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,~J tl1 I ,fl 1 POLICE Ii J "J ,}!/ i! 1982 II

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U, J Ii fI-I tld II " ' .I! Nationlll Police Agency, Japanese Government fr MQdified, Translated and Published by Police Association I J.1~~~~~!<_,_':1t.... _ WHITE PAPER ON

""'~-".;'.t' POLICE ~'~) )")}t:; 1982 (EXCERPT)

I National Police Agency 9 Japanese Government

86833

Modified, Translated and Published by Polic~' Association. On the English elUtion of '''White Paper on Police"

On the occasion of the .lOth anniversary of "White Paper on Police" an English version is edited by Police Association Inc. with great effort. This project is, I believe, very timely as internationalization of our society, both governmental and non­ governmental, is highly I~equired now. Policing is implemented with deep root in the tradition and culture of a society, and so except lor purely technical aspects and courtesy ones, international exchanges in the police community have not been so active as in other fields. However, as international traffic of people (md goods grows crimes also have become international. Cooperation and assistance from abroad is totally indispensable to cope with today J' crimes. Communication through not only diplomatic channels but also an ICPO route has become a part of everyday business. To smooth operational exchanges the crime fighters are more and more interested in the organizational structure and procedures of other co:mtries. A~v highly industrialized society is today facing a difficult problem of crime fighting. Though crimes can not be disposed by police only, police, the /ront-line fighters, is concerned with the measures employed by oversea colleagues to carry out effective lightings. Fortunate(v our country is now enjoying a high reputation for the matter of safety. The episode that Japan is a country where a woman can walk in the streets alone at night symbolizes the safety of the streets. Foreign students are conducting research works on our police behavior and have written some books. This may lead to further improvement of our policing. An English version of the White Paper may serve to provide oversea friends with the information on our policing and invite interests and beneficial advices /rom abroad. This is one of the steps to better the functions of law enforcement and work.criminal justice system. Paying the greatest respect to the people engaged in this

August, 1982

Osamu MITSUI Commissioner General National Policy Agency Japan White Paper on Police, 1982 (Excerpt) by National Police Agency, Japanese Government

Modified, Translated and Published b! . Police Association, 3-29, Kioi-cho, Chtyoda-ku, Tokyo 102

Printed by The Japan Times, Ltd.

Printed in Japan II II Table of Contents r Chapter I General View of the Public Order Situation ...... 1 1. Characteristics of the Situation ...... 1 (1) Juvenile Delinquency as an Extremely Worrisome Issue ...... 1 (2) Stimulant Abuse which has Become a Social Problem ...... 1 (3) Appearance of New Types of Crime ...... 1 (4) Crime Syndicates Enter a New Phase ...... : ...... 1 (5) Traffic Accidents Show Moderate Increase ...... 1 (6) Still Active Espionage ...... 1 (7) Gangs of Reckless Drivers Gain in Power ...... ~ ...... 1 2. Pressing Countermeasures ...... 1 (1) Promotion of Comprehensive Programs to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency ...... 2 (2) Tightening of Countermeasures Regarding Stimulants ...... 2 (3) Further Investigative Activities Responding to the Changing Criminal Situation 2 (4) Imposing Stricter Controls Upon the Yamaguchi-gumi and Intensification of Controls Over Sokaiya ...... 2 (5) Plans to Prevent Traffic Accidents and Programs Concerning Driver's License Administration ...... 3 (6) Measures to Check Illegal Actions by Any Violent Extreme Leftist Groups and to Round Up All Offenders ...... ,...... 3 (7) Obtaining Detailed Information on the Espionage Situation and Apprehending Spies ...... 3

Chapter n For Sound Development of Juveniles and a Society Without Delinquency .. '. 4 1. Current Situation ofJuvenile Delinquency ...... 4 (1) Outline of Juvenile Delinquency ...... '.' ..... , ...... 4 (2) Various Types ofJuvenile Delinquency ...... : ...... '.. . 9 2'. Analysis ofJuvenile Delinquency ...... 19 (1) Cause ofluvenile Delinquency ...... 19 (2) Juvenile· Delinquents and Their tater Years ...... 23 3. Current Situation of and Problems Behind Measures to Counter Juvenile Delinquency ... : ...... 28 (1) A Counterplan Respondingto Each Type ofJuvenile Delinquency .... '. ~ .... . 29 (2) The Framework of Countermeasures Against Juvenile Delinquency ...... 30

Chapter m Police Activities Closely Tied to a Community ...... ~ ...... 35 1. Street-corner Policing to Protect Loca~ Residents .. : .. '.' ...... '...... 3S (1) Koban and Chuzai for which People Rely On ... '.' .....•...... 35 '- (2) Activities of a Communication Command Center and Patrol Cars ...... 37 2. Police ServiCe Close to Local Peoplt! :. ~ ...... : ..... : .... : ...... '.... . 40 . (1) Dialogue with Local People ...... •...... : ...... 40 (2) Counselling on Domestic Troubles ...... : .. . 40 (3) Handling of Lost and Found Articles ..... ':...... ' ..... : ...... 40 (4) Protection of the Drunk, Lost Children, Mentally-derangedapd so on .... ':' .. 40 (5) Searching Requests for Runaways and Searching Activiti.es .. :' ...... , .. . 43 (6) The Facts about Suicide ...... ~ ...... : '.' ... ~ .....•...... 43 3. Promotion of Comprehensive Measures to Prevent Crimes ...... '...... 43 (1) Local Measures to Prevent Crimes ...... , ...... ; .. : ... . 43 (2) Measures to Prevent Crimes at Work Site ..... :. : ...... : ..... : ... '. : .. 45 (3) Rearranging and Improving Some Types of Programs to Prevent Crimes ...... 46 (4) Nationwide Crime Prevention Campaigns ...... " ..•...... •... 46 • , .•. • -' • .'. .~. 'I.

i ! 'i

.. 4. Current Situation of Benefits for Crime Victims . ~ ...... : . : ...... 46 (1) Present Situation of Road Traffic ...... 70 (1) Current Management of Crime Victim Benefits Program...... 46 (2) Recent Situation of Traffic Accidents ...... 2. 71 (2) Assistance Service of the Crime Victim Relief Fund, Inc...... 46 Development of Traffic Safety Consciousness and Systematical Safety Education .. . 77 5. Activities of Water Area Police...... 46 (1) Traffic Safety Campaigns ...... 77 (2) Safety Education for Children and Old People ...... Chapter IV Crime Situation and Investigating Activities...... 48 77 3. (3) Improved Education for Drivers ...... 78 1. Occurrence and Oearance of Crime ...... " 48 Promotion of Measures for Drivers ...... 78 (1) The Third Biggest Year in the Number of Crime O~currence After the War .. " 48 (1) Improvement of License Control System ...... 78 (2) Increase in the Number of Both Geared Cases and Offenders Charged ...... 49 (2) Safe Driving Supervisors System ...... 4. 79 (3) Comparison with Other Countries...... 49 Improvement of Traffic Conditior.s ...... 80 2. Characteristic Trend of Crimes...... 50 (1) Promotion of Traffic Control ...... 80 (1) Many Occurrences of New-Type Crimes ...... 50 (2) Improvement of Traffic Safety Facilities ...... 81 (2) Increased Ingenuity and FIagrantness in the Serious Crimes ...... 54 (3) Development of Traffic Control Technology ...... 83 (3) Diversification and Sophistication ofIntellectual Crimes ... " ...... 55 (4) Various Measures for Bicycles ...... 5. 83 3. Promotion of the Countermeasures Against Crime Syndicates...... 55 Establishment of Traffic Order ...... 84 (1) The Presen: ~ ituation and Trend of Crime Syndicates ...... 55 (1) Strengthened Street Campaigns ...... 84 (2) The Present Situation of Crimes by Crime Syndicates...... 55 (2) Control of M~.jor Rule Violations ...... 85 (3) Promotion ofthe Countermeasures Against Crime Syndicates ...... 55 (3) Strict Action Against Violations by Business Enterprises ...... 85 4. Promotion of Investigative Activities Responding to Changing Crime Situations. . .. 57 (4) Strengthened Control of Violations of Traffic Laws and Regulations ...... 86 (1) Promotion of Investigation of Major Intellectual Crimes...... 57 (5) Promotion ofInvestigation of Traffic Offenses ...... 6. 86 (2) Promotion of Wide-area-covered Investigation ...... 57 Traffic Control on High-Speed Motorways ...... (3) Promotion ofInvestigation of Special Types of Crimes...... 57 87 (1) Systematical Control and Improvement of Safety Facilities ...... 87 (4) Promotion ofInternational Investigation ...... " 57 (2) Speedy Guiding and Control Activities ...... (5) Appropriate Response to New-Type Crimes...... 58 87 (6) Promotion of Scientific Identification . . . • ...... 58 Chapter vn Maintenance of Public Safety ...... " 88 (7) Fostering ExcelIent Investigators and Their Command Ability ...... , ...... 59 1. Intensificatior. of Esplonage Activ!ties ...... 88 i 2. Violent Ultra-Leftist Groups Oriented to Full-Scale Terrorist and Guerrilla Activities Chapter V Maintaining Safe Living Conditions and a Clean Environment ...... 60 1. Controlling Stimulant Cases a'(~d Narcotic Cases...... 60 I (i)' . G~~~;~ Tr~~d 'o'f'Vi~i;n't 'm~;~-~fti~t'G;~~~s' : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :': : : : 88 88 (1) Consi!;tent Increase of Stimulant Abuse...... 60 (2) Guerrilla Activities Centered on Narita Struggle Become More Sophisticated .. . (2) I 89 Accidents and Crimes Related to Methamphetamine Abuse ...... 61 (3) Heinous Intra-Faction Struggles Still Continue ...... 89 (3) Tightening of the Measures Against Stimulants...... 62 I (4) Japanese Red Army Still Firmly Keeps Armed Struggle Policy ...... I 3. 89 (4) Control of Narcotic Offenders...... 63 Japan Communist Party Aims at Establishment of "Democratic Coalition 2. Control on Guns. , ...... 64 I Government" in 1980s ...... 89 I, (1) Licensed Guns and Its Control at Present ...... 64 , ! (1) Pouring Ail the Efforts into Expanding Party Strength ...... 89 (2) The Situation of Crimes with Guns ...... 65 , (2) Pushing Forward Its Own United Front Movement ...... 90 (3) Control on Gunpowder ...... • ...... 65 (3) International Solidarity Activities Aiming at Enhancing Image of "Self-Reliance 3. Measures to Protect the Deteriorating Public Morals .... '...... " 66 and Independence"...... 90 (1) Control of Business Affecting Public Morals ...... 66 I, 4. Mass Movements in Diversified Modes ...... " 90 (2) 66 I Control of Obscenity and Prostitution ...... '...... ! (1) "Narita Struggle" ...... " 90 (3) Offenses relating to Races under Public Management ...... " 67 (2) "Anti-Nuclear Power Plant Struggle" ...... 91 4. Control of Economic Offenses ...... 67 (3) "Anti-War, Anti-Military Base Struggle" ...... " 91 (1) Fraudulent Trade of Real Estate...... • ...... 67 'I (4) "Sayama Struggle" ...... 91 (2) Sophisticated and Vicious Loan Sharking ...... 67 5. 6. Labor Movement Under Severe Economic Conditions ...... " 91 (3) Deteriorating International Economic Offenses...... 67 J Intensification of the Rightist Activities with Crisis-Mindedness ...... 92 (4) Other Economic Offenses ...... • ...... 68 1 (1) Intensified Criticism and Protest Activities Against the Government and the 5. PolIution Crime Control...... 68 Ruling Party ...... " 92 (1) Control of Environmental Offenses...... 68 (2) Strengthened Anti-Soviet Activities in the Upheaval of Northern Territory (2) Complaints Increasing...... •...... 68 Return Movement ...... 92 6. Control of Public Health and Hygiene Offenses. . . • ...... 68 (3) Activation of Confrontation with Leftist Groups and Many Unlawful Incidents. 7. 92 7. Control of Dangerous Materials ...... '. 69 Imperial Escort and Security Guard Service ...... 92 (1) Imperial Escort ...... 92 Chapter VJ[ Traffic Safety and Police Activities...... 70 (2) Security Guard ...... 1. Traffic Situation ...... " ...... " 70 93

f '. _.... - ~- \\ 1 \ I \ . Chapter I General View of the Public 94 \ ; 94 Chapter WI Disast~r.s~ Accidents, and Police Activi~i.~: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : \; Ord.er Situation 1 Anti-Disaster Act1V1ttcs ...... E h k s . 94 l' !. • (1) Promot~on of Measures tAo p~ep:~:~t~;:r:~~1:r;:un~u:h~p;i~~' C~l;t~;S' : . 94 ti (2) Promotion of Measures gatns . . . . '. .." ... . 94 (3) Major Natural Disasters and Pollce ActIvttIes ...... : : : : : ...... 1. Characteristics of the Situa­ nighest level to date of financial institution rob­ 95 beries and the frequent appearance of new types 2 Crowd Control Activities ...... 95 r tion of crimes sue!"! as stranger-to-stranger assaults, . (1) General Crowd Control ...... : : : : : : : : : : : 95 II.!. computer crimes such as cash dispenser (CD) (2) Control Activities at P~blic ~a~: Courses ...... : : : : : ... , ...' ... . 95 (1) Juvenile Delinquency as an Extremely Worri­ card offenses and international crimes. 3. Various Accidents and Pollee ActlVlttes ...... ; , ..•... 95 some Issue (1) Accidents at Sea, in Rivers, etc...... •...... • ~ : : ...... 97 \i Juvenile delinquency remained in its third (4) Crime Syndicates Enter a New Phase (2) Mountaineering Accidents ...... , . . 97 .'. strongest wave in the postwar period, and the A new era opened when the don of the Yama­ number of juveniles whom police processed as guchi-gumi, Japan's largest and most extensive (3) Accidents Resulting from Leisure Sports ..... , ...... : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ : 97 nI! (4)' Aircraft Accidents ...... 11 delinquents (in violation of the Criminal Law crime syndicate, died in July. Although the family 99 only) amounted to around 253,000. This figure ex­ appeared calm on the surface, some signs of inter­ (5) Ship Accidents ...... , ... : •.. '.... : : : ~ : : : : : : : : ::. 99 11! ceeded the highest record since the end of the nal struggle for succession as well as strife with (6) Fires ...... ·································· •. 99 11 war, which was reached in the previous year, and other families were seen, (7) Explosions ...... ··································:::: .. t: 99 j represented 52 percent of all offenders of the (8) Gas Blow-offs in Coal Mines ...... '.' ..... " ...... Criminal Law whom police processed (including (5) Traffic Accidents Show Moderate Increase 1 100 minors who are not subject to criminal punish­ The number of reported traffic accidents in 1981 1"1.. t IX Support for Police Function ...... ',' ..... , ..... , 100 J 'L-Uap er ...... , ... . ment). was 485,000, causing 8,719 deaths and some 606,000 1 Police Personnel...... • ...... 100 l In particular, delinquency at an early stage, in­ injuries. Though the death toll declined by 41 . (1) Prescribed Strength ...... ," ...... ~ . .. 100 Iid cluding cases of shoplifting, vehicle theft and the from the previous year's level, both accidents and (2) Recruitment ...... ··· ." ...... '...... 101 II like, increased 2.7 times in the past 10 years, and injured have been persistently increasing in num­ 11 the number"of delinquents in that category rose to ber since 1978. (3) Training and Education ...... ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: 101 I ')1 percent of that of all juvenile criminal offen­ I (4) Service ...... ···························· 101 I ders. One characteristic of delinquency was a (6) Still Active Espionage ~ 2. Budget ...... ···································::::::::: ~ :. 102 j lowering trend in juvenile offenders' age, while an Espionage within Japan is ever active. In par­ 3 Equipment...... 102 1 increase in vicious and violent delinquency such ticular, North Korean espionage aimed at our . (1) Vehicles ...... '...... , .. '.' ...... : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :. 102 1 as "stranger-to-stranger" assaults, violence at country and, using Japan as a relay base, at (2) Boats...... ·.·······························...... 102 !l school, etc., was conspicuous. South Korea was being actively deployed, and (3) Atrcraft ...... ············· , .•...... 103 three cases including the "Hyuga case" were dis­ \1 (2) Stimulant Abuse which has Become a So<;ial closed in 1981. 4. Computer Operations ...... ~. ·U· ... 't'R~ie~~~~e'R;~~~S~~ ...... , 103 Problem (1) Immediate Processing Serv.ice lor rgen ..• ::...... 103 (2) Driver's Licensing Streamllned ...... , .. : ...,' . . . . . 103 The number of stimulant offenders processed by (7) Gangs of Reckless Drivers Gain in Power 11 police in 1981 amounted to as many as 22,000, a Gangs of reckless drivers were forced to reduce (3) Introductio,n of an Automatic Fi!)gerprint Scanntng System .. ,. : : : ~ : : : :: : : :: 103 10.6 percent rise compared to the figure of the pre­ the frequency of their gatherings and runs by pow­ 5 Communication ...... ',' ...... '... , 103 jl vious year. Stimulant abuse has a strong tenden­ erful police controls and actions taken by the au­ . (1) Policing and Communi~ati~n ... , .' .. , ...... : : : : : : : :.: : : :: : : : : . . . .. 104 cy of penetrating wide segments of the public. thorities concerned, but expanded their influence (2) Disasters and Commumcatlon-...... 104 11 Juvenile stimulant offenses were conspicuous in nevertheless. Both the number of their groups and (3) International Technology.Exchange ; ...... : : : : ..... ; . . .. 104 p,j terms of an increase in number and 2,600 juve­ size of their membership exceeded the levels of 6. Management of Police J~il SJy~tleSm t' ••••..•••••.• : : : : : : : :.: : .••••••••••.• ,. 104 J niles were processed by the police in 1981, com­ the previous year. Much inter-group strife and (1) Present State ofPohce a~ ys .em ...... , .... ; ...... , 104 prising 11.7 percent of all processed offenders for cases of assault upon outsider vehicles were ob­ such crimes (a 26.8 percent increase over the pre­ served. (2) Measures to Improve pollee Jad System ..... : .... : '. . ' . . 104 rl( vious year's level). Not a few serious crimes in­ 7. Studies to Introduce Scientific Te~hnolo~ into pohc.e,ActlVltles : : :: :: :: : : : : : : :: 104 tl cluding murder and arson, and traffic accidents, search at the Scientific Pollee Institute ...... '.' .: . t·· Scho'ol 105 ~i' (1) Re f h P r C mmumca lon •...... caused by stimulant abusers were reported, and (2) Studies at the Research Division 0 teo lee 0 , , I !J the Issue of stimulant abuse has developed into a 2. Pressing Countermeasures grave social problem. '\ 106 II 11 List of Graphs and Tables ... , ...... , ...... , ...' ...... • ',' '.' ... . 1 ~ I (3) Appearance of New Types of Crime Juvenile delinquency seems to per~ist among In 1981, boosted by the highest recorded post­ the young and, in fact, is beccming more com­ war level of reported theft cases, the total figure mon. In terms of type, not only primitive delin­ l~ of reported criminal statute offense cases was as quency at an early stage but also a large number high as some 1,463,000, the third largest figure of cases of school violence, crimes by violent hot­ I!,,I (following 1948 and 1949) since the end of the war. rod gangs, thinner and drug abuse, sexual mis­ "t Characte_rist1~ Jendencies of these crimes are the behavior and the like are seen. Further extensive lJ:1 11 1\ 1- II .i !\ J I U ~---~-~------~

