanctuary, dredging, awareness of Fu, C., J. Wu, J. 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