(5) Plans to Prevent Traffic ACCidents and P stimulant abuse is an issue of concern, because covering protection and guidance of juveril}(~s, con-­ gra~s Concerning Driver's License A'd . ~o- (6) Measures to Check Illegal Act' crime syndicates are becoming more and more in­ sultation and advisory. services for juveniles, dis­ tratIon mmIS- Violent Extreme Leftist G IOns by Any volved in smuggling and illicit sales of the sub­ banding of delinquent groups, cleaning out ele­ The third five-year pI t . Round Up All Offenders roups and to stances. In addition, shutting down sources is not ments destructive to public morals, etc., will be safety faCilities Which staa~ dO. organize. traffic VIOlent intra-faction fights b easy as secret production of the drugs is con­ carried out energetically. At the same time, to­ year will be im Ie r e III the 1981 fiscal cases of " . . y extreme leftists conditions, to c~rrmented so as to. improve traffic . VICIOUS terrorIsm Such . ' ducted abroad. gether with families, schools and local commu­ cidents, arson and vandalis . as bomb In- Vicious crimes by drug abusers may also often nities, the police will push measures to eliminate education and PUShY fout systematIC traffic safety orward selectively g . d ment faCilities etc as well ~s ~~ aIrp~rts, govern­ be observed. As for the crime situation, it is esti­ causal elements of juvenile delinquency by culti­ and enforcement of traffic laws. Ul ance will be prevented -, guerrIlla" actions mated that the new types of crime, such as finan­ vating a sense of norms among juveniles, their In order to redUce the bl' cial institution robbery, computer crime, interna­ ties with hooligans, creating a more moral envi­ license will be issued P~h IC burden, a driver's e tional crime, etc., will continue to increase. In the ronment, etc. and the window dealin;:'.th l~ay of application, (7) O.btaining Detailed Information on th E remain open seven da s I Icense renewal will A pIOn.age Situation and Apprehending s.e s- field of crime syndicates, as the syndicates which . s eSpIOnage is planned and or . pIes cover wide areas such as the Yamaguchi-gumi (2) Tightening of Countermeasures Regarding Simplified orientation Ycou~s:see\ Furthermore, ~Ign governmental organizations ga~~~d .by for­ face the passing of a generation, it is feared that Stimulants people with no record of accide~s ~~ne:val . for ucted totally under cover a mo~itori IS con­ numbers of violent fights involving struggles for Based upon the "general plan of extensive inves­ are being prepared Oth . VIOlatIOns . . er Improvements su h Sh?Uld be reinforced to obt~in full inf ng ts~stem sovereignty may take place. As for white-collar tigation of stimulant and narcotic offenses" speCIal classes for drivers wI'II b d . ' . c as SpIes. orma IOn on crimes, based upon excer,sive competition among worked out in June, 1981, the pOlice will promote , e eVIsed. contractors who are suffering as a result of a slow­ an extensive and organized investigation to down in public investment, not a few cases of cor­ achieve waterfront apprehenSion of stimulant ruption can be expected. smugglers and break up smuggling and illicit In terms of public security, extreme leftist sales setups. The police plan to foster a social at­ groups are believed to be developing their covert mosphere which rejects stimulant drug abuse and military organizations by taking up the "Na­ through exhaustive public relations activities with rita struggle," anti-nuclear movement, anti-war the message that stimulant abu~e not only harms and military base struggle, etc., as current major the user's health physically and m~ntally, but issues. They are expected to step up their terror­ also causes heavy damage to his society. ist and guerrilla tactics on a full scale, while bru­ tal intra-faction fights may take place. The Japa­ (3) Further Investigative Activities Responding nese Red Army group will focus its efforts on to the Changing Criminal Situation propaganda to expand and strengthen its base Based upon the "outline of comprehensive mea­ both at home and abroad in order to achieve a sures to strengthen the criminal police function" "Japanese revolution in the 1980s," and at the worked out in 1980, a number of measures to same time may venture into terrorist operations. strengthen that function, such as introduction of Espionage activities in Japan are, under the in­ an automatic fingerprint scanning system, will be fluence of the acute confrontation between the pushed. east and west camps, thought to be developing ac­ As for computer crime, a current issue, studies tively. of legal and practical problems as wen as counter­ The Japanese Communist Party is seen taking measures and training of specialized investigators up the task of expanding its strength at any cost are being conducted. As for financial institution for the purpose of victories in the next national robbery, so-called stranger-to-stranger crimes, election and promoting once again the idea of a etc., effective apprehenSion of offenders at the "democratic united government." Right-wingers scene of the crime is expected. are increasing aggressively their activities in rela­ tion to constitutional issues, the northern territory (4) Imposing Stricter Controls Upon the Yama­ problem, defense, etc., and are feared to be plan­ guchi-gumi and Intensification of Controls ning illegal actions against left-wingers and other Over Sokaiya political party leaders. With the Yamaguchi-gumi as a priority, the po­ As for the road traffic situation, these past lice are trying to disband extended syndicate years the number of reported accidents has been "families." For this purpose, all the police author­ , increasing moderately. The pubHc demar,d for a ities in Japan are cooperating in enforcing laws smooth flow of traffic and for curbs on environ­ continuously, arresting and isolating the bosses mental ill effects caused by traffic will be increas­ and lieutenants, and fostering an atmosphere ingly voiced. Under these circumstances, the po­ which rejects violence, among local residents. lice authorities are scheduled to implement sev­ In October, 1982, the revised articles of the Com­ eral programs in the short term. mercial Law which stipulates the ejection of sokaiya will come into force, and the sokaiya will (1) Promotion of Comprehensive Programs to be put under surveillance. BUSiness enterprises Prevent Juvenile Delinquency will also be placed under stronger administrative In close cooperation with other authorities and guidance. related organizations, a comprehensive program

-2- -3- campaigns and various other CampaIgns for the Chapter II For Sound Development of ~ound development of youths by the Prime Min­ Graph 2-2 Chan'gein Juvenile ,ste:'s Office in addition to the enforcement of the Delinquency (1972-1981) Ordmance for Youth Protection and Development Juveniles and a Society Without and the revision of the Act to Control Businesses Affecting Public Morals. (1.000 per~ons) 260 Delinquency The third wav.e is still raging today. Although Japan has achIeved economic affluence com­ pa~able. to that of America or Europe as a result of ItS hIgh-growth policy, the people have lost a 240 1. Current Situation of Juvenile The first wave covered a period in which juve­ s.ense of social unity; the number of nuclear fami­ nile misdemeanors increased sharply against a lles has increased; the people have diversified val­ Delinquency background of social confusion and poverty in the ues; an easygoing pleasure-seeking climate has 220 spread among y?~ths lacking in self-control. Envi­ lUI'enile delinqucnl~, including immediate postwar years. This wave, however, tho~e under age 14 ' subsided as police activities for juveniles became ronmental condItIOns conducive to juvenile mis­ (1) Outline of juvenile delinquency more firmly based, and as economic conditions demeanors are widespread today. 200 A. Postwar change in juvenile delinquency were improved and stabilized. It should be noted that juvenile misdemeanors The number of juveniles who were given lec­ The second wave rose against a background of have spre~d to youths of younger ages and to tures by the police and the population ratio change in social structure conducive to juvenile tho~e of mIddle-class families. In addition to such 180 - (Notes) after the end of World War II, as shown misdemeanors, including the progress of urbaniza­ begmner-type misdemeanors as shoplifting and bi­ in Graph 2-1, are characterized by the first wave tion, the concentration of population in urban ~ycle thefts, such violent acts as highway speed­ mg and .assault on teachers and classmates have which reached a peak. in 1951, the second wave areas, and the spread of a pleasure-seeking cli­ f 1"0 which reached a peak in 1964, and the third wave mate, all caused by rapid economic growth. This sharply mcreased in recent years. There is also a which began to rise in the latter half of the de­ wave was brought under control as the police and ji marked increase in random and impulsive of­ cade 1965-74. citizens joined hands in promoting anti-violence fenses such as "street slashing" by youths of J young age. The trend of juvenile misdemeanors in 140 I the past ten years is shown in Graph 2-2. Graph 2-1 Change in the Number of Juveniles Lectured by Police for Violation of Notes. The population ratio is the number of Main Penal Laws and Population Ratio (1949-1981) yo~ths who were given lectures by the 120 pollce per 1,000 persons in the same age bracket. (1.000 persons) (Persons) 100 B. Out1in~ of Juvenile Delinquency in 1981 (a) Juvem]es comprise more than half of those arrested for criminal offenses. 80 . The number of juvenile delinquents who were gIven I~ctllres by the police during 1981 (Notes) is Shown. m Tabl~ 2~1. The number of juveniles who 60 commItted cnmmal acts (ages 14-19) totaled ISO 16 1~4,902, an increase of 18,829 <11.3%) from the pre­ VIOUS year. It was an aU-time high in the postwar years ~OlJowing 1980. The number of juveniles who 40 140 Persolls--_J 15 v: commItte~ criminal acts (Under age 14) totaled C 6?,906, an Increase of 14,023 (26.0%) from the pre­ v:'" I- 130 c:t 14 VIOUS year.. Consequently, the number of juveniles who commItted cl'Iminal acts, inclUding those un­ 120 13 ~er age Jtl, accounted for 52% of all arrested dur­ mg 1981. This means that more than half- of those arr.ested (or those Who were given lectures by the -. :> 77 '711 '7Q '80 '111 110 12 pollce) were juveniles.

100 Graph 2-3 Shows the number of juveniles and 11 ~hat of aduI~s who haVe committed criminal acts m the past fIve years. 90- Notes. JUvenile delinquents are claSSified as fol­ 10 lows: graph .1, Item 2 of the JUVenile Act) 80 - (1) JUveniles who have committed criminal (3) ~UVen~les ~nder 20 years of age likely to acts (ages 14-19) (Article 3, Paragraph commIt :l'lminal acts or to Violate a e­ 1, Item 1 of the J4venile Act) nal law In the future jUdging from th~ir (2) Juveniles who have committed criminal ~haracter and present condUct (Article acts (under age 14) (Article 3, Para- A'c~aragraPh 1, Item 3 of the JUvenile

-4- -5- Graph 2·4 ° Composition Ratio of Juvenile Table 2-1 The Number of Juveniles Lectured by Police (1980,1981) Graph 2-5 Com °to' R ° DelInquents by Age (1981) • POSI IOn aho of Juvenile Year Increase Rate of Delmquents Attending or Not Attendin 1980 1981 or increase or Age 19 School (1981) g decrease decrease Division (persons) (%) Not employed 17.745 (7.0%>+ Juvenile delinquents Offenders of penal laws (persons) 166,073 184,902 18,829 11.3 Offenders of special laws 36,027 35,030 - 997 - 2.8 Juvenile delinquents under age 14 Penal laws 53,883 67,906 14,023 26.0 Special laws 768 845 77 10.0 Juveniles likely to commit a crime 5,252 4,922 - 330 - 6.3 Involuntary manslaughters and injuries relating to traffic accidents 49,813 51,107 1,294 2.6 Violation of the Road Traffic Act Age 14 and other laws (cases) 1,422,88~ 1,533,136 110,254 7.7 47.424 Age IS Note: The figures of juvenile delinquents, both those ages 14-20 and those under age 46.74S 08.5%) Middle school 14, in the above table were obtained by subtracting the number of juveniles lec­ 116.972 tured by the police for involuntary manslaughters and injuries relating to traf­ (46.3%) fic accidents from the respective totals of these age br~ekets. Graph 2-3 Change in the Number of Juvenile Delinquents, Including Those under Age 14, and Adult Offenders of Penal Laws (1977-1981) Table 2-2 JUvenile Delinquents by Age (J.OOO persons) (1977-1981) 3oo Year Division 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Under age 10 9,617 10,232 Graph ° 2-6 Composition Ratio of Juve .... ile 2oo 9,887 10,778 9,598 (Index) (100) (106) (103) DelInquents by Type of Crime (19B1) Age 11 3,733 4,258 (112) (100) 4,658 5,751 6,029 __ Adult offenders of penal laws (100) (114) (25) (154) (162) Felonious crime 2.393 <0.9%) loo 12 6,720 7,759 Seizure of lost 8,058 121,011 14,693 (00) (115) (20) proflerty [ OtheJl; 8.998 (3.6%) (79) (219) !--'-..,--~ 13 15,267 18,669 19,078 25,343 37,586 o (00) (22) (125) (166) (246) 14 23,929 27,660 31,573 37,023 47,424 (00) (116) (132) (55) (198) 100 _ Juvenile delinqu.ents 15 27,649 32,665 34,635 43,218 46,745 (100) (118) (125) (56) (69) 16 25,542 30,234 31,364 35,469 41,225 200 (00) (118) (123) 17 (39) (61) - Juvenile delinquents under 14 18,057 20,844 20,380 (100) (115) 22,689 23,305 (113) (126) (129) 18 13,724 14,344 300 14,546 16,237 15,524 (100) (105) 1977 (06) (118) (113) 19 10,298 1I,054 10,610 11,437 10,679 (100) (07) (03) OIl) (104) Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Division Larceny 166,073 184,902 197.397 (1) Juvenile delinquents (persons) 119,199 136,801 143,158 (78.1%) (2) Juvenile delinquents under 14 35,337 40,918 41,681 53,883 67,906 Table 2-3 . Population Ratio of Juvenile (1)+(2) 154,536 177,719 184,839 219,956 252,808 Index 100 115 120 142 164 Delmquents by Age (1981) (3) Adult offenders of penal laws 243,945 244,941 224;968 226;040 233,260 Division Age 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Index 100 100 92 93 96 Population ratio 3.1 7.8 20.225.832.5 22.914.0 9.5 (1) + (2) / (1) +(2) +(3) (%) 38.8 42.0 45.1 49.3 52.0 6.7

-6- -7- Graph 2~7 Change in the Number of Juvenile Delinquents by Type of Crime Table 2-5 (1972-1981) Juvenile Delinquents by Type of Violent Crime '(1980, 1981)

{Index} (Index) Type Assembly Total 1 800 Year with Assault Injury Intimi~ Seizure oJlQst / (persons) weapons Extortion property "/ 1980 dation 23,418 220 Composition 1,681 7,633 9,068 206 y/. 700 ratio 100.0 4,830 1981 7.2 32.6 38.7 0.9 28,469 2,576 20.6 ,Composition ratio 8,918 10,415 202 6,358 100.0 9.1 200 600 Increase or decrease (persons) 31.3 36.6 0.7 22.3 /!,.""n, 5,051 895 Ratio of increase or decrease (%) 1,285 1,347 - 4 1,528 21.6 53.2 / ), 16.8 14.9 1.9 31.6 180 // 500

160 / / /~"" Total 400 / • ~' number Table 2-6 Juvenile Delinquents by Method of Larceny (1980, 1981) / " Violent crime 140 /:..~,/ 300 Year 1980 // > 1981 Increase or Method Composition Composition Rate of ratio decrease increase or 120 --/ h" / 200 - ratio (persons) --,-- ~- L' - Total (persons) 172,842 decrease (%) --=------"-r-",,,- Shoplifting 100.0 197,397 100.0 .;.; / Oth 71,992 24,555 14.2 ----.:--~ -~----.." ",.---- ers 100 41.7 83,891 42.5 100 Motorcycle theft 26,504 11,899 16.5 --_~-"L-_ Bicycle theft 15.3 32,539 16.5 '...... ___ ' 24,717 6,035 22.8 '--- -_/ --../ Felonious crime 14.3 26,629 13.5 Automobile theft 5,728 1,912 7.7 3.3 5,784 2.9 80 Sneak-thieving 5,523 56 L 3.2 5,835 3.0 1.0 Shop robbing 2,788 312 5.6 1.6 3,404 1.7 Schoolhouse robbing 2,023 616 22.1 -----~ 1.2 2,669 1.3 60 Warehouse robbing 1,242 646 31.9 Stealing-in 0.7 1,517 0.8 870 275 22.1 Others 0.5 954 0.5 1972 1981 31,455 84 9.7 18.2 34,175 17.3 2,720 8.6

Year 1972 Division 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Graph 2-8 Juveniles by Type of Total number (persons) 136,980 146,957 151,631 152,382150,164 154,536 177,719 184,839 219,956 252,808 C. 'Misconduct by Juveniles in 1981 Felonious crime Misconduct (1981) 3,108 2,736 2,648 2,555 2,126 2,008 2,005 2,104 2,299 2,393 Notes. The "~isconduct" juvenile is a juvenile Violent crime 20,625 21,552 21,758 21,922 19,330 19,588 19,316 18,637 23,418 28,469 who dId ~ot commit any criminal act Larceny 103,451 111,529 116,863 116,849 116,838 119,805 140,611 146,469 172,842 197,397 Seizure of lost property bu.t w.as gIven a lecture by the pOlice for 1,987 3,021 3,203 3,712 4,489 6,067 7,706 9,502 12,582 15,551 Drugnhu'ic drmkmg, smoking, disappearance from Others 7,809 8,119 7,159 7,344 7,381 7,068 8,081 8,127 8,815 8,998 20.1O.1(1.1~;) Di'tappearancc home, or other misconduct. Note: The seizure of lost property is indicated by the inpex on the right side. fromhonw ~ 2h.9SO(2.2%) Un'i{)und (2) Various types of juvenile delinquency .amuscmenr -- -__ J4.212 (2.'l"O' . JUvenile mis~emeanors today can be claSSified mto the followmg categories: the violence-type the ,begi.nner-type, and the curiosity-type. ' Table 2-4 Juvenile Delinquents by T~e of Felonious Crime (1980, 1981) T~e VIOlence-type of misdemeanor is committed a~amst others with frustration· as its direct or in­ \ Type Total dIrect. cause, as seen in highway speeding, vio­ " Year (persons) Murder Burglary Arson Rape lence. m schools and homes, and random street 1980 2,299 49 788 478 984 slashmg. Composition ratio 100.0 2.1 34.3 20.8 42.8 Th~ .beginner-type of misdemeanor includes 1981 2,393 60 779 527 1,027 shoplIftmg, bicycle or motorcycle thefts, and sei­ Composition ratio 100.0 2.5 32.6 22.0 42.9 zur~s of lost. property, which can be committed Increase or decrease (persons) 94 11 - 9 49 43 eaSIly for SImple motives. This type of mis­ Ratio of increase or decrease (%) 4.1 22.4 -1.1 10.3 4.4 \\ " demeanor has sharply increased in number in re­ ?ent :years, and c?ntains the danger Of inducing Juvemles to commIt more serious crimes. ,1 -8- -9-

, , ~ tlt~

!

1 November 1981 totaled 770 (40,629 persons), an in­ a grudge against the teacher, stole dyna­ crease of 16 groups (1,677 persons) from a year mite from a construction site, planted it earlier. The number of groups represented the sec­ in the teacher's car and blew it up. ond largest (817 in 1974), and the number of per­ (Miyazaki) Table 2-7 Highway Speeding. by Hotrodders (1977-1981) sons the largest ever. (Case 2) The 20 members of the "Yuetsukai," a (Case 1) The seven members of the "Arabian sub-organ of the "Mushikiba" hot­ 1981 Year 1978 1979 1980 \ Night" were speeding along a highway rodders group, had been extorting mon­ 1977 in two cars to celebrate the release of ey by threats from their school juniors 3,272 Division 2,700 2,004 3,661 their leader from a reformatory. Spot­ to show off their power and to seek 1,984 160,999 Group speeding (number of times) 291,539 134,006 240,063 ting a girl, 14, on their way, they took pleasures. They also instigated the ~30,000 109,955 72,364 Participants (total number o~ persons) 116,900 138,945 66,391 her forcibly into one of their cars and "Niwakubo Gurentai," juvenile Vehicles (total number of umts) raped her in a hotel. (Hyogo) delinquent group, whose members com­ (Case 2) When the 35 members of the "Hiryu prised graduates of their school, to I Rengo" were speeding along a highway "punish some impertinent teachers" I with another group of hotrodders in 30 and made them break school property demeanor has motives as simple as those of the cars, one motorist complained of their or commit violent acts against teachers. Table 2-8 Conflicts Among Groups of beginner type and causes little damage to others. conduct. Enraged, they overturned his (Osaka) Hotrodders (1977-1981) The problem is that this type o~ mis~e~eanor har­ car, hit two of the three passengers with (Case 3) There were differences of opinion bors the danger of ruining the Juvemle s own body wooden bars, breaking their ribs, and among students over the design of a Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 and mind. f . d meanors ran over the other one, .breaking his flag for a sports meet, and this dispute Division Although these three types 0 mlS e . right lower thighbone. (Ishikawa) developed into a confrontation among . ty of forms when they are commItted, ( Conflicts (num- take a vane . th t they are the teachers over the ideals of educa­ 69 46 58 85 77 they have something in comm?n m. a I, fi (b) Violence in schools tion. Some teachers boycotted their ber of cases) I' committed by juveniles lackmg m no:m con­ ! ii (Case 1) A middle school boy, 15, who had been classes or collectively refused to attend Hotrodders in- 3,962 2,561 ~ciousness and self-control as they come mto .con­ i volved (persons) 4,203 1,986 2,251 scolded by his teacher for quarrels with school. The school was temporarily tact with delinquent friends or harmful enVIron- I his classmates tinie and again and had closed. (Osaka) mental conditions. The curiosity-type of misdemeanor is com­ A. Violence-Type of Misdemeanor mitted by juveniles seeking temporary ple~SU~tes (a) Reckless driving . . ·tted by youthS out of sheer CUIlOSI y, or IS comml d b se Tl e number of groups of hotrodders llsted by as seen in girls' sexual miscondu~t or rug au. ~ the ~ouce throughout the nation as of the end of Table 2-10 Violence in Schools (1980, 1981) including thinner-sniffing. ThIS type of mlS Division Total number Middle school students High school students Number Number of Number Number Number of Number Number Number of Number Table 2-9 .Juvenile Hotrodders Lectured by police (1980, 1981) \ of juveniles of of juveniles of of juveniles of Year cases lectured Victims cases lectured victims cases lectured victims Increase or Rate of 1980 1,558 9,058 4,827 1,202 7,10B 3,837 356 1,950 9~0 I 243 1,606 Year increase or 19B1 2,085 10,468 4,444 1,842 8,862 3,820 624 1981 decrease I 1980 decrease (%) i Increase or decrease (persons) , 1,410 640 1,754 - 17 -113 - 344 - 366 i (persons) 527 -383 Type J, Rate of ihcrease or decrease (%) 33.8 15.6 - 7.9 ' 53.2 24.7 -0.4 -31.7 -17.6 . -37.0 -2,449 -22.8 Crime 10,751 8,302 Total (persons) -1,980 -25.1 Offenses of penal laws 7,891 5,911 Table 2-11 Cases of Violence Against Teachers (1977- 1981) Total -24.2 Felonious crime 320 - 102 422 -50.0 Sub-total 2 2 Year 4 -40.1 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Murder 106 71 Division 177 725.0 Burglary 4 33 29 Total number 58 -24.5 Arson 237 179 Number of cases 215 191 232 394 772 Rape Number of teachers assaulted 252 245 328 532 943 -27.1 {, Violent crime 3,769 -1,400 I Number of juveniles lectured 405 330 510 798 5,169 -19.1 1,612 Sub-total 55 13 Cases by middle school students 68 -27.8 Assault 1,323 509 Number of cases 193 174 211 372 1,832 -95.5 733 Injury 1 - 21 Number of teachers assaulted 221 22 1.6 226 304 503 905 Intimidation 254 4 Number of juveniles lectured 342 296 473 763 250 -39.8 1,542 Extortion 1,208 800 Cases by high school students 2,008 - 6.2 , Violent act 928 - 61 Number of cases 22 989 -12.5 17 21 22 34 Assembly with weapons 1,512 1,323 - 189 Number of teachers assaulted ' 31 19 24 29 38 266 -56.5 Larceny . 471 205 Number of juveniles lectured 63 34 37 35 70 23 - 7.3 Obstruction of official dutIes 317 294 469 -16.4 Others 2,860 2,391 -4,213 -13.3 Violation of special laws 31,643 27,430 -11- Likely to commit crime or misconduct

, ,\ -10- LI r~ 1 ni 1, ! 1 ! ! Ii 1 f : " B. Curiosity-Type of Misdemeanor (c) Violence in homes The ratio of juvenile delinquents. who were g~v­ 1 (a) Girls' sexual misconduct Drug abuse is increasing sharply. (Case) A high school boy, 15, who had been en lectures by the police for begmner-type mIS­ f (Case) Ten high schoo! girls, all of middle-class Table 2-20 shows juveniles who were given lec­ doing well until the second ye~r of demeanors to all juvenile delinquents. rose from tures by the pOlice in connection with drug abuse middle school, began to do poorly m the 42.1 % in 1972 to 61.0% in 1981, an. mcrease of families with their parents alive, know­ !: ing that some of their friends were sell­ during 1981. The number of juveniles who were third year and refused to attend school. nearly 20% in nine years. The be?mner-typ~ of ing themselves for money, formed a given lectures by the pOlice for drug abuse totaled When scolded by his mother f?r not misdemeanor is committed out of sI~ple motives Ii ring and repeatedly committed pro­ 2,575, a sharp increase of 544 (26.8%) from the pre­ studying hard, he began to use vIOlence by juveniles lacking in norm conscIOusne~s, and ,: stitution, and whiled away time in dis­ vious year. They accounted for 11.7% of all who against her, and even tried to stran~le can easily be committed in grouP? and. habItually. cos and coffee shops. They made it a were arrested for violation of the Stimulant Drugs her with an electric cor~l. I~ despair, It harbors the danger of inducing ]uvemles to com­ I, Control Act. I rule to request at least ¥20,000 in cash making up his mind to. kIll hIS son and mit various other serious crimes .. It is therefo~e ! ' l per act. (Kumamoto) (Case) A high school girl, 17, who disliked then commit suicide, hIS father st~ang­ urgently necessary to. prevent thIS type of mIS­ (b) Drug abuse school and had run away from home, led the boy with a leather cor.d whIle he demeanor from occurrmg. Thinner-sniffing is still widespread among juve­ met a gangster in a bowling alley. Tell­ was asleep. (Metropolitan PolIce Board) niles. ing her that it was a mediCine, the man Ii(, . Organic solvents such as thinner affect the func­ gave her a stimulant shot and raped f, tions of the brain, the nervous system and the in­ her. He later suggested that she could Table 2-12 Violence in Homes by Type (1981) t,i ternal organs, as well as having an anesthetic ef­ 'earn ¥30,000 for only two hours' work. 1.1 fect. She committed prostitUtion repeatedly " .i with gangsters. (Osaka) Attending or not Children, students \ attending Total Not High school number Middle Employed employed i.. , school school others ; of cases Total School ,! Type children students students 1 t Table 2-15 Parents' NurSing Attitudes (1981) Total number 1,194 845 38 476 290 41 81 268 I 1.1 Composition I I) Division ratio (%) 100.0 70.8 3.2 39.9 24.3 3.4 6.8 22.5 Fathers (Note) Mothers Violence only in Type Composition Composition homes (a) 507 326 23 149 127 27 47 134 !i ratio (%) Ii ratio (%) t~. I Total number Icomposition 979 100.0 1,136 ratio (%) 42.5 27.3 1.9 12.5 10.6 2.3 3.9 11.2 Excessive protection 110 100.0 i Excessive interference 11.2 286 2.5.2 Violence in homes + 72 7.4 refusal to attend 8 139 90 5 1 1 ~'I Doting 249 21.9 244 242 ~ ! 51 5 Noninterference 5.2 169 14.9 school Composition J 382 39.0 (b) ratio (%) 20.3 0.7 11.6 7.5 0.4 j Normal 185 16.3 20.4 I 161 16.4 Violence in homes + ~ Stern 157 13.8 ~ 94 9.6 26 misconduct, misde- 333 174 4 124 38 8 32 127 Rejection 50 2.3 Others 5.1 34 3.0 meanors Composition ~ 43 4.4 (C) ratio (%) 27.9 14.6 0.3 10.4 3.2 0.7 2.7 10.6 \ ~ Unknown 22 1.9 16 1.7 8 (a)+(b)+ (c) 110 103 3 64 35 1 1 6 /1 0.7 \COmpOSitiOn Note: The total number of "Fathers" does not include 215 fathers in mother-Children ratio (%) 9.2 8.6 0.3 5.4 2.9 0.5 'I families.families, and that of "Mothers" does not include 58 mothers in father-children .!fl 11 I! Table 2-13 Targets of Violence in Table 2-14 Forms of Violence in N Homes (1981) Homes (1981) Jl 11 Table 2-16 Violence in Homes by Cause and Motive (1981) Number of persons Number of persons < I Ii Composition Composition i 11 Division ratio (%) Division ratio (%) tl Number of persons Total number 1,194 100.0 Total number 1,194 100.0 1) Cause, motive Composition ratio (%) Mothers 740 62.0 Destruction of properties 264 22.1 1:.1 Total number Fathers 194 16.2 Simple violent acts 11 Repulsion to par('nts' home discipline 1,194 100.0 Brothers or sisters 34 2.8 (beating, kicking, etc.) 78565.7 f I Accused of misdemeanors 548 45.9 Other members of family 72 6.0 Violent acts and threats i ! lJ As parents refused to purchase what children wanted 215 18.0 Properties 141 11.8 with weapons 58 4.9 I Without particular reason 188 15.7 Others 13 1.1 Injuries requiring medical '< d Scolded for not studying hard for entrance examination 129 10.8 treatment 58 4.9 II Unknown 79 6.6 others 29 2.4 f I 11 35 3.0 LI II -12- It J ! -13 - ~l [I' I !I , I , --~-

Table 2-17 Girls Lectured for Sexual Misconduct (1980, 1981) Graph 2.9 Change in the Number of Juveniles Lectured for Beginner·Type .. Attending or not Students, children Misdemeanors and the Number of Those Lectured for attending Total Elementary Middle High Employed Not school number Other Types of Misdemeanors (1972.1981) (persons) Total school school school University Others employed Year children students students students 1980 8,105 4,869 10 1,617 2,989 57 196 1,228 2,008 Composition ratio (0.;,) 100.0 60.1 0.1 20.2 36.9 0.7 2.4 15.2 24.7 1981 8,562 5,136 7 1,822 :3,023 48 236 1,213 2.213 Composition ratio (%) 100.0 60.0 0.1 21.3 35.3 0.6 2.7 14.2 25.8 Increase or decrease (persons) 457 267 - 3 205 34 - 9 40 -15 205 Rate of Increase or decrease (00) 5.6 5.5 -30.0 12.7 l.l -15.8 20.4 -1.2 10.2

Note:

Juveniles lectured for

Table 2-18 Chances and Motives of Girls' Sexual Misconduct (1980, 1981) Juveniles lectured for other types of misdemeanors Year 1980 1981 Increase or Rate of Number of Composition Number of Composition decrease increase or Chance and motive persons ratio (%) persons ratio (%) (persons) decrease (%) 1972 Total number 8,105 100.0 8,562 100.0 457 5.6 ~ Voluntarily Total 3,883 47.9 4,316 50.1 433 5.6 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Out of curiosity 2,836 35.0 2,207 25.8 -629 -22.2 Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Division Wanted money for (1) Juveniles lectured for biginner- 80,662 85,985 100,362 112,777 pleasures 275 3,4 270 3.2 - 5 - 1.8 58,099 58,111 61,082 65,746 type misdemeanors 42,429 51,921 Liked a particular (nllmber of cases) boy 207 2.6 1,180 12.9 901 435.3 43.006 43,243 49.584 55,149 Itenl 27,723 33,864 31,711 33.585 35,575 22,558 16,175 18,919 23.086 27.350 Liked having sex 73 0.9 384 4.5 311 426.0 Shoplifting 11,320 10.920 11.851 11,612 12,209 Motorcycle thefts 9,408 15,lll 15.941 17,647 18,259 Out of poverty 1 0.0 23 0.3 22 2,200.0 10.775 11,538 12,195 12,965 9.079 10.659 6,370 . 7,882 10,045 12,019 Bicycle thefts 2,540 3,011 3,690 4.997 In despair 5 0.1 116 1.4 III 2,220.0 Seizures of lost properties 1,384 2.219 53,453 56,139 57,173 65.711 72,125 Others 486 5.9 208 2.4 -278 -57.2 (2) Juveniles lectured for other 58,422 56,290 57,354 58,671 54,546 types of misdemeanors 55.2 59.0 60.1 60.4 61.0 Seduced 42.1 48.0 50.3 49.7 52.8 (1) / (1)+(2) (%) Total 3,946 48.7 3,979 46.5 33 0.8 Out of curiosity 3,157 39.0 2,956 34.5 -201 - 6.4 Wanted money for pleasures 307 3.8 565 6.6 258 84.0 C. Other Misdemeanors Asked to have sex shows the reasons and motives of 15,078 juveniles with another boy 5 0.1 135 1.6 130 2,600.0 (a) Disappearance from home who disappeared from home and were plact:!d in The number of juveniles who ran away from Others 477 5.8 323 3.8 -154 -32.3 the custody of the police during. the 1981 spring Deceived 171 2.1 165 1.9 home and were placed in the custody of the police and autumn campaigns to locate and shelter run- - 6 - 3.5 during 1981 totaled 58,224, almost the same as that Threatened 59 0.7 70 0.8 11 18.6 aways. of the previous year. Of these, 16-year-olds totaled Of the juveniles who were placed in the custody Others 46 0.6 32 0.4 - 14 30.4 11,129 (19.1%), the largest single age group, fol­ of the police during these campaigns, one in every lowed by 15-year-olds and 14-year-olds. Combined, 10 (one in every siX: in the' case of boys) had com­ these three age groups accounted for more than mitted a misdemeanor, and one in ~very 22 (one half of the total. While the number of those in in every 13 in the case of girls) had become vic­ each age group over 15 showed a decrease from tims of various crimes. the previous year, the number of those from age (Case) Two middle school girls, both 15, who 12 to age 14 increased by 2,537 (17.3%). Table 2-22 -15-

-14- 1 c r~\ \ n \! I I.:

!,

1 Table 2-19 Chemicals Used by Juveniles for Sniffing (1981) . tIj ,. Chan e in the Number of luveniles Lectured for Drug Abuse II Graph 2-10 U Chemical Total g (1972-1981) -I number Toluene Thinner Glue Paint Others 'j (Index) " 5,479 25,589 10,,504 1,161 r11 Number of persons 43,536 803 I [,1, Composition 170 100.0 12.6 58.8 24.1 2.7 1.8 t -1 ratio (%) i, I 1 150 I ) I [j Table 2-20 Juveniles Lectured for Havmg or Using Stimulant ~ Total 'number t1 Drugs (1980, 1981) " Employed ( n Attending or Students 100L~------I!I-~~.5~~~~::""'r--_=-~_~-_---..----'" not attending Middle High " '",,- ' school Total Total school school University Others Employed Not ',,- .// 'j" Year number students students students employed '/ 1980 High school students ~ Total number 1 2,031 l\ i of persons 184 53 97 10 24 790 1,057 l ,~ Males 1,393 84 16 51 7 10 628 681 J 50 :l Females 638 100 37 46 3 14 162 376 1981 Total number 3°L---~-----r----T---~----II--I-q7-7-r--lq-78~~I=q7--q-r~1:98:0~\-~:19:81~ of persons 2,575 216 54 127 11 24 1,039 1,320 1972 . , Males 1,726 99 20 59 10 10 805 820 I Females 849 117 34 68 1 14 234 498 Increase or decrease Total number 544 32 1 30 1 0 249 263 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 of persons (26.8) (17.4) (1.9) (30.9) (10.0) (0.0) (31.9) (24.9) Division ~ Males 333 15 4 8 3 0 177 141 32,578 39;615 40,433 45,161 43,536 36,054 16,220 21,137 36,968 37,046 (23.9) (17.9) (25.0) (15.7) (42.9) (0.0) (28.2) (20.7) Total number (persons) 4,627 5,549 6,289 6,805 7,568 4,334 2,163 2,625 4,704 5,083 211 -3 22 Middle school students 8,076 ' 8,009 7,805 6,792 i Females 17 -2 0 72 122 8,416 6,557 8,493 3,421 5,207 9,387 (33.1) (17.0) ( -8.1) (47.8) (-66.7) (0.0) (4404) (32.4) High school students 1,046 1,217 1,074 2,288 1,083 1,051 382 548 1,160 1,275 Other students, children 12,902 15,414 15,540 17,709 16,401 14,498 6,986 8,756 13,687 14,411 ~ Employed 9,359 9,521 11,554 11,692 1 3,268 4,001 8,030 7,861 7,446 Note: The figures in parentheses denote rates of increase or decrease from Not employed 7,678 p' I 1980. I'·' >\ I"." disliked school and had run away from Graph 2-11 Composition Ratio Of 1 ~".-,; home before the nev: school term began, Juveniles Lectured for Drug Abuse (1981) ~ were seduced into having sex with two 11Jot men.for ¥l,000 each. This experience in­ Table 2-21 Juveniles' Disappearances from Homes (1981) duced the girls to sell themselv~s ~or l~ money. They committed prostItutIOn Division with about 10 men each for n,000~¥2.000 Middle school students r1 Students, school children 7.S08 , Nol employed i'i Elementary Midq!e" High per act before they were placed III the 117.4%1 n 11.692 Total Preschool Total school school school University Others Employed Not custody of the police. (Osaka) 1 11 number chlldl'en children students students students employed 120.8"".1 rj (b) Suicide . d "d Total number ,?f persons 58,224 149 40,882 3,493 20,991 14,471 472 1,455 8,405 8,788 The number of juveniles who commItte sUlC~ e L! Males 26,539 100 19,070 2,837 10.805 4,760 137 '531 3,979 3,39Q -'uJ during 1981 and which was reported to the police f ' -.:.F.::em~a::l:::es:-.. ______--=3:.:.1,:.:.68:.:5 __..::49~_2:.:1.:.::..8..::12~----.:6:.:.56~_· _~1::...0:.:.,18::...6 __.-:..9,:.:.71:.:1 __.:.:33:.::..5 ___..:.:924 4,426 5,398 totaled 620, a decrease of 58 (8.6%) from the pr~­ Ii, J vious year's figure, the lowest in the postwar perI­ U od. The details are shown in Table 2-23. t :' fl , :) Employed l' 16.401 , F'l (37.7%) Olher slUdenlS "nd chU~ren , .}:/ 1.083 (2.5'!',) i." j fl'''"-i '-17 - I .~ ~ J -16- L 1 ~:"! If.\ ",j rI; I " I! II 2. Analysis of Juvenile Delin­ The National Police Agency polled juveniles and il their parents from 1980 to 1981. According to this IIfj quency survey, 85.1% of the non-delinquents replied that Table 2-22 Causes and Motives of Juveniles' Disappearances d their homes have a pleasant atmosphere, as I from Homes (1981) i against only 55.9% of the juvenile delinquents. d I (1) Cause of juvenile delinquency This trend was particularly conspicuous in girls. 1 JUvenile misdemeanors committed during the The rate of those who considered their parents Number of Composition ':1 Cause, motive persons ratio (%) { rise of the third wave are not necessarily com­ "not particularly respectable" was about double 1 mitted by a limited number of youths in special among juvenile delinquents than among non­ 15,078 100.0 . ~ circumstances. In fact. many of them were com­ delinquents. The decline in parental authority Total number mitted by those from middle-class families, and seems to be one of the causes of juvenile delin­ For particular purposes 1 9.0 the population ratio of juvenile delinquents has quency. Total 1,352 377 2.5 sharply risen. It has become difficult to explain For sightseeing purposes 11 all the causes of juvenile misdemeanors by the School To seek employment 341 2.3 1.9 Ij traditionally accepted reasons alone. Obviously, As shown in Graph 2-12, an overwhelming ma­ To marry or cohabit with someone 287 the impulses that induce ordinary juveniles to jority of the non-delinquents and juvenile 347 2.3 Others j commit misdemeanors have become more varied delinquents found their school l~fe enjoyable be­ To get away from troubles 1\ than ever before. cause "there are friends there." By contrast, 8,303 55.1 Total 21.7 those who found their school life enjoyable be­ Family trouble 3,272 A. Juveniles' Norm Consciousness cause "the lessons are interesting." or because 2,583 17.1 Trouble in school f (a) Present situation of juveniles' norm con­ "there are good teachers there" were only a mi­ Trouble in workshop 511 3.4 1 sciousness nority. This trend was particularly conspicuous 1,421 9.4 In 1981, the Osaka Prefectural Police Headquar­ among juvenile delinquents. It seems that juve­ Love affairs 2.8 Misconduct 421 I1 ters polled 358 juveniles about their perception of nile delinquents can hardly find anything enjoy­ 0.6 i others 95 , morals. The results of this survey are shown in able in school other than friendship. ' Out of personal traits 1 Table 2-24.' The results of a survey conducted by the Tokyo 5,232 34.7 Of the respondents who have not committed any Metropolitan Government in 1980 are shown in Total 5.1 1 Vagabondism 775 j misdemeanor (hereinafter called the "non­ Graph 2-13. According to this survey, the number 2.0 Idleness, dissipation 309 delinquents~'), about half of the boys considered of juveniles who make a negative' assessment of Habit of idleness 2,898 19.2 themselves likely to commit misdemeanors such their teachers increases as their age rises. Lured by friends 738 4.9 as "bullying a classmate with other boys," Others 512 3.4 "speeding in automobiles or by motorcycle" or Others 191 1.3 "using a friend's property with.>ut permission." B. Juveniles' Friendship Of the non-delinquents, more than half of the girls As juveniles reach middle scbool and high considered themselves likely to commit mis­ school age, they begin to think less of life with demeanors such as "bullying a classmate with oth­ members of their families and to place greater er girls." Tl1~se instances indicate that even the emphasis on friendship than ever before. As a non-delinquents are not clearly aware of what is juvenile grows up, friendship is bound to have a right and what is wrong and are lacking in norm vital bearing on the shaping of his personality. consciousness. Compared with adult offenses. juvenile mis­ Table 2-23 Juveniles Who Comniitted Suicide (1980, 1981) (b) Causes of low norm consciousness demeanors tend to be committed as a group. It is Home therefore very important to analyze a juvenile's The home is where juveniles spend most of friendships if we are to grasp the motive and Attending or Students. school children their time and where their personality is shaped. cause of his misdemeanor. On the basis of anoth- not attending Total Elementary Middle High Total school school school University Others Employed Not Others school number students employed (persons) children students students 59 39 165 126 2 678 385 12 73 202 1980 1.8 10.8 29.8 8.7 5.7 24.3 18.6 0.3 Composition 100.0 56.8 Table 2-24 Rates of Juveniles Who Consider Themselves 2 ratlo (%) 88 197 50 30 . l26 114 620. 378 13 0.3 Likely to Commit Misdemeanors or Misconduct (1981) 1981 14.2 31.8 8.1 4.8 20.3 18.4 Composition 100.0 61.0 2,1 (%) 0 ratio (%) 15 -5 -9 -9 -39 -12 Males Females Increase or -58 -7 decrease (persoils) 20.5 -2.5 -15.3 -23.1 -23,6 -9.5 0 Non- Non-· Rate of increase -8.6 -1.8 8.3 Division delInquents Delinquents delinquents Delinquents or decrease (%) ------~~------~------Speeding by automibile or motorcycle 47.6 60.2 26.8 40.2 Sniff thinner 8.5 25.2 7.0 23.2 Shoplift in supermarkets and stores 23.2 59.3' 14.1 64.6 Use bicycle without owner's permiSSion 25.6 59.3 8.5 35.4 Use someone else's good without his consent 47.6 62.6 35.2 59.8 Note: Some respondents chose more than one item.

-19- -18- -Graph 2·12 What Makes Juveniles' School Life Enjoyable (1980, 1981) Graph 2·13 NegativeAssessments Made of Teachers (1980) (%) No replies 100 Others Because there are good teac h ers Because club activities are fun Because lessons are interestini I Because thele are friends j

Total non-delinquents 1-f1 I t-4.1 i 1.0.~ 79.3 8.8 --tt- 4.7 Not respectable 2.1 \ \ 60.V Not respectahle 53.6 Do not understand me I J - Do not understand me 50 y 60.3 -..:....------r-~-nlrO.9 51.1 D t Middle school students - ono agree 47.0 f 45.6 with me ~::jt1r1_-----7-6-.2--______l\1-2-.4-r;Ttt:5.7 -- Do not like thel11 44.8 Do no# like I 44~ Do not agree wit h 111: / 4.5 f 34.4 n----,~'V them I --1~3.4 High school students 1.~J!L _____--=8 ___ 3_.0 ______\~\l=/-_: 8.0 27.1 1 1 t 0.9 j 90.0 '\ 1--:[2:.7 2.7 Total delinquen s 11 L------~~------ttr 3.2 0.5: ~ '/ o , 3rd graders 5th graders 2nd-year students 3rd graders 5th graders 2nd-year students 0 r of middle sclloo; of middle school Hotrodders 90.0 I 3.3 ~------~------~ 0 ..::::t-6.7 Males '------y------~/ l------~orr Females 1\ Note: Survey by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Violence in schools 0 I 79 ~~:~ 1.7-t,L_____ 8_. ------\\;rl:1- 3.5

o Table 2-25 Whom Juveniles Feel Happiest Being With (1981) Thinner sniffing o 93.5 h5.s ------:----:------_._--:------Male or female Males -----_.. Elementary Middle High school school Shoplifting, 2.5 school thefts of automobiles. 5-F')-\::L------.:...----r-·.~Tfj[~16-·.32 88.8 \- 1.2 Non- Non- delln- Delin­ Non- Division delin-' Delin­ deIin- Delin­ motorcycles. bicycles 0 quents quents quents quents Parents quents quents 28.6 13.0 Friends 9. .1 7.7 7.1 4.2 \ Teachers 52.4 78.3 75.8 84.6 4.8 0.0 18.6 85.4 o L------~f=~r-O Others 0.0 0.0 Sexual misconduct 95.5 4.8 0.0 O.Q 0,0 L-______1---0 BeIng alone 6.1 u; 3.6 4.2 o 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 :-- ..... 4.5 No replies 9.4 8,7 3.6 0.0 9.0 5.8 7.1 6.2 Note: Survey by the National Police Agency

-20- -21 ..... - - ~- t ! I, Table 2-29 How Misdemeanors Were Committed (1981)

\ 'Table 2-26 Number of Intimate Friends (1981) (%) Division Males Females \ Females I Did it at my discretion 15.4 9.8 Males I D~d ~t at J?Y discretion, without no particular purpose 19.5 17.1 Non-delinquents Delinquents Non,·delinquents pel1nquents t Dld It delIberately with friends 12.2 12.2 1.4 1.2 Did it ",:,ith friends, without no particular purpose 52.0 59.8 3.7 2.5 I o 1.6 1.4 2.5 No replIes 0.9 1.1 1 person 1.2, 26.8 45.1 19.5 45.5 2-5 persons 26.0 32.4 32.9 26.8 38.0 18.3 I 6-10 persons 47.6 24.4 ! More than 10 persons 0.0 0.0 0.0 No replies 1.2 Table 2-30 Why Juveniles Joined Misdemeanor Groups (1981) (%) Table 2-27 Types of Intimate Friends (1981) Male or female Males Females (%) Non­ Delinquents Non­ Dellnquents Males Females \ Division delinquents delinquents 9.9 Non-delinquents Delinquents Non-delinquents Delinquents For fear of losing friends 11.0 27.6 28.0 Division 36.6 14.6 For fear of being shunned 25.6 35.8 22.5 37.8 37.8 19.5 As no one would notice 18.3 21.1 18.3 23.2 Those who like reading 43.1 43.7 24.4 Those who like sports 62.2 63.4 57.3 No. replies 45.1 15.5 49.3 11.0 19.5 10.6 Those who like shopping 30.9 8.5 26.8 Those who like night pleasures 19.5 9.9 36.6 17.1 2!l.3 Those who dress gaily 59.2 36.6 19.5 14.6 Those who discuss life together 14.1 32.9 28.0 45.5 Those who smoke 26.a 4.2 12.2 Table 2-31 Shops Selling Porno Magazines (1980, 1981) Those who like quarreling 17.1 Those who like automobiles 35.0 7.0 18.3 or motorcycles 19.5 Division Tatal Shops selling porno magazines on the side Note: Some respondents chose more than one item. number Specialized General Adult Year (shops) shops bookstores toys shop Others 1980 2,781 226 1,303 690 562 1981 4,090 896 1,692 900 602 Increase or Table 2-28 What Effects Friends Have 1,309 er survey conducted by the Osaka Prefectural Po­ Had on Misdemeanors (1981) decrease (number of shops) 670 389 210 40 lice Headquarters covering the same juveniles as (%) Rate of increase in Table 2-24, the following analysis was made of 47.1 296.5 29.9 or decrease (%) 30.4 7.1 juvenile friendship and of how it influenced their Males Females Notes: 1. misdemeanors: , Division ~hh~~ ~~~i~~i~~~ t~~f i~o~s s:~~d;:~~re porno magazines account for more (a) Friendship of non-delinquents and delin- With friends, not alone 5.20 61.0 quents 2. ;:IS ~~ble is based on two surveys, one as of the end of November 1980 and Table 2-25 shows the answers to the question, Heard or saw friepds 54.5 69.5 e 0 er as of the end of December 19~1. ' "Whom do you feel happiest being with?" do it well Had to do it in the presence (b) How friends influenced misdemeanors 26.0 24.4 (See Tables 2-26,27, 28, 29, 30) of friends for fear of being shunned Did it to show off to 17.1 12.2 (2) Juvenile delinquents and their later years. T~bl~ 2-32, Change in the Number of friends :r~ prevent juvenile delinquents from com­ 24.4 13.4 I VIctims of Crimes Affecting Juvenile No hint from friends ~mttm~ further misdemeanors, it is important to C. Environmental Conditions Harmful to Juve­ Welfare (1977-1981) respondents 'chose more than one Il1vestIgate and analyze their suesequent conduct niles Note: Some ;r;;,'W;.",~ item. and relations to gangsters. (a) Harmful magazines A. ,Juvenile Delinquency and Its Aftermath Year fJ-n' 1978 197!l lsa~ 19tH. In addition to the problems inherent in juveniles .•. ~ (a) Rate of juvenile delinquents repeating mis- " Victims themselves, there are various harmful environ­ demeanors before they reach age 20, and (persons) 16,484 16,875 15,676 16,115 18,108-.- mental conditions for juveniles behind the rapid in­ (b) Entertainment facilities rate of those committing criminal acts be­ crease in juvenile misdemeanors. Pornographic Index 100 102 95 98 110 (See Graph 2-14) tween ages 20 and 24 magazines and motion pictures, as well as TV pro­ (c) Increase in crimes affecting juvenile welfare Table 2-34 shows the results of a survey con- grams depicting gangsters heroically, stimulate Table 2-32 shows the change in the number of juveniles' sexual and sadistic emotions and induce victims of prostitution and so-called sl~ve trade -,.23 -,- them to mimiC such acts or to commit various over the past five years. misdemeanors. -22- -~-~----r-----~------~----f 8 1; 1 t Ii Table 2-34 Recurring Rates of Juvenile Delinquents and Rates Graph 2-14 Change in the Number of Entertainment Facilities (1977-1981) 1 fl 1 , of Them Becoming Offenders After Coming of Age (1981) L (Index) t Recurring rates of juvenile I delinquents 140 Rate of juvenile Late-night restaurants Recurring rates of Recurring rates of L Division jUvenile delinquents delinquents becoming juvenile delinquents offenders (1977=100) (%) (annual average) IiI: '. Early type r , 53.0 5.9 130 I! Intermediate type 15.5 41.7 7.0 !) Late type 24.0 12.4 Turkish bathhouses Average 8.0 11.5 Ij, 34.9 . Note: 12.3 120 f j This survey covers juveniles who were born in 1957 and who had lived in Tokyo t; until age 20 and had committed a misdemeanor, excluding involuntary man­ slaughters or injuries relating to traffic aCCidents. 110 Strip-show theaters Table 2-35 Number of Repeated Misdemeanors by Juveniles and Number of Offenses Committed by Them After Comi,ng of Age (1981) " Businesses affecting public morals 90 DiVision Number of offenses committed Number of repeated by juvenile delinquents after misdemeanors coming of age Early type 0.29 0.26 Intermediate type 0.24 Late type 0.22 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 0.21 0.18

Year Division 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 ducted by the National Research Institute of Po­ lice SCience covering 2,691 juvenile delinquents. It \Hereinafter called the "number of offenses com­ Late-night restaurants 240,730 256,768 275,174 309,574 329,160 indicates at what rate juvenile delinquents repeat­ mitted between ages 20 and 24"). This number is Turkish bathhouses 1,354 1,408 1,486 1,575 1,632 ed misdemeanors before reaching age 20, and at 0.26 for the early type of juvenile delinquent. 0.22 Strip-show theaters 305 304 313 314 313 what rate they committed criminal acts between f'or the intermediate type, and 0.18 for the late Businesses affecting public morals type. In other words. the early type of juvenile 121,004 118,076 114,206 111,031 107,828 ages 20 and 24. (excluding Item 7 business) (b) The number of misdemeanors repeated by delinquent committed one offense every 3.8 years, juvenile delinquents and the number of crimi­ the intermediate type one every 4.5 years, and the nal acts committed by them after coming of late type one every 5.6 years after corrilng of age. age (c) Characteristics of early type Table 2-35 shows how many misdemeanors the Since this type features a high rate of juvenile juvenile delinquents, covered in the above-men­ delinquents becoming offenders or committing of­ tioned survey, committed per person on an annual fenses after coming of age, some of the juvenile average before reaching age 20, and:' how many delinquents who fail to reform themselves in the criminal acts they committed per person on an an­ early stages tend to repeat misdemeanors before age 20 and commit offenses after coming of age. Table 2-33 Victims of Crimes Affecting Juvenile Welfare (1981) nual average between ages 20 and 24. 0 This survey shows how many misdemeanors the students, school children juveniles under review committed per person on B. Rate of Juvenile Delinquents Repeating Mis­ AttendIng or demeanors not attendIng Total Elementary MIddle HIgh an annual average before reaching age 20 (here­ school number Preschool Total school school school UnIversity Employed Not inafter called the "number of repeated mis­ According to a survey conducted by the Nation­ Male or female (persons) chUdren children students students students employed. demeanors" ) al Research Institute of Police Science in 1981 cov­ Total number ering 1,937 juvenile delinquents (see Notes), the 18,108 36 8,649 68 2,538, 5,669 374 4,240 5,183 The survey, also shows how many criminal acts : lpersons) the juveniles under re'view committed per,person rate of juvenile delinquents repeaUng more than Males 5,515 20 2,546 26 549 1,874 97 1,840 1,109 "one misdemeanor in subsequent years (here­ 12,593 16 1,989 on an annual average between -ages 20 and 24 Females 6.103 42 3,795 277 2,400 4.074 inafter called the "rate of juvenile delinquents re-

-24- -25 -

o Types of Offenses Committed by Juvenile Delinquents Before Table 2-36 Juvenile Gangsters and Reserve Juvenile Coming of Age (1981) Gangsters Lectured by POlice (1980) Felonious crimes 30% Lectured DIVision Once Twice Three More than Not times three times lectured Juvenile gangsters (%) 20 27.5 23.8 16.9 30.6 Reserve juvenile gangsters 19.6 1.3 19.6 16.7 42.0 2.2 Violent crimes i Note: The lectures given at the time of this survey are not included.

Table 2-37 Types of Misdemeanor Groups JOined by Juvenile I Gangsters and Reserve Juvenile Gangsters (1980) Division During middl~ school years After graduating from middle school Juvenile gangsters Reserve jUvenile (%) Juvenile gangsters Reserve juvenile gangsters (%) Beginner-type misdemeanors Violent crime group 12.5 gangsters Larceny group 8.1 14.9 21.3 9.8 12.7 Hotrodders' group 10.0 3.8 3.6 Types of misdemeanors commItted. bel'ore coming of age bvJ juveniles who had committed beginner-type 9.8 31.9 ---- misdemeanors Sexual misconduct group 0.6 43.1 Drug abuse group 5.6 0.7 0.0 6.5 2.2 ----- Types of misdemeanors committed by juveniles who had committed violent crimes Other group 0.0 7.5 8.0 Never joined any group 63.2 1.1 1.9 ------Types of misdemeanors committed by juveniles who had committed drug abuse 57.2 2.9 ! 33.6 27.5 Graph 2-16 Number of Misdemeanors Committed Per Juvenile ! DelinqueJl1lt Before Coming of Age (1981) peating misdemeanors") is a high 13.8% on an an­ nual average. vided a sort of initiation to various mis­ 0.91 In 1981, a total of 1,198,398 juveniles were given demeanors. It is urgently necessary to prevent .....----, I I lectures by the pOlice for their misconduct. the Occurrence of this type of misdemeanor. ~ Notes. The juveniles covered in this survey in­ J clude middle school students in their D. Juvenil~ Delinquents and Gangsters ~ ~ r J 1 first, second and third years (excluding As of the end of December 1981, the number of ~ gangsters listed by the National POlice Agency to­ J, those who have a record of misconduct ., or misdemeanors in the past) who were taled 103,263, of whom 1,625 were juveniles. j given lectures by the pOlice for their In 1980, the National Research Institute of Po­ misconduct throughout the country dur­ lice SCience conducted a survey covering 160 juve­ ing the two-month period from Septem­ niles who were members of gangs (hereafter .. called "juvenile gangsters"), as well as 276 juve-' Ii. \ ber 15 to November 15, 1979. The re­ 1 cords of their misconduct were sur­ niles affiliated with misdemeanor groups whose iI veyed for the following two years. leaders were gangsters or keeping company with ., '. \. gangsters (hereafter collectively called "reserve ff C. Beginner-Type Juvenile Delinquents in Later juvenile gangsters"). The results are as follows; 1 Years (a) Records of lectures by the pOlice C< (See Table 2-36) f:r J As is known from Graph 2·,15, juveniles who Felonious crimes Violent crimes Beginner-type Larceny VIOlatIOn of q have committed beginner-type misdemeanors misdemeanors Stimulant Drugs tend to repeat them or to commit a wide range of Control Act [I offenses, including larceny, violence, and drug \b) Relations with misdemeanor groups abuse, and, as shown in Graph 2-16, they tend to Table 2-37 shows the records of juvenile and re­ serve juvenile gangsters joining misdemeanor commit a large number of offenses in their later groups. Note: "The number of misdemeanors committed by juvenile delinquents before coming of age" was years than other types of juvenile delinquents do. \ C) Relations with gangsters obtained by dividing the total ~umber of misdemeanors repeated by them before coming of age by r Thus, the number of beginner-type misdemeanors Ii i) When the juveniles contacted gangsters the total number of persons who committed the respective types of misdemeanors. i has sharply increased in recent years and has pro- "1r A majority of them (31.3%) contacted gangsters i 1 - 26- j 1 - 27- ; i J I ri •~,~. 1 --' - ~

Table 2-40 Whether to Remain in Gangs in the Future (1980)

Division Juvenile gangsters (%) Table 2-38 Why Juveniles Joined Gangs (1980) No intention to leave 32.5 Intend to leave immediately taking Juvenile gangsters 23.1 (%) advantage of this arrest Division Intend to leave as soon as possible in 10.0 56.3 the near future Attracted by heroic acts 26.9 Will leave as soon as a suitable job To enjoy a gay life 16.9 can be found 5.0 To be treated as a man 16.9 Will leave when a certain amount To make a living f07 the pre~e?t. . " 1.9 13.8 of money can be saved Attracted by the world of "gm mn]o (duty \ Will leave if the boss says okey 1.3 and humanity) 11.9 Will not leave until the position gets higqer 1.3 Attracted by the world where force rules 6.9 Intend to leave after getting married, or Because the jcb is easy 6.3 after a child is born, or after the child has grown up 0.6 To make easy money . 3.1 Intend to leave when good prospects can be Helpful to the present Job 3.1 obtained for the present bUSiness 0.6 Forced to join, with no particular purpose 20.0 \ Intend to leave after reaching a certain age 0.6 No particular purpose 3.8 Others 3.1 Others, unknown . Do not know 20.1 Note: Some respondents chose more than one Item. \

nile problems from a long-term and com­ other members of the family. But, when asked for Table 2-39 Why Juveniles Remain i~ Gangs (1980) \ prehensive perspective, made an interim recom­ advice on violence by juveniles, the police have Juvenile gangsters (%) mendation in June. At the National Police provided necessary guidance and have tried to Division Agency, a Committee for Prevention of Juvenile seek an early solution to the problem in coopera­ 60.0 Delinquency was created in October to strengthen· tion with juvenile counseling offices and medical Attracted by heroic acts 28.1 the organic link among the departments con­ institutions. In thE'; event that a juvenile causes an To enjoy a gay life 12.5 cerned within the agency and to study and pro­ injury to a member of his or her family, the po­ Because the job is easy 11.9 mote comprehensive measures for the prevention lic&have taken necessary st~ps, giving due consid­ Unable to do other jobs . 9.4 of juvenile delinquency. eration to the background of the incident. Attracted by human relatIOns 6.3 To rise to higher positions 5.6 (1) A counterplan responding to each type of D. Measures against Beginner-Type Mis­ Find life worth living 5.6 juvenile delinquency demeanors To obtain drugs 3.8 The number of beginner-type misdemeanors has Helpful to the present. job 1.3 For economical benefit A. Violence in Schools sharply increased in recent years, constituting the 1.3 It is desirable that violence in schools should biggest cause of the increase in juvenile delin­ To help the socially weak 6.9 No particular reasons primarily be prevented through proper guidance quency. Moreover, as analyzed in Section 2, this 10.0 by school teachers and officials. In recent years, type of misdemeanor harbors the danger of caus­ Others however, there have" occurred so many cases of ing juveniles to commit more serious offenses in Note: Some respondents chose more than one item: violence beyond the contr(Jl of school teachers and their later years. To prevent the occurrence of Officials that the police find it necessary to deal this type of miSdemeanor is to inhibit many other with this problem at its discretion. Giving due con­ juvenile misdemeanors in their early stages. To sideration to the fact that school is a place for edu­ prevent the occurrence of beginner-type mis­ when unemployed, followed by during dis­ 3. Current Situation of and Prob­ cation, and maintaining close contact with the demeanors, the police are trying not only to give appearances from home, absence from school, lems Behind Measures to school authorities, the police have endeavored to lectures to juvenile delinquents but also prevent and absence from work in that. order. Counter Juvenile Delinquency take necessary action as the occasion demands. juveniles from committing misdemeanors by re­ ii) Why the juveniles joined gangs moving environmental conditions conducive to B. Measures against Hotrodders misdemeanors. (See Tables 2-38,2-39) In his administrative policy spee.ch in. 1981.' t~~ Measures against hotrodders are taken in two Prime Minister referred for the first time m 1 forms. One is to control speeding and try to dis­ E. Measures against Drug Abuse iii) How the juveniles re~ard their joining years to juvenile delinquency and th~ sound ~e~~i~ band hotrodders' groups. Tile other is to create en­ The police have made every effort to control the opm~nt of youths. In response to .hIS ;appe~ , ganghs 28 80l of the juvenile gangsters re- vironmental conditions that do not permit any abuse 'Of drugs, such as thinner and stimulants, As muc as . 10 • take Com- roblem was discussed at ameetmg ln ~eDru~ry speeding. by juveniles. To win wide support from the gener­ arded their joining gangs as a m_~s ... ~f -the government agencies'~ concerned, ~ncludmg al public for this problem, various enlightenment ~ined with those ,.tho considered it as unavOldable the Prime Minister's Office and the NatIOnal Po- C. Violence in Homes campaigns have been conducted. A com­ (16.3%)' they were more than double those who as­ . The representatives of these lIce ~g€lncy. . k f rther" efforts to pre- It is also desirable that violence in homes prehensive measure has also been promoted with sessed it positively (20.0%). (Table 2-40) agenCIes agreed to ma e ~ . ~l}.()Uld primarily be prevented by the parents and the cooperation of the industri~s concerned. vent the occurrence of juvenile delmquenc~. The Council on Juvenile Problems, WhICh. had been asked by the Prime Minister to study ]uve- -29~

- 28- .------~ f ' } 10 I L Iet: i I, j .' !: Graph 2·17 Matters Discussed in Counselin S 0 (2) The framework of countermeasures against The workshop-police liaison council was set up i ' Counselsrequested by parents and others ' g ervlces (1981) juvenile delinquency to prevent working youthS from committing mis­ demeanors and help them develop soundly L Counsels requested by juveniles through close cooperation between the police and i' A. Cooperation with Related Institutions, Organi­ l' workshops. As of the end of April 1981, the num­ 1 zations, and Regional Communities I' (a) Lecturers for juveniles ber of these councils totaled about 1,000. About As of April 1981, the number of lecturers for 31,000 workshops were affiliated with this system. Disappearart<.'C from home juveniles totaled about 53,000. During July 1981 23.9% (the month deSignated to prevent juveniles from (d) National anti-misdemeanor campaign committing misdemeanors), a total of about The "Month DeSignated to Protect Juveniles 13,000 juveniles Vvere given lectures throughout from Misdemeanors," was started in 1979 as a na­ the country. tional campaign to inhibit juvenile misdemeanors. (b) Juvenile lecturmg centers During the campaign month in 1981. a total of Juvenile lecturing centers are found in many lo­ 500,000 people took part in various activities cal governments. Based in such a center, police of­ throughout the country, including prefectural ficers, school offiCials, and lecturers are engaged meetings, social gatherings, and parades. Misdemeanors in various anti-misdemeanor activities, including 23.4 guidance on the street, counseling services and B. Measures Regarding Juveniles Themselves the elimination of harmful environmental condi­ (a) Guidance activities for juveniles tions. As of the end of December 1981, the number To detect juvenile delinquents as early as pos­ of juvenile lecturing centers totaled 607 through­ sible and prevent them from repeating mis­ out the country, employing a total of about 79,000 demeanors, the police prOVIde routine guidance staff members. for juveniles in shopping centers, parks, railway ~f:~::a~~~~e~o~ima J'Ufrom'l c~mmitting further verse effect on th stations, and other public places. Particularly dur­ . vem e m a case of . (c) School-police liaison councils and workshop­ conduct, the pOlice give him or her a war . mls­ niles. The pOlice ha~es~I~~~ de~elopment of juve- police liaison councils ing the spring, summer, and year-end seasons the spot and if necessar . f . nmg on offenses in accordance wit~7~ng to control these In recent years when juvenile misdemeanors when juvenile misdemeanors are apt to be com­ '1 ' y, m orm hIS or her f have sharply increased, including violent acts in mitted, special month-long campaigns are con­ ~t~ra~~~~~l a~d the .~isconduct and provide th~~ ~~~ tt~eC~~~~~t:i~%~e;r~a~fi~~t~~n~u~~~eM~~~ schools, it has become necessary for the police ducted to strengthen guidance activities for juve­ most likel t gUl .ance, ~or such jUveniles are Anti-Prostitution Act. (See pag~ ~:~ Act. ~~d the and schools to maintain close contact with each niles in public places. ture. y 0 commIt a mIsdemeanor in the fu- When a misdemeanor is detected, the police other. The school-police liaison council was set up (b) Counseling services for juveniles (b) ~~fg~~ of offenses detrimental to jUveniles' in 1963 to inhibit misconduct by school children study its cause and background, as well as the of­ fender's character, friends, and his parents' abili­ d To prevent juveniles from committing a . and students through cooperation between the po­ ~m~anor, running away from hom mls- The pOlice have been t . lice and schools. As of the end of April 1981, the ty to control the child, keeping close contact with offenses likely to induce .rym~ to co.ntrol various number of these councils totaled about 2,100 his school and family, and then refers the offen­ :~~~~ ~~c~~~ic~r t~o~~~ect S~Ch ~cts i~. t~: ~;~ detrimental to the sound ~uve~lle delmquency and throughout the country. About 40,000 elementary, der to the authorities concerned in accordance juveniles who cann~t tell ~hc~unselmg services for and their welfare. eve opment of juveniles middle, and high schools, or about 70% of the to­ with the Juvenile Act and the Child Welfare Act, about their problems as we~~ parents or teachers with an opinion on what should be done to most ef- (c) Con~rol of offenses under the Juven'l P tal, were affiliated with this system. ar.e troubled by their' childr:n,:sn:~~~~:eanntosrsWhO tectIOn Ordinance I es ro- mlscondu"t In ch f or This ordinance proh'b't . o~fifers f~l'jUVeni~~:ea~d t~!~i!~~~!C~~ ~~~golice selling to juveniles (Iun IdS showmg, displaying or i ~h er age 18) a b . j c oogy. To enable more people to utilize tho psy- ~ ows, advertising and the l'kl ny ooks, I teum'ththe prefectural pOlice headquarters th~~~gYhS­ fectural gov~rnor t~ be harmf Ie trU!ed b~ the pre- Table 2-41 Police Counseling Service for Juveniles (1981) .1 O t e country prov'd' - 1 u 0 Juvemles. telephone. I e counselmg services by (d) , I ~eqUestl!Or voluntary restraint by publish Division Number of counsels BY~::7 .I (c) Activities to disband misdemeanor a 1981, National Police Counsels by (number ot cases) n hel~ ~:~~er ~he Age:~; j ff: uation of juv:n~~ P~~~I~=~S.,:~d explained the sit­ Composition [ ve~~~~~:~~~rr;;:i~~:::X~;~~~~ ~~e tr01i~~o~~~e- Attending or ComposiUon telephone Males Females 11 delmquents to sever ties with del' ge Ju~emle ~odme juvenile misdemeano~~U~~~lyto ttonehmav'eCbiting not attending school ratio ratio [1 or to try to disban'd . d mguent ffIends m uced by pubI' t· een ;1 mls smeanor grou W· r h Ica IOns, the pOlice asked th b Total number 109,988 100.0 64,348 100.0 47,914 62,072 1 t he cooperation of their par t ps. lth IS ers to exercise volunt '. e pu - pOlice have endeavored t~n s. and teach.ers, the Juveniles I bUSiness activities At th ary re~tramt m their i delinquents to leave misdem encourage juvenile t . e same tIme the I' Total 37,903 34.5 i 34,555 53.7 15,125 22,773 II sen some reference mater' It. . ' po Ice Elemer;tary school children 3,484 3.2 3,364 5.2 979 2,505 11 ~!~~!~~~.so as to prevent ~~~~cg:~r:~~ro~o~:~~ and youth organizations ;~ino varIOUS women's Middle school students 14,409 13.1 13,462 20.9 4,237 10,172 f.j for voluntary restraint' by th~ t.h~m t~ appeal i cerned. m ustrles con- High school students 12,510 11.4 11,472 17.8 6,045 6,465 J 1,057 1.6 660 472 :.1 University students 1,132 1.0 . I (e~o Ael~ti~itietS for environmental purification "Kakushu gakko" students 930 0.8 819 1.3 4'79 451 I'"~ C. Mea.sures to Protect Juveniles from Imma e harmful e . Employed 3,078 2.8 2,518 3.9 1,662 1,416 EnVIronmental Conditions Harmful ~he pOlice have since 1978 nVlr~nmental :onditions, 1-1 lties for what is called th con .ucted varIOUS activ­ Not employed 2,198 2.0 1,710 2.7 963 1,235 (a Control of of~enses affecting public morals e 153 0.2 100 62 6ff tion campaign throughout tehnvlronmental purifica- Unknown 162 0.1 Ii11 enses affectmg public morals have an ad- e country. Parents and others 72,085 65.5 29,793 46.3 32,791 39,294 ! I j I - 31- -30- ..H :1 j 1, I Ii U ), /! --~-~------, -- ~ ------("

Graph 2-19 Number of Cases in Which Porno Magazines and Publications were Arrests of Offenders for Violation of Laws Affecting Found Harmful for Juveniles ~nder Juvenile Protection and Nursing Ordinance and Graph 2-18 Juvenile Welfare (1981) . Number o.f Vending::,iachines Selling Porno Magazines (1972-1981)

(Index) 340- 320 - ,..------300 ,,/' 280 - ( I Magazines and publications 260 - 1 I 2.40 - I r 220 • I \ 200- I The Stimulant Drllg~ ("lIltr,,1 Act 180 160 140 - The Act to Control Motion pictures. theatrical ~how~ Buinesses Affecting Public Morals 120 I 2,032 (16.8) 100~~~~~~-=--==~-~~-L------~'~'~~7.~~'~------~:;::-....~ ..... ;0-...... ""...... " /', ,---- 80 '...... ""," ...... / , """...... , .... ~ " /----_/ ~ 60 ...... _", " ...... / ...... Adl'ertLing - I} 1972 Table 2-42 Number of Gangsters Apprehended as suspects pf Vicious Crimes Affecting Juvenile Welfare (1981) Year I Intermediary 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Type exploitation Acts forcing Acts making Division ------Total so-called ---, 7,485 9,410 9,021 juveniles juveniles ------Motion picture, Number of cases 10,874 10,233 9,070 10,164 11,8:15 1O,:l12 10,000 number slave trade to prostitqte themselves hav,e sex theatrical show Index 100 94 83 69 87 83 93 109 95 92 9,492 24,442 Division 243 210 586 Magazines and publications Number of cases 8,590 8,434 8,8:17 8,609 15,656 27,090 27,108 27,:361 1,106 76 132 Index 100 98 10:1 100 111 182 285 :115 :116 319 Total number of suspects 29 47 37 Of those gangsters 245 Advertising Number of cases 755 1165 56:1 442 564 55:3 516 715 470 410 Ratio of those 17.6 22.5 Index 100 88 75 59 75 73 68 99 62 54 22.2 43.3 19.3 - to total (%). Vending machines Number of units - - - - 7,:361 12,495 14,505 15,524 19,469 21,:l42 ______for magazines ~ ____ ~ ______Inde~=X~ ______L__~~~=_ __~ __~ __~1~00~~17~0 ___1~9~7 __~21~1 __~2~6~4 __ 290 Table 2-43 Vending Machines for Magazines Subject to Regulatory - Action (1980, 1981) r .Table 2-44 Removal of Vending Machines for Magazines I Juvenile Prot~~tion & Other laws and regulations Nursing Ordinance Division Total Removal for Removal under Sent to number violation of laws pressure by Otllers Total sent to prosecutor's Total Lectured prosecutor's Year (units) and regulations local residents number Total Lectured .. or warned office , (persons) or warned office 1980 3,869 48 3,227 594 442 442 0 4,517 871 772 99 1981 88 3,482 947 1980 1,313 515 510 5 Increase or 966 820 146 648 40 255 353 1,481 ~ 1981 73 68 5 decrease (units) Increase or 95 48 47 Rate of increase 168 16.7 83.3 7.9 59.4 decrease (persons) or decrea:se (%) 16.5 15.4 - Rate of increase 12.8 10.9 6.2 47.5 or decrease (%) \ "- 33 -c 1.132 _ \ ~~_~_---:----:--_--___~r-_--- r Ii ! i ! II ! fi t! Chapter III Police Activities Closely Tied the police headquarters, is to assist the police i.n (3) Future Activities encouraging juvenile delinquents to leave .th.eIr 11 to a Community (a) Cultivation of .normconsciousne~s groups and in preventing them from com~Ittm.g In fiscal 1982, the police are plann:mg to laun~h further misdemeanors. By further dev~lopm.g .t~IS \ \1 a national campaign to protect juvemles fro,m m~s­ system, the police must strengthen their actIVItIes H demeanors by designating about .200 moa~l dI~­ for disbanding misdemeanor groups .a~d. for pre­ j, on the roads. Warned the children not to piay on I., 1. street-corner Policing to Pro­ tricts throughout the country. ThIS campaIgn IS venting juvenile delinquents from re-]ommg these Ii vehicle lanes. When I came to the park at the targeted for elementary school childre~ in .hig~~r I tect Local Residents deep end of the housing complex, I noticed two groups. 'f' t· I~ grades and middle school stude~ts m diStrIC.S (c) Comprehensive environmental PUrI ICa IOn boys, who looked like junior-high students, were with relatively high crime rates. WIth the coope~a­ campaign ..' .' 'J in the back of a public lavatory. One was squatt­ i tion of parents, teachers, and local comm~mty The environmental purIfIcatIOn campaIgn IS I ., (1) Koban and Chuzai for which people rely on ing and the other was louking around restlessly . leaders, this campaign is designed to teach ]uv~­ being promoted in three ways: (1) co?trol by la~s l More than 15,000 police boxes (koban) and resi­ They appeared to be taking off the parts of bicy­ niles what is ria l1t and what is wrong through varI­ and regulations, (2) voluntary .r~s~ramt by the I~­ 1f dential police boxes (chuzai), which are unique in cles. At my addressing, they gave a surprised ous enlightenm~nt activities, meetings, and class- dustries concerned, and (3) actIVIties by local reSI- -1 police force of the world, are placed aCross the look at my sudden appearance and started run­ es. dents. '1 . n country as the bases for patrol police activities. ning away. Chasing after them about 200 meters, To solve the problems of juvelll e mI~- They are working in close contact with patrol and I made them halt. They confessed that. they (b) Severance of ties with misdemeanor groups demeanors, it is necessary for us to create a clI­ A juvenile police was started 1\1 cars and the communication command centers. had stolen bicycles from the nearby bicycle park­ assistanc~ syste~ mate in which social order and moral~ are in fiscal 1982. A juvenile polIce assIsta~t, chos~n 1 This police officer has been assigned to the ing lot and they were going to make a bicycle of stressed and to establish a norm for the entIre so­ i Midoridai Housing Complex Residential Police their likings by using the parts taken away from from among civilian volunteers experIenc~d m } juvenile problem~ ::.nd appointed by the chIef of ciety. Box of the Funabashi Police Station, Chiba Pre­ the stolen ones. From their confeSSion, many bicy­ fectural Police. This residential police box is lo­ cles hidden in the nearby wood were found. Took Ii cated ill the northeastern part of Chiba prefecture them to the police station and turned them over to II and it has about 11,000 residents in its juris­ the officers in charge of juveniles. They seemed diction, which is as large as 4.5 squure kilometers not to be seriously feeling guilty for what they and has many high-rise apartment houses in the have done. Their parents must be working outside area. Now, let's see his activities in December and coming home late at night. 1981 from his diary. (5 p.m.) A bicycle theft was reported by a neigh­ borhood housewife. While shopping, she said, her Monday, X day, December, fine weather. bicycle, which she uses for going to work, was (9 a.m.) While at deskwork at the police box, 5- stolen. Reported the case immediately to the po­ H 1 year-old boy and 4-year-old girl came to turn in lice station by a portable radio set and made an pencils and a rubber ball they picked up in the arrangement for searching. To my regret, a thor­ neighborhood. Lately, children have begun to ough searching of the neighborhood resulted in no show no hesitation in visiting the box. finding. (10 a.m.) My partner A showed up. This residen­ (10 p.m.) While relaxing with my family, received tial police box has been on a two-man duty sys­ a phone call from a snack bar, reporting that "we tem due to a fairly large number of residents and are in trouble with a drunk who had fallen asleep frequent occurrences of accidents and incidents. at the bar." Although these kinds of cases during Criminal cases in this area are mostly bicycle the off-duty hours are to be taken care of by a pa­ and motorcycle thefts and they account for about trol car, I put on a uniform and went out, because 80% of the whole penal code offenses in this area. this snack bar is in my beat. Entering the bar, After making a brief business talk with me, A which is at the first floor of the apartment build­ went out for patrOlling. I went to the bicycle park­ ing, I found a middle-aged man lying at full ing lot at the center of the housIng complex and length on the floor. Shook him up, but he didn't put the th~ft warning slips on about 200 bicycles wake up. After a while, he came around to him­ and motorcycles. self somehow and tried to rise himself in vain, (12 a.m.) While eating lunch at the box, a young murmuring some meaningless words. The patrol mother reported her child was missing. After car arrived before long. reporting it to the police station, searched for the child about 30 minutes in the neighborhood and fi­ Tuesday, cloudy. nally found him toddling along the road about 500 (9 a.m.) The telephone rang while doing deskwork meters away from his house. With my immediate at the box. It said "My rice paddy is going to be call, mother came at a run and gave a sharp filled up, come quick, please." Rushed to the scolding to her boy. Telling her not to take her place and found out three men were in dispute fac­ eyes off the child, I returned to the box. ing each other with a bulldozer between. Inter­ (2 p.m.) Went out for a patrol. Though I patrolled vened to listen to their claims. The dispute was toe places most frequented by theft cases, what at­ cleared up, because the subcontractor was level­ tracted my attention was children's roller skating ing the wrong paddy. The place was different

- 35- - 34- \ I -

from what lie was asked by an estate dealer. Tne trollings, preventive arrests of thefts or burglars, Patrol Card (front) subcontractor apologized for his mistake and which are closely related with the life of ordinary promised to restore the paddy as it wa::;. This is citizens. Based on these demands, establishment r------______~ one of the cases often seen lately as land devel­ of new police boxes, allocation of mini-patrol cars I am a pOlice officer in charge of this area. opment proceeds at a high tempo around here. to residential pOlice boxes and rationalization of The following was noticed while patrOlling (11 a.m.) Coming back from a patrol, found a deskwork at the boxes are being stressed in our p.m. wife's memo on the desk. It reads that a house­ pOlice efforts to expedite the handling of incidents at around___ hours on ___day ___ . wife of the complex gave a call reporting that she or accidents and to spare as much time as pos­ a.m. was in trouble to park her car, because her park­ sible for patrolling. While on foot patrol, activities W"t;: U)fotilI~s'H'i?~l.l'Oi'"t'T. 1. Your attention for crime prevention is com­ ing place was preoccupied by a strange car. After mendable: Please continue. are coordinated with the police stati0l1 and patrol ~ E~; ~ ~;:~,~~U)MiII~ finding the person who parked the car without her cars through the portable radio set. When a house ,i Hl-)~LltLt.:U)"t', ;:iJ.*i!~\t.:LltT. 2. Please pay attention to the following. permission, made him move his car. is found inadequate in locking the doors, a "Pa­ m VjJ~I~.t <1tE;;h.<:h"fi". 4-fl(i>;(~?ft a. Your door locking is inadequate at the (2 p.m.) Left the box for a patrol ana nouse visit. trol Card" is sent out to call for more attentive­ <: j if,t 9 1I:'f':fC1t"C?i". c. Your (bicycle, motorbike, holds than other boxes. Learned from the people warned to the residents by a "Information Card." 2 ~1I:1lIl~,t~"f "f "C?i", is left outside. of the apartment I visited today that they had 3 i/(I~ (Of;;JI(, -'-1!1) 1I:M1I!'l;;h.t~"f"f"t:i"'1 a) 65% of criminal offenses are cleared by pa­ 4 13~*O:>I\Ii!l!QU~ 1..<: hh( ) neighboring doors, and they were wanting to have Around-the-clock outdoor duty of patrol police of­ I e. Others. ( ) crim~-prevention lights installed in the housing (name of) POlice box, (name of pOlice Officer) ficers resulted in the arrest of 270,000 persons or fl!1II/li area. Good opinions and advice for the control of about 65% of the total arrests in 1981. Also about (name of) POlice station, Tel. ______nt hot-rodder groups were also expressed by them. 55% of special laws' violations such as the viola­ m. ExtenSion ! ~~,:? '0" • )I (8 p.m.) A phone call from a housewife in the tions of the Stimulant Drug Control Law or Traf­ I complex asking whether there was any traffic fic Control Law were arrested by patrol pOlice offi­ trouble, because her husband didn't come home cers and usually about 88% of drunken persons I at his usual time. When I told her that no trouble and runaway's are taken care of by patrol pOlice had been reported so far, she slammed the re­ officers. About 47% of penal code offenses cleared I 1 Patrol Card (back) ceiver, hysterically saying "Where in the world by patrol officers are detected through their ques­ has he gone?". tioning while on patrol duty. Even many burglars, [i Information from police. (9 p.m.) While at deskwork, a ring from a resi­ I~ stimulant drug offenders, or criminals of impor­ Recently, (name of offenses or aCCidents) often dent. He complained about a noisy car parking on tant cases are arrested through their questioning. I 11 I~~?-,-I:,(l)S~o.r~:tt: occur around here. Please be attentive. the road with its engine on. Rushed to the scene I l! Request from pOlice. and found out the car, whose body was lowered b) House calls to deepen their contact with the i I 0 J\'tilI.:: o:>MiII"t:11 II: J. <1Z'I: residents. 11 1 L<:~'"fi"u .::u:.-f!-< -t~,,-\-.,-- * Don't keep an unnecessary amount of mon­ like the ones used by hot-rodders, making large ey at home. engine noises. Also found were five young boys A patrol officer visits every home, office and I:, (l)SWtiL ' I (1 II· ~~~, . * When away from home for some days, ask and girls in the car filled with Cigarette smoke. workplace in his area. During these "house ~ t 0 -IttRS'Clt. 'lH~Uf~1)IJ:i:'itii' ('tlL'.i: -),: (,1 LJ:. 7. your neighbors to keep newspapers, milk Noticing me, they tried to start off. For some rea­ calls", he provides citizens with necessary infor­ mation to protect them from crimes, traffic acci­ o ~M,"'aii",~c!"ll. 11Jl':ttfllL, t.tr~.:r1lI)c.l;·(QOrt bottles, etc. for you. son or other, the car took time to move off. I held ~.~I:~WL'Ct6L~f('.i:'. dents and other dangers. While on a visit, he lis­ ~ * It is mother who plays an important role to them and the patrol car arrived soon after. The o 2"~ii't'O'J:£{;:t;t. l1S;!Io..I.If.. t:."'C"t. ,::::vtA"C'2"AlIUlt1:.. tens to the residents' opinions or wishes to police J prevent a traffic accident. Let your family smell of the paint thinner filled the inside of the ii lI:l:':HYt'tl t.."L,r L~ 7. so that they can be reflected in police activities in talk about it at home. car. We took them to the police station and turned o T"'Hle~t:9. 1t"'b'~1!6'Ttl;Jj"'i.UllVJ91T. the future. /1 * Do not leave your children to themselves or them over to the juvenile section. L?ttUat,(. n~O'Jm~~~(9~L~'. coddle them, or they will go into delin­ In my ten-year service at the residential police i! o m?n·~"t"'I!lu.~t: B. Protection and services given to the aged per­ quency. Home discipline and dialogue at boxes at various places, the nature of duty at this L\;:.cb1hlJfLt:o&. Ii sons and children [1 home are of vital importance in bringing up box in the housing complex is quite different from ~f1I::iltJL't'

Number of calls 11 Victim report (thousand) 2,084 2,223 2,239 2,379 2,407 2,519 2,672 2,766 2,895 3,026 ·) --by criminal off<;nses I.l Graph 3-2 Number of "Dial] 10" Calls by Hour-zones in 1981 1 _ Drunk-protection 1 request (thou~and) 1 800 1 Report on sick or wounded persons -1 62,853 (2.1) . L Report on quarrel and fighting (22.7) (218) 154,800 (5.1) r--- Note: ·1. Subsequent reports are the reports followed after the initial :report or the r-- matter. 000 - (I7.1) 2. Various information are such information to help police as one regarding the 06.1) ....------.., wanted person. 04.7°0) r----1 r----; 3. Variour inquiries are those concering the safety of person. traffic requlations at a time of a disaster. . 400 -

(7.6) .------, 200 - Table 3-1 Response Time in the Dial-UO Call Converging Areas and .Crime Clearanc.e Rate (1981) Response time \yithin 3 Between 3 to 5 o minutes Between 5 to 10 J. minutes (Hours) 0·4 4·8 8·12 L 10 16·20 20·24 Number of Patrol Car minutes arrival cases 26,013 35,935 Note: Figures in ( ) sho\"., the percentage in the total calls. Number of cases cleared 61,566 8,758 Clearance rate (%) 9,049 33.7 11,362 25.~c 18.5 -- -'/ -. ..-' ers throughout the country to function a~ th~.cen­ about 130,000 calls or 4.5% over. the previous year. ~ - -' ': ,I ter to receive emergency calls ~nd ~~t:~~ero:;e~~ b) The calls are at peak at mght. tives to patrol cars ..It pla~s .a.n Imp (See Graph 3-2) across the country. They are usually on patrol duty of their assigned areas. When alerted by the the key of initial pollee actIVItIes. c) Traffic-related calls outnumber others. , u Table 3-1 shows the response time in the "Dial- (See Graph 3-3) Communication Command Center or pOlice sta­ 110 call converging area" and crime clearance rate. .j Ever-increasing "Dial 110" calls tion, they rush to a scene of crime or accident to 1 i ~) A call per lOA seconds by one in every 39 per- arrest an offender or to deal with an accident. Note 1. "Dial-lIO call converging area" is the C Activities of patrol cars When necessary, they visit a residential area to area, within which a dialing of 110 at In sons.1981 police throughout the coun t r,! r eceived 'About 2,600 patrol cars are assigned. to the tre­ talk with the reSidents or to make necessary con­ any place is automatically connected to tact with them. They often function asa "mobil~ about 3.03 million "Dial 110" calls, an Increase of fectural police headquarters and POlIC~ sta Ions POlice box". the Communication Command Center of the prefectural pOIi.ce headquarters. In - 38.....;. the areas under the jurisdiction of 890 -3,9- r, \ !\, I,

Graph 3-4 Handling of Lost and Found Report~ During the Years 1977-1981

Chief of Prefectural Police" and "Meeting of Citi­ police stations or 73% of police stations zens and police for talks" and through public opin­ Currency Artioles throughout the country, "Dial 110" calls ion surveys, police try to know the voices and de­ moo million) (thousand) are automatically connected to the Com­ mands of the residents. And what police learned 300 (7.030) munication Command Center. are reflected on their future activities. "Dial 110" calls in other areas are connected to 7.000 (254) (6.610) the police station of that area. B. Police bands bridge the residents and police. (6.180) (6.211) Note 2. A response time is the time elapsed 11 There are 48 police bands across the country, J 250 (239) 1>.000 from the reception of a Dial lio call to one in each prefectural police and Imperial Guard (225) (5.600) the arrival of a patrol car to the destina- (205) Police, with total members of 1,750 persons. The tion. majority of them have a color guard troop organ­ \ 200 (189) 5.000 - ized by police women and traffic guardians. l

il, 4.000 Lo\t rcrort (2) Counselling on domestic troubles 150 I 2. police Service Close to Local (See Tables 3-2,3-3) IIu J.OOO People II,1 (3) Handling of lost and found articles Police boxes are mainly in charge of lost and ~ O~ 2.000 (1) Dialogue with local people found articles. About 60% of the money and 10% I A. Voices of residents are reflected in police ac- Found rcrorl of the articles found through their handling are re­ tivities. 1.000 turned to original owners. Ij A prefectural police headquarters or police sta­ tion delivers the pamphlets on police activities to the reSidents, or give briefings at various meet­ (4) Protection of the drunk, lost children, men­ ings to let the residents clearly understand the in­ tally-deranged and so on Table 3-4 shows the number of persons pro­ tention and activities of police. Moreover, through tected by police in these five years, based on the the window of a "Residents' Corner" an9 such Police Law, the Law for the Prevention of Nui- oublic meetings as "Meeting to talk with the Table 3-4 Yearly Changes of the Persons Protected by Pol· (1977-1981) Ice

Table 3-2 Yearly Changes of the Number of Trouble Year Counsellings During the Years of 1977 to 1981 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

1980 1981 I Total number of persons 301,991 283,484 268,118 256,199 248,217 Year 1977 1978 1979 209,854 Drunks 140,433 131,164 123,100 173,115 174,371 179,433 187,979 116,830 114,160 Number of cases 121 Lost children 94,834 87,061 100 101 104 109 80,673 77,270 71,464 Index Mentally-illed persons 22,380 21,685 21,322 20,777 20,427 \ Sick persons 5,279 4,865 4,730 4,659 4,616 Wounded persons 2,193 1,970 1,981 1,813 1,619 Runaways from asylums 917 751 748 826 710 Table 3-3 Contents of Trouble Counsellings in 1981 others 35,955 35,988 35,564 34,024 35,221 Number Composition \ Contents of cases ratio (%) Table 3-5 Yearly Ch anges of Searching Requests of Runaways 100.0 Total number of counsellings 209,854 (1977-1981) II Home problems 16.2 34,037 1977 1978 Personal matters 3.7 1979 1980 1981 Marriage and divorce 7,825 7,692 3.7 Living troubles 9.7 Number of requests 95,457 101,047 100,051 101,318 Others 20,269 104,624 Civil problems Male 45,089 47,280 47,450 48,398 50,671 16,555 7.9 Sex Loan and debt matters 5.2 Female 50,368 53,767 52,601 52,920 53,953 Real estate matters 10,967 17,554 8.4 Business troubles 1.1 Others 2,338 Crime prevention matters Prevention of crimes and dangers 25,377 12.1 45,514 21.7 Others 10.3 Others 21,726 - 41-

-40- r Table 3-6 Causes and Motives of Runaways in 1981 and Total Family Love School [occupational lllness Crimes Laziness, Others Unknown .~. motives number relations problems matters matters Ilooze habit Teen- Teen- I Teen- ITeen- ITeen- ITeen- !Teen- ; JTeen- . ITeen- ITeen- agers agers agers agers agers agers agers I agers agers agers Total 104,624 22,648 20,836 7,560 12,078 6,478 1,257 3,327 25,826 4,614 number - r------( ~ersons) 46,657 9,264 8,1~1- 7,290 ~,067 646 743 2,505 14,418 1,563 Composition 100 21.7 19.9 7.2 11.5 6.2 1.2 3.2 2.4.7 4.4

ratio (%) 44.6 8.9 7.8 7.0 2.0 0.6 0.7 2.4 13.7 1.5 c;; 50,994 8,462 6.337 4,033 9,525 960 1,825 13,242 2,707 Males ~ r- 3,9~ ,--- ,--- 19,257 4,055 1,570 3,823 1,155 359 550 1,627 5,491 627· Composition 48.4 8.1 6.1 3.8 9.1 3.7 fir 1.6 12.6 2.5 ratio (%) 17.7 3.8 1.4 3.6 1.1 0,3 0.4 1.5 5.1 0.5 53,630 14,186 2,553 2,575 297 1,502 12,584 1,907 ~ 14,499 . I:. Females 3'~rl r--- ,--- .- 27,400 5,209 6,591 u, 3,467 912 287 I 193 878 8,927 936 . I Composition 51.6 13.6 13.8 3.4 , I 2.4 2.5 0.3 1.6 12.1 1.9 ratio (%) 26.9 5.1 6.4 3.4 : 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.9 8.6 1.0

Table 3,.7 Period Taken to Discover Runaways in 1982

Tatal -one -one. Over period -7 days -14 days -3 months -6 months -2 years number month year 2 years Runaways discovered 106,711 64:,107. 12,124 9,433 9,087 4,612 3,320 2,153 1,875 Composition ratio (%) 100.0 60.1 11.4 8.8 8.5 4.3 3.1 2.0 1.8 Note: Period is the time taken to discover a runaway after receiving a searching request and in absence of such request from the day of runaway to the day of discovery.

\\

if

f) (.!.l .. =

sance Behaviors by Druntten Persons, and the B. The top cause of suicides is sickness and pov­ Mental Sanitation Law. . erty. (See Table 3-10) (5) Searching requests for runaways and seareh­ ing activities A. Teenagers outnumber other runaways. 3. Promotion of Comprehensive (See Table 3-5) Measures to Prevent Crimes B. Most runaways are caused by family prob­ lems and love problems. (1) Local measures to prevent crimes (See Table 3-6) . A. Building up a safe city. . C. Discovering runaways Police have been studying the state of urban (See Tables 3-7,3-8) crime, causes of crimes, and crime prevention (6) The facts about suicide measures from the scientific viewpoints, including civic engineering, to build up a safe city. In A. Many suicides are seen in aged persons. March 1981, "Basic Study Report on the Crime (See Table 3-9)· Prevention Standards in a City" was published, based on the study of 552 cities and about 7,000 Note. The rate of suicides is the number of sui­ residents. This report is suggesting the building­ cides per 100,000 persons of the same up of a safe city where citizens will have a age sense of their own city and where crimes easily

Table·3-8 Methods of Discovery in 1~8.1

Methods Total Came POlice Witness Staking-out Request of number home questioning Informa- at Iikely- prot~ction by Others vOlt.jntarily . tion visiting places a runaway Total number (persons) 106,711 60,324 20,894 5,735 3,394 842 15,522 CompOSition 100.0 56.5 19.6 5.4 3.2.0 0.8 14.5 C ratio(%)

~~, \\;1

)! 0 ji Table 3-9 state of Suicides by ,Sex and Age in 1981

Total number Males Females Age Number of Number of Number of Percentage . ; - . Percentage Classification persons . persons Pereen~~ge persons Total number 20,434 17.3 12,942 22.2 7,492 12.5

Juveniles <.:\ Total 620 3.5 442 4.9 178 2.1 0- 9 0 0 0 10-14 88 0.9 64 1.3 24 0.5 15-19 532 6.5 378 9.1 154 3.9 Adults Total 19,715 .29.3 . 12,416 31.3 7,299 17.2 20-29 2,777 16.9 1,917 23.2 860 10.6 30-39 ,013,653 18.2 2,501 24.8 1,152 11.5 40-49 '- '3,996 23.9 2,892 34.7 1,104 13.2 50-59 3,304 24.8 . 2,198 34.4 1,106 15.9 60-64 1.176 25.9 672 34.3 504 19.5 65- 4,809 43.7 2,236 48.3 2,573 40.3 Unknown 99 : 84 <~ 15

'"~' - 43------~- -- ~ -

--.--.-~------~-~------~ -

Table 3-10 Causes and Motives of Suicides in 1981' motion Consultation" is . dents, civil crime reventi orgam~ed by the resl­ B. Promotion of crime prev t· tatives of other tiod' on bodies, and represen- financial institUtions en IOn measures at Cause and Sickness Economical Problems Men~l theft prevention discuss. tlie motives Total Family and living at Love School lllness, me~~~r~~~~~~r~~li~o Robbery cases agai t i" . number problems poverty problems work- problems matters alcohol Others Unknown f~::een~ion diagn?Sis. are voluntarily ~o~~~cf;~~~ have been conspicuousl ns. ma~cIaI institutions place addiction they are becomin y mcreasmg recently, and promot;~~~~~~~~~e~t;~~SifY their activities and ekillful through t;e ~~re ~nd more vicious and Total persons 20,434 2,181 8,919 2,019 905 888 231 3,369 1,163 759 with local people. measures hand in hand Composition ratio (%) 100.0 10.7 43.8 9.9 4.4 4.3 1.1 16.5 5.6 3.7 hicles and others. POlicee ~avweapons, stolen ve- 5,000 counse1Iir. . e ~ad so far about Males 12,942 1,213 4,918 l,800 834 493 178 2,057 817 632 stit r . g meetIngs With financial . (2) Measures to prevent crimes at work site CompOSition ratio (%) 100.0 9.4 38.0 13.9 6.4 3.8 1.4 15.9 6.3 4.9 u Ions and performed about 7 . In- practical exercises with th ,000. Simulated r'emales 7,492 968 4,001 219 71 395 53 1,312 346 127 them a sense of crime em ~o raise among Composition ratio (%) lIlO.O 12.9 53.4 2.9 0.9 5.3 0.7 17.6 4.6 1.7 A. ~~~~so~~~u~~n~~~~~~~~~i~~~me prevention their administrative s st/reventlOn, to improve POlIce have been giving advice '. crime prevention syst:ms ~sd to strengthen their to the businesses, which ar and d!rectlOns offenses against them. n to prevent robbery which are likely to be ur~' p~ne to c~lmes, or catch the public eyes a!1d the safety of the city moting various crim'} prevention activities by the which are re ue '. I Ize for crIme, and C. Role of security guard firms and th . can be maintained at a high standard. residents and raising a sense of crime prevention ation to POIi~e f~~ed t? Oller Drga~izationaI cooper- lems elr prob- Based on this report, Aichi prefectural police among the residents. Crime prevention contact investigation, to for~I~: p~eventlOn an.d criminal As of the end of 1981 se . deSignated, in October 1981, 6 streets of about 2 ki­ posts which function as a substantial core of activ­ zations in their bus' CfIme p~~ventlOn organi- mess commumtIes. bered 3,210 with 124 286 cunty guard .firms num- lometer long in Moriyama ward in Nagoya city as ities number about 689,000 across the country as about fourfold in firm~ anl~:rds, an. Increase of a "Crime Prevention Model Street". of December 1981. Through these posts, an in­ reefold m employees Along these streets, crime prevention contact cident or accident is reported to the police sta­ posts have been placed at intervals of about 70 me­ tion, crime prevention information is transmitted Table 3-12 Crime Prevention Devi ters. These posts are used by the residents to ex­ from the police station to the residents and opin­ change crime information and to regulate their ions and demands of the residents are relayed to InstitUtions (as of o~~~ ~~:~~lled at FinanCial voluntary patrolling. Moreover, posted at the key the police station. Police not only provide the ~~:==~r------Classifications places of the rO{lds are the sign boards of "Crime crime prevention associations and crime pre Total Bank NUmber of offices Mutual Credit ---- Prevention Model street", emergency bells, tele­ vention contact posts necessary information and number Credit Agricultural bank bank FIShery Crime prevention devices union Post Others phone boxes, crime prevention lights, etc. to give materials for crime prevention, but also hold 63,987 9,189 Cooperatives cooperatives :3,918 5,852 Office citizens a sense of security and to let everyone study meetings for the persons in charge of such Alarming deVices 2,567 16,84:3 27,279 9,026 2,186 Surveillance TV :1,82:3 5,420 22,498 ----9:l4 feel safe and at ease in walking the streets at any organizations. 7,23:3 5,044 1,959 3,688 Survl!illance camera 622 1,059 219 time of the day. 22.,4:l9 8,442 117 297 2,468 676 Counter screens :3,518 . 5,0:38 4 18,687 1,571 29 61 C, Theft prevention priority area 2,258 407 2,878 55 695 160 486 451 B. Civil crime prevention activities have taken 1,207 284 Police have been designating the areas where 1:3,572 104 root in a local district. burglary offenses occur most frequently through­ Crime Prevention Associations have been organ­ out the country as a "Theft prevention priority ---- ized throughout the country in the proportion of area" since April 1977. In 1981, we had a total of Table 3-13 one to every police station. They play a central 503 theft prevention priority areas, composed of Yearly Changes of Security Firms and G d role for the operation of crime prevention activi­ 85 of NP A designation and 418 prefectural police During 1977-1981 uar smen ties in that particular area concerned, by pro- deSignation. In these areas, "the Activity Pro- Year 1977 1978 1979 Number of firms 1980 1981 Table 3-11 State of Crime Prevention Bodies at Work-places 2,075 2,314 2,622 (as of Dec. 1981) (Index) 2,907 3,210 [I (100) (112) Number of guards (126) (40) 86,022 (155) At prefectural At city, village 95,903 104,765 If ~ (Index) 113,527 124,286 Business level level (100) ( 111) (122) (32) Total number 408 1,721 Ji (144) Pawn shops and secondhand stores 56 128 Real estate dealers 2 27 1/ Financial institutions 65 51 {.J Table 3-14 Entertainment facilities 94 478 Number of Cooperations Given b . Hotel buSiness 26 155 !l During 1977-1981 y Secuflty Guards Public sanitation 9 30 1/ Year Shopping stores 2 109 11 1977 Transportation busineSS 26 1978 1979 65 Number of 1980 1981 Auto, etc. 35 92 JI t Cooperations Sales of dangerous articles 38 466 10,860 14,752 .1 (Index) 15,780 16,448 Others 55 120 J V 20,426 n (100) (136) (145) (151) Ii f/ (188) = - 44- . I t Ii1 - 45- 1 ! 'fi ! iJ ~------

since the Security Guard Business Law \Va.:> B. Amount of compensation enacted in November 1972. Their businesses have Total amount of compensation determined was a wide coverage ranging from the guarding of about 208.3 million yen, or an average about 3.4 Table 3-16 Reduction of Compensation in 1981 atomic-power related facilities, airports, financial million yen per victim. When the amount of com­ institutions, transportation of nuclear materials pensation can not be decided soon, because a Rate of - and money in cash, to the guarding of buildings criminal has not been identified, the com­ reduction Causes of reduction and factories. And recently, mechanized guard­ pensation given on a provisional basis was about Number of ing has bee.p on a rapid increase in accordance 6.4 million yen in total. 313 It was aCknowledged that the victim . cases with the development of crime and disaster pre­ excessive violence, intimidation and ~nduc~d th~ criminal into crime by vention systems utilizing various alarm systems C. Days needed forgetting approval y serIOUS msults 1 and computers. It took about 90 days on an average to get an ap­ 2/3 It. was 3{;knowledged that the vict· . proval for compensation. crIme by violence, Intimidation and I.m )~ovoked the criminal into the rl; msu s (3) Rearranging and improving some types of a. Ihe victim made ca' I' . 4 programs to prevent crimes D.· Reduction of compensation 1 e ess or mappropriate beh . 1/3 b. There was an intimate relation b t aVlOrs to cause the crime 6 Afte;r approvals were made on compensations, h b T e ween the vier A. Promotion of the certification system for su­ entire or partial reduction of compensation was co- a I 109, or working at the same place. 1m and the criminal, by c. 2 perior crime prevention devices made in 16 cases. The causes in the above a and b were both . In April 1980, the Director of the National Police d. The victim and the . . . recogmzed. 2 Agency established the national standards for the (2) Assistance service of the Crime Victim Re­ by blood. CrImInal were In the fourth degree of relationship crime prevention devices and certificates are is­ lief Fund, Inc. 1 sued to those good-quality devices which meet the Total number of cases standards. A. Establishment 16 The Crime Victim Relief Fund was established B. Bicycle registration system on May 21, 1981 to promote comprehensive relief Prefectural police have been promoting the bi­ measures for crime victims and in line with the cycle registration system to prevent bicycle thefts resolutions made by the House of Representatives and to expedite the recovery of stolen bicycles. As and the House of Councillors when the Crime Pre­ ; i Table 3-17 of the end of 1981, 29.19 million bicycles, about vention Law passed the Diet. .j Status of Arrest· and Protection 61 % of the total in use, have been registered. l Activities During 1977-1981 by Water Police (4) Nationwide crime prevention campaigns j Year In the nationwide crime prevention campaign in 1 q 1977 1978 1979 October 1981, "Prevention of Burglary" was given 5. Activities of Water Area Po­ P~Sf~s arrested for Violation of penal code 1980 1981 first priority throughout the country. o a (persons) lice Penal code 1,629 2,550 2,591 Immigration Control Order d' .. 489 2,016 1,616 Foreign trade law an Allan RegIstration Law 28.6 341 287 To deal with police matters on the water, therE;; 179 116 187 62 68 52 4. Current Situation of Benefits are 8 water police stations and 3 harbor police sta­ Laws Concerning fisheriE's 326 480 361 tions and they are equipped with a total of 198 po­ Maritime Laws 147 814 911 296 170 157 for Crime Victims lice boats for patrolling the waters and for con­ Others 396 1,218 68 Protection and others 1,443 609 272 trolling crimes in harbors, isolated islands, rivers, 92 154 214 lakes, and so on. Persons protected 81 126 (1) Current management of crime victim ben­ Unnatural death bodies 441 369 349 efits program Note. "Maritime Law Violations" means viola­ Number of rescued wrecked sh' 292 340 This system went into effect on January I, 1981 544 520 444 tions of such law as the Harbor Regu­ Number of guidance and warni~~~ 284 441 448 so that the government can give compensation lation Law, Harbor Pilot Law, Ship Offi­ 227 216 197 5,573 5,195 136 to the bereaved family of the murdered victims or cers Law and "Person protected" 5,304 6,469 7,928 seriously injured victims as a result of crime. means persons who were rescued and protected from drowning, disasters and A. State of application and approval others.

Table 3-15 State of Application and Approval (1981)

Number of Number of criminal cases persons applied Application 90 152 Approval 50 94 Decision of provisional 3 compensation 3

- 46- -47- f j

increase in the category of Larceny Crimes (Setto Han). Chap t er IV Crime Situation and B. Trend of clearance situation in each category Note 1: Total number of Penal Code-related The Table 4-3 below shows the categorical break­ Ii cases known to the police per 100,000 down concerning the number of cases cleared up population. Investigating Activities II and persons apprehended, and the clearance rate. II B. Trend of crim'e Occurrence in each category C. Breakdown by age The Table 4-2 below shows the categorical break­ Out of 418,162 persons apprehended, 44.3 percent down concerning the number of cases known to I w As for the number of the POlice. belong to the age group of 14 years or older and 1. Occurrence and Clear~nce of· shown on Graph 4-1 be \~e while it was at its under 19, and 17.2 percent to that of 20 years old ('1rime crime.s known ~od th: 1~~8I th~ough 50, that of 1981 or older and under 29. Table 4-4 shows the recent peak m the pe~lO f ~950 ranking the third in the (2) Increase in the Number of Both Cleared trend of distribution by age. went over tha 0 .' As for the crime rate, ~ Cases and Offenders Charged (1) The Third Biggest Year m. the Number of Crime Occur.rence After the War post-Worl~hWt~/ifs~r~~~ approximately 70 per­ ~ (3) Comparison with Other Countries however, a 950 Table 4-1 shows the com­ A. Clearance Situation of penal code-related ~ crimes The Graph 4-3 shows the comparison with ma­ . es cent of that of \h i950 with respect to the num­ Ii jor foreign countries with respect to the crime A. Penal code-related C~I~ode_related crimes parison o~ 1981 WI t the police in each cate­ A total number of 87,513 cases were cleared up rate of homicide and robbery in 1981. The crime The number ~f p.en~981 was 1,463,228, which ber of crIm~s kno~~lu~trating a considerable in 1981 with resulting apprehension of 418,162 per­ rate in ,Japan is the lowest in both crimes: as for known t? the POlIC\~~ 767 cases (or 7.8 percent) gory of crImes, I 'es of Felonious Crimes I sons, with the increase of 59,342 cases (or 7.3 per­ homicide, the crime rate in Japan (1.4 cases) is was an mcre~se of 'he trend of the number decrease in the .categorIimes (Sobo Han) and 1n­ cent) and 26,049 persons (or 6.6 percent) from the about 1/7 seventh of that of the U.S.A., and as for (Kyoaku Han), VlOlen~ cr ) and a remarkable !. previous year, respectively. The clearance rate in fromof such the CrImes ~reVlOUsdYteha\~me an e rate (see Note 1) is tellectual Crimes (Chmo R an, q robbery 11128 thereof and 1160 of that of England. 1981 was 59.5 percent, with the decrease by 0.3 in When compared with respect to the clearance J the number of percentage from that of the pre­ rate; as for homkide, the rate is highest in Japan Ii vious year. The trend of clearance situation in the 1 (97.2 percent), followed by West Germany (95.6 Graph . ber of Penal Code-related J past ten years is Shown on Graph 4-2 below. percent), France (79.4 percent) and the U.S.A. 4-1 Charges Oftthet:eo~:~~~:~948_50, 1972-81} 1 Crimes Known 0 . . , 1I (72.3 percent); also as for robbery, the rate is Ii (Thousand) l Table 4-1 Comparison of Number of Cases Known to the jf 2,000 POlice in Each Category No. of Cases .' ~ ~ Crime rate K"~" to th' Poh" ~ 1981 U ~ 1950 1,900 /1 Category COmpoSition Increase or Rate of ratio Composition decrease increase or ~ (%) ratio (cases) decrease 1,800 Total (%) t 1,463,228 100.0 (%) Felonious crimes 1,461,044 8,711 100.0 2,184 Violent crimes 0.6 1.5 1,700 53,460 16,176. 1.1 t,1 Larceny crimes 3.7 101,612 - 7,465 -46.1 OJ 1,257,354 85.9 7.0 - 48,152 CJ Intellectual crimes 80,085 982,341 67.2 -47.4 Moral crimes 5.5 275,013 ~ 1,600 7,236 270,979 18.6 28.0 Others 0.5 11,864 -190,894 -70.4 -:5'" 56,382 3.8 0.8 - 4,628 78,072 5.:3 -39.0 ~ 1,500 - 21,690 -27.8 ~ ~ I : 1,400 I I Table 4-2 '"~ u ,I j ~ 1,300 Category Number of cases known o to the POlice Compared with 6 Felonious crimes previous year 8,711 1,200 195 cases I Violent crimes (2.3%) up 53,460 ,j11 1,153 cases 1,100 Larceny crimes (2.2%) up 1,257,354 91,754 cases If Intellectual crimes 1,000 1) 80,085 (7.9%) up 6,511 cases i Moral crimes ~ (8.8%) up I- I 7,236 r,) 139 cases oll]~~~~~~~~~~~~ j ,1 (2.0%) up tif :{i -49- -48- ,{ I,. 1

~."~I

-.-~ ,- '" ~.. . .--...... , ..-.- ... - "\- --~-- ! -- . - ---

Changes in Breakdown b A --"-- ' \ Table 4-4 (from 1972 t: 19~~)Of Persons Apprehended Graph 4-2 Penal Code-related Crimes Cleared by the police. Total Number 01 (from 1972 to 1(81) Persons Apprehended and Clearance Rate . Ag e Over 60 (%) \ 14-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 SO-59

Index 60 "'...... ,.....------Yea r ~ ~:; ------....-"C1earance rale... -...... -.....' 55 ~... cu 2.30/0 u 35.3% 19.5% 10.0% I:::: 1972 29.0%

50 ~cu I G \ 1/ / j (1972 = 100) 1976 32.3% 28.0 19.4 12.3 5.2 2 .8 ~ 40 1980 42.S 19.2 17.5 12.0 S.6 3. 2

'79 '80 '81 '76 '77 '78 '73 • '74 '75 '72 1981 44.3 17.2 16.9 12.1 6.1 3. 4

Table 4-3 Compared with Graph 4-3 International Companson • on Crime Rate in Homicide and Murder previous year 'Homicide 389 cases Felonious crimes 7,786 Japan 11.4 Cases cleared up l5.3%i up \' 277 persons 7,516 r Persons apprehended (3.8%) up England 12.6 2.5 up 89.4% Clearance rate France 14.2 1,004 cases Violent crimes 49,220 (2.1%) up \ Cases cleared up 1,191 persons w. Germany 14.4 109,711 \ Persons apprehended (1.7%) up same U.S.A. 92.1% 1 )l-:-j _-..1110. 2 Clearance 46,703 cases 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 (Cases) Larceny crimes 688,085 (7.3%) up Cases cleared up Robbery 18,539 persons 266,928 Persons apprehended (7.5%) up Japan 0.3 down 01.9 54.7% - , Clearance rate England 130.5 - 2. Characteristic Trend of W. Gerl1lan~' ] 39.3 highest in Japan (79.4 percent), followed by West Germany (53.0 percent), England (28.8 percent), Crimes France 165.8 France (26.4 percent) and the U.S.A. (23.8 per- (1) Many occurrences of New-Type Crimes cent). U.S.A. t ~ \243.5 A. Robbery targeting financial institutions i The number of robberies targeting financial in­ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 230 240 250 (Cases) stitutions has been on the increase since 1977, and in 1981, a total of 172 such robberies were com:.' 51- -50- \ i ------~I------

Graph 4-4 mitted, with the increase of 22 cases from the pre­ tage of a "cash dispenser" type of system (here­ Transitional Changes in Occurrence and Clearance of CD Crime vious year. The total amount of robbed money in inafter referred to as "CD crime") were com­ 1981 is 222 million yen, and the average amount mitted in 1981. (Case) per case (including attempted robbery) is 1.29 mil­ . (a) CD crime lion yen. A total of 288 cases occurred in 1981, with the in­ 300 As for modus operandi, firearms such as hunt­ crease of 76 cases from the previous year (see ing guns were used in 13 cases, and bank clerks, Note 2). The most common modus operandi is the customers and other persons were placed under use of stolen cash withdrawal cards (240 cases, QfC'=O"~ restraint in 49 cases, with an increase in either 83.3 percent), followed by the use of forged cards. 250 case over the number of the previous year. This The number of CD crimes occurred and clearance indicates that the way such crimeI': are committed thereof in 1975 through 1981 is shown on the Graph Cases Occurred has been getting more heinous. 4-4 below. And the Graph 4-5 shows the sources As for characteristics of offenders, 56 persons from which offenders got the secret code number i apprehended (or 54.4 percent) were out of job and for the card. It is to be noted that victims could I 200 persons in their 30's account for 41.7 percent (or have prevented the damage if they had taken 43 persons), followed by those in the 20's (24.3 per­ careful control of their secret code numbers. cent, 25 persons). Note 2: The case in which the same offender In As for motives, repayment of loans borrowed used the same card more than twice at from money lenders for workers constitutes 57.3 the same place within a day is counted percent (or 59 cases). as one crime. Ii~ n B. Torima Jiken (b) Crimes other than CD crime ~ Torima Jiken means an incident of killing of or A total of 24 crimes other than CD crime were II inflicting bodily injury on passers-by, or destroy­ committed in the years of 1971 through 1981. As 'I ing things, on the street ~r in other public places, for modus operandi, feeding false information into II with dangerous weapons etc., wantonly and with­ computer accounts for 17 cases, obtaining by ille­ "I out definite motive therefor. gal means the information fed into computer ac­ I The number of occurrences of such incidents counts for 3 cases, destroying computer 1 case, and clearance thereof is shown on the Table 4-5 be­ and unauthorized operation of computer 3 cases. low. In H181, 10 such crimes were committed, and o As for characteristics of offenders, out of offend­ salient features thereof are sophisticated and ers apprehended for such crimes 29.5 percent (23 well-planned schemes carried out and a great ~ persons) were mentally iII or suspected of mental amount of damages sustained. Year 1975 illness. (c) International crimes 1976 1977 1978 As for characteristics of victims, females and a. Increase of crimes by visiting foreigners 1979 1980 1981 juveniles are vulnerable to such crimes; out of 331 The Graph 4-6 shows the trend in the number of Cases occurred 8 Cases cleared 23 64 131 187 victims, 252 persons (96.1 percent) were females foreigners apprehended in Japan for Penal Code­ I 5 18 212 288 N 40 72 94 and 85 persons (25.7 percent) were at or under the related crimes. There were 963 foreigners appre­ 99 179 age of fifteen. hended in 1981, with the increase of 181 persons. Such incidents occur most frequently in big Heinous crimes committed by habitual foreign Graph 4-5 cities. criminals are salient. Sources of InWfo~t~~~ion on Combination Number of Cash b. Overseas crimes committed by ,Japanese na­ I uurawal Card C. Computer crimes tionals I Innovations in computer technology have been The nature of such crimes has been getting remarkable in recent years and utilization of com­ heinous. In 1981, there happened a certain number I,~ puters has been getting prevalent in various fields of such cases as murder committed by Japanese Others very rapidly. Given such circumstances, many student studying abroad. In another case a victim lB.4% - Knew combination n umber because of computer crimes including those of taking advan- was taken to the Philippines and subsequently If acquaintance with card O\\1ler. tJ II Heard of combination number from O\\ller after steRling cash withdrawal Total Ii card. Table 4-5 Occurrence and Clearance of "Torima Jiken" (1981) fi 2BBcases IIf-I Crime ,I) , category ! ,,~ Bodily injury, Destru~tion ;k\ Total I! Homicide violence of things Guessed combination number. ;,)i I Occurrence (cases) 254 7 137 110 Obtained both cash withdrawal card and Cases cleared 107 6 78 23 I J combination number. Clearance rate (%) 42.1 85.7 56.9 20.9

- 53- - 52- , ! J r

J ,j 10' J j was characteriStic - for example, murd(;'r of a j \ double fixed up or murder by hired killer. It is, bers thereof, with the decrease of 35 groups (or Graph 4·6 Transitional Changes 0'£ ?verseas Crimes Committed by however, in only one case that the offended could 1.4 percent) and 692 members (or 0.7 percent) bpall1ese N atJonals I actually Succeed in defrauding an insurance com­ I pany of insurance money. from the previous year, respectively. Among I' these racketeer groups, noteworthy is a particular (Thousand Persons) (Person) group which is known as "D,aikibo Koiki Bo!'yoku­ I D. Other characteristic heinous cases dan" (large-scale inter-area racketeer group) des­ No. of ofTenders reported committed 5,000 !- - 200 Murders, robberies and rapes, etc. ignated by the National POlice Agency. The actual J I with the use of such medical substances as chloro­ No. of persons who went abroad state of strength of such 7 groups as a whole was, 1 form and potassium cyanide account for 190 as of end of 1981, 1,052 affiliated groups and 32,960 cases, with the increase of 111 cases (or 140.5 per­ members with the increase of 47 groups (or 4.7 cent) from the previous year. 71 cases were so­ ~,,---.--,­ Vi... i percent) and 617 members (or 1.9 percent), re­ \ Il.l I called "Elevator Crimes" - robberies and rapes spectively from the previous year, and, in terms - - - 150 "Cl etc. Committed within an elevator in apartments of composition rate occupied by these 7 groups, V1~ .....~'" i etc. Also, there were 55 cases of concealment of ....0 1 with the increase of 2.5 percent in the number of 0 r ~ the body of a murdered person by means of bur­ r--1 ... } , affiliated groups and the increase of o.e per cent IlJ ying underground or abandoning into waters, with in their members. ~ ..0 L vV ---, E j' the increase of 15 cases (37.5 percent) from the ::l :.~ As the aftermath of the death of the kingpin of I I previous year, indicating the aggravated nature ~~~/ - 100 b } , of murder cases. YamagUchi-gumi, the largest racketeer group in ..l.--+-'T l' Japan, internal struggles over the designation of his SUccessor and confrontation incidents with op­ (3) Diversification and Sophistication of In­ posing groups are the matters of apprehension I tellectual Crimes and concern, ,_I I - 50 A. Bribery cases (2) The Present Situation of Crimes by Crime Syndicates , [i In 1981, there were 112 cases of bribery with re­ $ i j; sulting apprehension of 739 persons, with the in­ , , crease of 10 cases and 38 persons from the pre­ The Graph 4-7 Shows the breakdown of crimes i i committed by members of racketeer groups. 1, vious year. Many of them were corruptions con­ .), : It is to be noted that the number of crimes com­ o nected with public construction programs. In 61 1: cases request for bribery was initiated by public mitted for the purpose of obtaining operation oLJ--L.~~~JL~1I~JLTI~~-~I~~l~~~~19~7~9-1~1~9~80~1~1~98~Jl1972 1J973 1 1974 1 1975 J976 1977 J978 l: funds, such as trafficking of stimulant drugs and Officials, with the increase of 21 cases from the gambling, has increased. I! previous year. Out of 235 persons apprehended for f ! receiving bribery, 188 (80.0 percent) were local While trafficking of stimulant drugs, gambling Year and bookmaking have been and still are major fi­ 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 U public service employees inClUding heads of local j nanCial sources for operaHonal funds, the recent ~------1 Number of persons went abroad J I governments and representatives in local assem­ 1,392 2,289 2,:3:36 2,466 2,85:3 :l,151 3,525 4,038 3,909 ·1,006 blies. salient trend is the increase of inVolvement in ex­ (J 000 persons) i! tortions in connection with bankruptcy and frauds NU~ber of offenders reported h 69 1:32 198 160 165 133 146 177 III 127 l' ~ by taking advantage of insurance system. (persons) I I B. Other intellectual crimes Number of countries 25 :n :m :35 38 :32 28 30 34 29 l! The number of inCidents of gunfire has shown f I CharacteriStic of intellectual crimes other than an increase since 19~O, In 1981, 116 inCidents oc­ ( I bribery we:e frauds by the use of on-line system curred, with the increase of 22 cases (or 23.4 per­ li- ; of finanCial institutions, frauds connected with var­ cent) from the previous year, in which 15 persons ,J,'f ious finanCial aSSistance programs for unemploy­ were killed and 30 persons injured. ur ose of obtaining insurance (2) Increased Ingenuity and Flagrantness in the ment, hOUSing and small bUSiness, and Counter­ murdered for the PIP d up with cooperation of t·i!, feiting and altering bank notes. money which wa~ c eare Serious Crimes (3) Promotion of the Countermeasures Against Crime Syndicates the Philh)pine polIce. b of Japanese nationals A Abduction fO~:u~~'~~~ cases of abduction for The trend of the numh.e~ was reported to the A. Nationwide intenSive and concerted investiga­ apprehended. abroad w :~rou h such channels as In 1981: there ~ which the victim was k~l1ed, In­ g ransom, m o~e ~ 'n that abductors, In many tions have been unflinchingly carried out to National PolIce A%e~~~wn on the Graph 4-6, in­ genuity was mdlc~t~~ Iplace for receiving ransom 3. Promotion of the Counter­ break up and eradicate' large-scale inter­ LC.P.O.-Interpol IS ~ . 1981 with the increase instances, change d'de area area racketeer groups. dicating 127 such persons In. ear or that their activities covere a WI . measures Against Crime of 16 persons from the prevIOus y. . Syndicates Comprehensive measures have been taken to Cc) Flight of suspects of senous. cn'mes to for- B. Seizure of hostages. d 'n which offenders re- . cope with racketeer activities to interfere in eco­ In 1981 24 cases occurl e 1 . ed Out of 26 nomic transactions of ordinary citizens as a party eign countries . . h cases was the ' d with hostages selZ . (1) The Present Situation and Trend of Crime thereto or as a third party with threat of Violence. In 1981, cha:acter~stJc ~~ ~~~tion of passport mained in oor~ . offenders (or 53.8 percent) Syndicates Efforts have been made to facilitate the pro­ commis~ion . with ~~~o~n ~nt~nt to flee abroad im­ weresuch drugoffendderd~' a lC ts1~r persecution maniacs etc. tection of citizens by establishing the center with­ and airlme ticket WI The number of racketeer groups and members mediately thereafter. bt . . g insurance money in the National Police Agency for Coping with this C Murder for 0 amm 'tted for the thereof has been decreasing Since 1963. As of en:ti . 4 cases of murder commI . specific matter and assigning speCial staffs at the In 1981. .. insurance money weI e of 1981, there are 2,452 groups and 103,263 mem- level of prefectural POlice in order to promote purpose of obtarn.rng f which flagrant nature close cooperation with relevant agenGjes and 01'- cleared by the police, 0 - 55- -54- understanding of and cooperation and support ing evidence and questioning of witnesses and from citizens in addition to investigative activities relevant persons are to be performed. Highly spe­ by the police are imperative to eradicate rack­ cialized expertise and techniques are necessary to Composition Rate of Crimes by Gangsters Apprebended(1981) Graph 4-7 eteer groups. probe into the cause of such incidents and to de­ cide on the issue of criminal responsibility there­ for. To meet these demands, following measures have been promoted: Study of effective in­ vestigative techniques, improvement of expertise and techniques through (::ducation and training, de­ 4. Promotion of Investigative Ac­ velopment and introduction of effective in­ tivities Responding to Chang­ vestigative equipments such as handy trans- ing Crime Situations . mitter, and strengthening the cooperation and con­ sultation with relevant agencies and organizations. The changes have been witnessed in crime situa­ tions, such as emergence of new type crimes due t 4) Promotion of International Investigation Violation of I to a great social change. And criminal investiga­ l I tions to ferret out crimes has been getting more A. Thoroughgoing domestic investigation I 'difficult. Such being the case, the Guidelines on In order to cope with the situation of internation­ i Comprehensive Measures for strengthening Crimi­ al criminal activities, it is necessary to in­ \ nal Investigation Activities of the Police was tensively look for clues for criminal activities con­ adopted from a long-range standpoint. Y ducted abroad by Japanese nationals and gather ! information on cases in which suspect has fled (1) Promotion of Investigation of Major In­ abroad.. Such being the case, the police conduct tellectual Crimes daily investigative activities with the above-men­ \ tioned conSiderations in mind, and closely watch Given heightened expectation of citizens for fair­ behaviors of racketeer groups going abroad. Violation of Bicycle I ness, it is of increasing importance to investigate Racing Law 1.50/0 corruption and corporate offenses. Bc:sed upon I this recognition, serious efforts are being made to B. Promotion of international investigative coop­ Violation of Entertainment R eration IR intensify the investigative scheme and organiza­ Bussiness Control Law 0.7% '----Fraud tional information gathering activities for ferret­ It is necessary to dispatch police officers ing' out important intellectual crimes. abroad and secure cooperation from foreign law 1.4% enforcement agencies to solve international (2) Promotion of wide-area-covered Investiga­ crimes. In o:.:der to establish a good relationship I with foreign law enforcement agenci.~3, the follow­ tion ing efforts are made: Positive response to the In 1981, a total of 499 Sokaiyas were appre­ request by foreign ageneies for investigative coop­ ganizations such as Japanese B.ar A~sociatilJu, hended for extortions etc. As of end of 1981, th~re Ciiminal activities tend to range over a wide and to facilitate citizel.s consultatIOn WIth the po- I area, reflecting the increasing mobility. This eration, holding various international conferences exist 80 volunteer organizations for self-protect~on such as "Seminar on International Criminal Inves­ lice. for the Durpose of excluding Sokaiyas, to. whIch I creates increas~d necessity for effective scheme In 1981, there were 9,665 cases of such nature re- for wide-ranging investigation. Effective investiga­ tigation" and "Japan-U.S. Conference on Anti­ 2 778 co~oanies belong, with such re?ultmg ef­ Gangstm Measures," and technical cooperation in ported to the police, with the increase of 792 cases f~cts as r~fusal of contributions to SokaIyas. tions are carried out by inter-prefectural police co­ (or 89 percent) from the previous year, out of the field o{ crjmin~l ideQtification etc. operation under the guidance and adjustment by /':' which 2551 cases (or 26.4 percent) related to the the National Police Agency and its Regional Bu­ debtors-'and-creditors transactions, 1,150 cases (or C. Promotion of international c.ooperat~on I C. Utilizatwn of I.C.P.O.-Interpol ' reaus, or by establishing a joint task force in the 11.9 percent) related to out-of-court settlements on Of late, due to increasing mternatIOna~ e~­ case of heinous crimes committed over a' Wide Japanese;Police has been playing an active role automobile aCCidents. changes, racketeer groups have become aC~Ive III area,. in various activities of I.C.P.O.-InterpoL their overseas activities. Cases of smugglmg .Qf I In 1981, we sent our representaLives to the Exec­ i B. Sokaiya is a person who holds small num~er guns and stimulant drugs have been on the Ill- i (3) Promotion of Investigation of Special Types utive Committee in May and to the 50th General of shares of stock in a number of compames I j of Crimes ' Assembly in November). crease. d t f Ttate Ja ! and attempts to extort money from them by To cope with this Situation a~ . 0 ao, I - I As indicated in Graph 4-9, we have actively and such means as threatening to cause trouble pan-U.S. investigative cooperatIOn, the 2nd Japan­ In cases of abduction for ransom and seizure or incrementally engaged in the exchange of informa­ at stockholders' meeting. As o~ end of 1981, U S Conference on Anti-Gangster Measures was hostages, highly developed investigative tech­ tion and data on international crimes, and cooper­ there were 1,656 racketeer gr?up members h~id in Novemb~r, H)~1. Beside.s, e~forts have a~so niques and equipthents are demanded of the po­ ated in many other activities with member coun­ acting as Sokaiya, which constItute 26.2 per­ been made to f")mote inv~st.IgatIve cooperatIOn lice not only to apprehend offenders, but also to se­ tries. cent of all Sokaiyas. The number has grown with Southeast Asian countrIes. I cure safety of victims, ,Also.' in cases of large­ * Since having joined the I.C.P.O .-Interpol in -j to 2.7 times as many as that of 191,6. f"-s a leg­ P scale incidents such as airplane crash, railroad 1952, the National Police Agency which func­ islative measure to eradicate S01{aIyas, t~e D. Promotion of racketeer group exclusion activ- aCCident, gas explosion and fire of, buildings, tions as the National Central Bureau of Inter­ Commercial Code was partially amended m II whicQr;are very likely to cause a great number of pol has strengthened international in­ ities . l' . ( 1981 (effective from October 1, 1.982) so aH to Japanese police are promoting varIOUS ac l~l- casualties, prompt and appropriate rescue oper­ vestigative cooperations. Since 1975, the NPA punish whoever provides or receIves ~cono:?­ ties aimed at exclusion of racketeer groups. m Ii ations and initial investigative actions for secur- has been sending a police officer to the Cen- ic advantages or benefits in connectIOn whh close contact with other governmental ~gencles 11 the exercise of rights as a stockholder (Ar­ i and private organizations, with such a VIew that ;) Ii ticle 497 of the Commercial Code). Ii 57 - 1 i Ji t.'j - 56- ,I !I { ~~ r 1 Lf' . utilization thereof by computer are be' g moted. 10 pro- E. Use of pOlice dogs (Keisatsuken) Number of Dispatches and Receipts of Information on h~ ; Graph 4-8 -/1 International Crimes 1 ~ C. Strengthen~ng identification operation at the ca~~s l~k pOlice do.gs were called out in 4,096 scene of Cflme . . ey are plaY10g a remarkable part in f ! th:i~ce thorfoug~gOi~g identification activities at ~~~ie°cf o~f~~ders, ~ea.rch for articles left behf~~­ (Cases) j: cene 0 cflme IS of crucial im t drugs. 0 1es, mlss10g persons and stimulant f?rt~ are made to fuUiU this ob' ecti~~r ance, ef­ 6,000 hsh10g mobile identification units withby estab­ r (7) Fostering Excellent Investigators and Th . I and vehicles equipped with the latest devic:~~erts Command Ability ell' ·f I D. 5,000 Streng~hening of verification and inspeCtion Total ,11 I operatIOn Given the facts that circum!':tanc . J i ConSidering the increasing volume . investigative activities have b~en ::t~~~~~ndIFg 4,000 . and diversity of verification and insp~c~~:nPwleoxrIkty ~~rablet and remar~able changes are perceivs:d ~ on blood hair . s e na ure of cfImes, it is de . H drugs d ,voIce, hand-writing, stimulant No. ofr\eceiPts by NPA __.//"'--- . . an. so forth, the improvement f . :e~~igators to acquire wide-rangin;:~g:r~is~f a~~ blht~ to make excellent judgments. It is also' 3,000 IId fIcatlOn and inspection technology is of o~r g~:~~ ..-- p -..- ,i concern. Efforts are being made to put into great _-_.---).000"'''-- No. Ofdi~spatChes from NPA I' er use of Such equipments for gas chromato­ ~~~~~l~~n~f a~~bt~:i~~~;epr~~~a~~t~~Sify vari~: .---'--- 'i hIghly competent investigators and ~s ~o foster 2,000 '} ~~~fh~slS an1 X-ray. microanalysis to get accurat~ com~and ability, because many ex erie~mpro.ve ",,...... titiei 0 materl&iJ in extremely small quan- -- , vestIgators ar,; reaching their retire~ent a~:~ 10- ;~ ~------~-- ; .. ,-- ...... -----.... No. of international notices received j 1,000 --.,...... ~ -...... ,.,. ----- l& ______------~ ------.-...... ------.,.. ... ~- IJ

rf 1972

Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Total (case) 3.284 3.585 4.088 3.973 4.480 4.565 5.308 5.247 5.764 5.328 Number of dispatches from NPA 840 927 1.08:1 958 1.194 1,226 1.676 1.447 1.357 1.212 Number of receipts by NPA 1.868 2.074 2.371 2.292 2.545 2.754 3.035 3.071 3,569 3.352 Number of international 576 584 634 72:1 741 585 notice reeei ved 597 729 838 764

tral Secretarial in Paris/France as a stafr (6) Promotion of Scientific Identification I member of that office. A. Introduction of Automatic FingerprInt Identi­ J fication System (AFIS) D. Legislative efforts on international criminal The National Police Agency has conducted a re­ rj investigation assistance search and feasibili~y study on the AFIS since J, The International Criminal Investigation Assis­ 1974 and will Introd.l~ce this new system from 1982. tance Law was enacted in May, 1980, and. has This system is the practical application of pattern U been effective from October 1, 1980. Although this recognition by computer, and makes it possible to is definitely a step forward for faCilitating interna­ automatically and promptly recognize, memorize tional cooperation in criminal investigatjon, there and collate vast volume of fingerprint materials. still remains a need for further considerations of This manifestly contributes to streamline identi­ II legislative measures concerning the utiliz~':lttion of fication works, most of which have been done II international arrest notice by I.C.P.O. fr6~ the manually. It is expected that clearance rate will h11 standpoint of reciprocity. J increase considerably upon the introduction of r, I .; I I this new system. (5) Appropriate Response to NeW-Type Crimes C' ~ I B. Intensification of modus operandi reference f I Serious efforts have been made to work out ap­ system . t" I. propriate measures to cope with such emerging It ~ ·1 is of increasing importance to classify charac­ f I new-type crimes as robberies targeting at finan­ teristic modus operandi in order to detect suspects, d cial institutions, Torima Jiken and computer wide-ranging and thoroughgoing collection of infor­ %1'/ I crimes. mation and data on modus operandi and effective r 1 it I I) J , - 59- - 58- J I j i LI I' trafficking process the final price increases to more than a hundred times of the smuggling rose 7.1 percent and 9.3 percent respectively over price. The amount seized seems to occupy just a the preVious year. few percentages of the total amount actually Chapter V Maintaining Safe Living smuggled into Japan. C. Spread of methamphetamine abuse r (a) From cities to the country B. Gangsters organization When methamphetamine abuse began in about Conditions and a Clean Environment !, 1970, it was only seen around urban areas such as I Due to the stringent controls of the pOlice aimed at destroying the source of gangster organiza­ in Osaka and Tokyo, but now it has spread to all I: over Japan as shown in Graph 5-3. r. tions, in search of new sources of funds the gangs have strengthened their tendency to try anything (b) Abuse by juveniles F1'. which will earn them money. Trafficking in stimu­ 1. Controlling Stimulant Cases A. Smuggling getting large scaled and more so- lant not only can return enormous profits for Looking at recent apprehensions and cautioning phisticated .. small transactions, but demands organization, so for juvenile offences, methamphetamine abuse is and Narcotic Cases Up until about 1969, supplIes of stImulant center­ is a good source of income for these gangs which rapidly increasing. In 1974 the figure stood at ed on those produced illicitly in Japan, but from have crime as a kind of occupation, and which 1,280 (persons), but within five years increased more than tenfold, and in 1981 rose to 2,575 (26.8 (1) Consistent Increase of Stimulant Abuse about 1970 smuggling by the South Korean route I possess communal-type organizations. The esti­ increased. . mated total annual income of gangster organiza­ perc.ent increase over the previous year), repre­ Graph 5-1 shows the number of apprehensions Amount of seized stimulant was 140.6 kg In 1981, tions recently is approximately one trillion yen of sentIng 11.7 percent of all methamphetamine of­ ~ fenders as shown in Graph 5-4. for Stimulant (methamphetamine) offences ~ver about 74.4 percent of it was smuggled from South which stimulant is thought to account for approx­ the past ten years. With the excep~ion of a slIght Korea and about 25.6 percent was smuggled fro~ imately 460 billion (46 percent) yen. decrease in 1974, the figure has Increased con­ Taiwan. Recently the amount smuggled from TaI- ~ With apprehending the final users as the first (2) Accidents and Crimes Related to Meth­ sistently. In 1981 the number of cases detected wan is increasing. . step in control of drug offences, emphasis is being amphetamine Abuse and people apprehended rose by 9.1 ~ercent and When it is shipped to Japan the pnce ~er one placed on the gangsters who control the traffick­ 10.6 percent respectively over the prevIOUS year. gram is around two thousand yen and durIng the ing network. As a result, approximately half of With the increase in the number of people abus­ those apprehended for methamphetamine offences ing methamphetamine there are many cases of are gangsters. heinous crimes, homicides and traffic accidents I Graph 5-2 shows the number of apprehensions caused cy the pharmacological affects of meth­ Graph 5-1 Apprehension for Methamphetamine Offences (1972-1981) for methamphetamine offences committed by amphetamine, and it is becoming a social prob­ gangsters over the past five years. In 1981 the lem. (kg) number of cases detected and people apprehended . At the same time, use of methamphetamine (Cases. persons) I leads to the worrying situation that once abusp. 35,000 - 150 140 I 130 'C Graph 5-2 Apprehensions of Gangsters for Stimulant (Methamphetamine) 'C 30,000 - OJ ~ 'C '[j Offences (1972-1981) t:: 120

T---~---

Table 5-3 The Number of Licensed Guns (1977-1981) Graph 5.5 Changes in Number of People Apprehended for Cannabis and Narcotic Offences (1972.1981) Classification 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 , Total 843,022 852,775 823,841 781,286 772,324 (Persons) Hunting guns 733,737 745,951 725,748 696,234 652,099 Rifles 26,887 27,577 27,995 1.200 25,063 27,400 Shot-guns 708,664 719,064 698,171 668,239 624;~99 Airguns 109,295 106,824 98,093 85,052 70,225 1.000 } 800 1 I Table 5-4 Ac~idents with Licensed Guns (1977-1981) 600 1979 1980 1981 Classification 1977 1978 400 Narcotic Control Law I ... ~"_ Opium Law Total (cases) 222 203 181 224 161 /'--...... ~, . .... ""....,---- ...... ~ - ..",...... I Hunting cites 159 116 95 136 103 200 ---~.:.------...... ~ .... ~------~-~---- Shooting cites 0 4 0 1 1 O~ __~ __~ ____~ __~----~--~----~--~--~--~ Others 63 83 86 87 57 l Death (persons) 64 (43) 73 (61) 70 (64) 90 (68) 69 (44) ! Injury (persons) 170 138 111 152 101 Note: Figures in parentheses indicate the number of suicide Year ' 1978 1979 1980 1981 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Classification 1,5:35 1.41:3 1,025 1,0J!) 979 ' 1,163 1,247. .1,276 Total number (persons) 955 1,208 49 113 59 I :325 276 ISO 84 98 61 Narcotic Control Law 204 186 249 2:32 266 161 1:16. 160 In lHi Opium Law 233 C041 l,1n 1.122 617 588 7:1:1 735 892 1.070 ~beft of licensed guns was decre<;lsing recently bu. Cannabis Control Law 518 I Table 5-5 Number of Pistols Seized III 1981 it increased by 4 to 48~ Twenty cases oc­ (1977-1981) curred when the guns were not under lock and key. In the other 28 cases, the lockers were not I p~operly locked or were not made in compliance Classification 1977 1978 1979 Ig80 1981 II wIth the standard established by the law. A. Cannabis smoking among young people 2. Control on Guns Total 1,355 989 981 942 960 Smoking of cannabis in Japan began during the l C. Accidents with licensed guns Real guns 536 398 498 523 549 early sixties when the teenagers !;>egan imitat­ Handmade guns 819 591 483 1'419 411 (1) ,Licensed Guns and Its Control at Present I In 1981, 69 persons were killed accidentally (in­ ing foreigners smoking cannabis. Abuse spread among people in mUSic circles who believed the ' 11t cI~din.g 44 suicides) ano 101 persons were injured popular view that it improves one's musical A. Licensed rifles, shotguns and airguns 1 wIth lIcensed guns. sense. Abuse then gradually spread due to such In Japan only those persons who are licensed by Table 5-4 shows the number from 1977 to 1981. factors as the overseas travel boom and world­ the Metropolitan or Prefectural Public Safety II Commissions are allowed to possess such guns as D. Obligatory schooling- Real pistols are all smuggled from overseas wide trend towards cannabis abuse. At present e.g. U.S., the Philippines and Thailand. Police ar~ cannabis is being abused in the form of 'Pot Par­ rifles, shotguns and airguns for certain legitimate . Not only applicants for the license but also the lIcensees (every three years) are obligated to at­ strengthening their activities to locate and seize ties' centering in particular on young people. In purposes as hunting. Recently, the total number of licensed guns are I ten? special schools organized by the prefectural the pistols at parts of entry before they are mar­ 1981, a total of 1,122 people were apprehended It pO.lIce and to learn about prevention of accidents keted~ But in 1981 only 52 pistols were seized at for cannabis offenses, of whom 52.6 percent were decreasing as shown in Table 5-4. This is because new restrictions were imposed on the licensee by :v~th guns. In 1981 around 150,000 people ports. under 25 years of age. t the amendment of the Gun and Sword Control Willed schools as a whole. In the past most cannabis was smuggled in (2) The Situation of Crimes with Guns from overseas, but recently there has also been Law in 1980 (A licensee robbed a bank and killed an increase in domestically-produced cannabis. several persons with a licensed gun in 1979), and E. Pistols , A total o! 71 persons were murdered with guns police have strengthened such activities as to find ~ost cannabis smuggled in from overseas was Pe~s?ns except authorized officers are strictly 10 198~. Cnmes related to pistols, rifles, shotguns produced in SoUi.heast Asia. out improper licensees and licensees who possess proh~blted from possession of pistols in Japan. By and aIrguns are sl10wn in Table 5-6. guns for the purpose of hunting without going ma~lllg ~reat effort to detect unlawful possession, B. Heroin abuse hunting for over three years or who possess very polJC.e seIzed 960 pistols including handmade pis­ (3) Control on Gunpowder The number of apprehensions for narcotic of­ old guns, and to persuade them to cease posses­ tols III 1981. Amount of seized pistols from 1977 to fenses remains at the same level or is tending to sion of those guns. ~981 are shown in Table 5-5. ' . No person can buy, receive, possess, use, sell or fall, and in particular there is little abuse of he­ The amount of handmade pistols increased sev­ gIve gunpowder including bullets for guns without roin domestically. Japan is looked at as a clean B. Theft of licensed guns eral years ago, but recently it is decreasing due permission of the authorities concerned. country as long as heroin abuse is concerned, Ja­ Licensees are obligated to store guns under lock to ~he amendment of the provisions related to ma­ In 1981, the permissions concerned with bullets pan is used as a transit point by international and key, the standard of which is set up by the terIals of handmade pistols. were given in 122,597 cases, representing an in- drug traffickers. Gun and Sword Control Law. Reported number of - 65- II - 64- .~ ) I ! I /' 1

I cases were detected Table 5-6 ' Violent Crimes with Guns (1977-i981), I an~ 2~:i'p:~~~~f~:;~t~tion However, the price of h . I f ' tion of the Anti-prostitUti~~r~~~ded for the viola- which they can com' ouses In urban areas from I that the potential ho~~t~ to their Offices is so high 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 I come to be in- Classification Ii. ! I vo~~~e i~n~h:~reci~::n~es ~a~e ey (salary) for approxim~r:r ~ust save his mon­ I I: gangsters exploit them as sa ~ICtIms r~cently and can save enough to purch Yth 5 years before he Total number of cases 352 (267) 233 (179) 171 (123) 199 (142) 198 (148) The most common 1 ource o~ Income. ' ase e house Type of guns, j i Under these conditions th . , , called "Toniko B P. aT'ce for prOStItution is so- Pistols 207 (199) 135 (127) 107 (101) 127 (111) 131 (122) I I ,uro. here were 1 632 T . rences of such cases a~ e~e are a lot of OCcur- i I, B uros at the end of 1981 .' ; or~~o people to enter into transa~I.mInaIS who induce Hunting guns, airguns 131 ( 59) 85 ( 44) 52 ( 12) 62 ( 25), 55 ( 19) j of 57 (3.6 percent) over 't~eprese~tIng an Increase Others 14( 9) 13 ( 8) 12 ( 10) 10 ( 6) 12 ( 7) them by fraud swindle IOns of houses with I raided 107 Toruko :s,uros .ine1~~:'vIOUS year. POlice tected 2,590 cases . and a money. In 1981 POlice de­ Type of crimes f' Homicide 110 ( 80) 68 ( 58) 62 ( 47) 77 ( 56) 71 ( 54) I About 50 percent of the pprehended .2,40? persons. Robbery 22 ( 18) 18 ( 7) 9 ( 3) 21 ( 8) 18 ( 7) (3) Offenses relating to Races under Pub'l' M the Building Lands and ~ses were In vlclation of ri agement IC an- . trol Law One of th ouses Transaction Con- Unlawful assembly with " is to seli houses ore of fraUd dangerous weapons 36 ( 36) 19 ( 19) 16 ( 16) 26 ( 25) 18 ( 17) Ii There were 34 669 h' , l~~~: p~f~lar ~ays Bodily injury 36 (. 27) 28 ( 18) 15 ( 11) 18 ( 14) 12 ( 8) "Pachinko" house~ rna Jongg houses, 9,807 bUyers of defects in hOUses :: la~~ts.mforming tbe Assault 46 ( 30) 20 ( 15) 18 ( 12) 18 ( 15) 22 ( 18) in 1981 all of whic:~e;~6~~ other gaming houses Extortion 17 ( 16) 2U 20) 12 ( 11) 4 ( 3) 7 ( 7) I:Ii Prefectural Public Safety clcens~d ~ by respective (2) Sophisticated and, Vicious Loan Sharlcing Others 85 ( 60) 59' ( 42) 39( 23) 35( 21) 50 ( 37) Ii POlice supervision.Recentl~mmI~~lOn and under It is unlawful to lend a erso . !Id called "game center" in '.cus Omers of ,so- Note: Figures in parentheses indicates the number of cases committed by (1 terest over legally permitt~d t money at an in­ gangsters. plays slotmachines and roule~~~c~r the , customer dition of economic rec . ra es. Under the con- f volved in larg 1 ave become in­ 'teri, and 2513 e, sca e In 1981, 490 "cen- case,s in Which interest~~;O~t i~er~rappeared the ga~bling. "days or at 10 percent per f I? cent. per ten ! this period 1 fs~rsmonasch~ere apprehended. During f , , mes and '140 m 'Il' dition, if the customer c~u,~ or fIve days. In ad­ crease of 9,598 (8.5 percent) over the previous owners for unlawfully soliciting customers for ob­ I were seized from the violators' "I IOn yen when' it is Que, the' _n retu~~ the money year. Detected number of unlawful possessions scene services, for violation of the business hours Bookmaking on horse ra 'b' home and office ag::;::nae:d lend~r ,VISItS his at. his and dispositions of bullets was 1,632 including 868 regulation, for the employments of girls under HI races and motorcYCle-r-a ces, Ic!cle-r;lces, boat- night, Shout aro'und or t 1 agam, stay till late at fI cases (53.2 percent) of unlawful possessions, rep­ years of age, etc. During 1981, the Prefectural ; popular. Most' of them ar~e:u~r~ illeg~l but quite as payment in kind' In l~~e o~.t some valuables resenting a decrease of 207 (11.3, percent) than the Public Safety Commission gave 3,169 adminis­ ! cases were detected and 7 635 Y gangsters. 1,964 cases for loan sharking includ~~gIC:. d1etetcted 1,217 previous year. ' " ' ' trative dispositions to business owners including f rested in 1981 53 7 ,persons were ar- ferred above. 10 en cases re- The number of theft of' gunpowder such as 25 revocations of business license. and 78.4 perc~nt 'ol~~~~~~f ,the whole arrestees the members of or . mz~rs arrested were sticks of dynamite occurred in 1981 was 33, repre­ Inorder to avoid these regulations, some of busi­ (3) ~~~~~orating International Economic Of- senting a decrease of 2 less than the previous ness owners purported their business to be a tea­ "fixed" races were Je~~6~:~ ~~~~~. 37 cases of house, a cafeteria or a snack bar. However, the apprehended. persons were year. The number of cases in which the stolen gun­ I 'The' nUmber of cases d' powder was actually used for heinous purposes business served alcohol at midnight. A total of J by the POlice in these fi~n -persons apprehended was 8 in 1981 representing an increase of 3 over 7,968 of those businesses owners were appre­ of the Foreign Exchange ~:~~s f~r the violation the previous year. During 1981, the police have hended in 1981 and 5,863 ,of them were given ad­ tl'ol La,w and the C t orelgn Trade Con­ gone to gun dealers approximately 160,000 ministrative dispositions by the respective Pre­ 4. Table 5-7. us oms Law are Shown in times where they have conducted an adminis­ fectural Public S'afety Commission. of Economic Offenses ~o~tr~l Under the flnfavorable t". . trative search of the business for possession of r f/ (1) FraUdulent Trade of Real Estate such as prot~ctive s ste~Xp~r mg CIrcumstances, gunpowder. (2) Control of Obscenity and Prostitution ~ {j , steps to curb "nones%ential~: !mport depOsits, and I /1 In 1981, a total of 2,482 persons were appre­ f{ Most of the inhabitants' 1 " ' etal countries some Japa Imports taken in sev- hended for publicly committing an obscene act, or 11 living in narrow rental room arge CIties in Japan, ing to evade 'various con~~~~ ~~:rters, ~ttempt­ for distributing or selling an obscene book,' pic­ and neceSSities to buy or ~~idhathve. strong deSires countries, conspire with th . f . sures In those 1/ I elr Own houses. ,ture, or other things. r~represents an inc,rease of 11 to, Violate those countries' e~~g~fetI!5n count,.erparts 3. Measures to Protect the De­ 322 (14.9 percent), over the previous year.' 11 . ' . a Ions on Imports As pornography is getting worse recently, police ,t 1, teriorating Public Morals l! seized around 372,000 distributors of pornog­ (I raphy representing an increase of about five 11 (I), Control of Business Affecting Public Morals times over the previous year. . Table 5-7 ApprehenSion~ for th V" ' .At the beginning of 1981, s~-called "No-panties­ r Exchange and Foreign Trad' C e lolatIOn,of the Foreign Businesses which, are engaged in servin'g alco­ teahouse" appeared in some big towns and imme­ 1 e ontrol Law d t " hol to customers, such as bars and cabarets in­ diately spread to, other' cities. Waitres~es there I . Law 0977-1981) an . he Customs cluding restaurants, are under the supervision of put on short skirts without wearing underwear. 1977 Laws 1978 the respective Prefectural Public Safety Commis­ By the end of 1981 police apprehen(ied 296 persons I; C 1979 Total ases Persons Cases 1980 1981 sion. The number of the businesses whicp are, li­ including waItresses 'and the owners. ' 1 Persotls Cases Persons Cases censed (107,827 in 1981) have been slightly de~reas­ , Striptease snows have also been getting worse 9 The Foreign EXChange and 1,323 641 1.209 52Q Persons Cases Persons 1,041 552' 1,093 416 862 248 ing in the past five years. Those busjnesses are recently, .live fornicatiqn shows hav,e become popu­ f Foreign Trade Control Law 786 304 The Customs Law 568 509 under certain regulatio,ns: to ,maintain good lar. 93 striptease houses were raided in 1981, 44 of r 537 241 337 641 533 211 365 126 morals,. In 1981 police apprehended 4,989 busit1!:~ss the 217 dancers arrested were from overseas. ' 532 31J. -;., ;__ 56_0 __20..::..5_--....:4::.97:.-._~122~·_ - 66- \ -67- I! . ------

the previous year for unlawful medical practices by falsely declaring their shipping goods at much 5. Pollution Crime Control and 714 cases, representing an increase of 182 sion of .the !ransportation of nuclear materials lower prices, and concomitantly and necessarily case~ ?ver the previous year for unlawful sales of ~nd radIOactIve substances. In 1981 the Co . cause the violation of the Japanese regulations re­ (1) Control of Environmental Offenses medlCIne . or placebo, and for the Violation of the SIOns received 318 reports. No accident~ wer::e~I:­ lated. Food SamtatIOn Law. ported for this period. - Police have taken a serious view of those of­ Graph 5-6 shows police apprehensions for pollu­ t High pressure gas and other inflammable sub­ fences and' unlawful payments of kickback, a.nd tion offenses from 1972 to 1981. These offenses are s ances must be stored or treated by observ' have centered its efforts on the detection, but the mainly unlawful dumping of industrial wastes 7. Control of Dangerous Mate­ ?~cessary rules for the prevention of danger ~~~ number of cases cleared by police for the viola­ such as rotten wood and metals (72.1 percent) and rials Injury. In 1981.. 1,367 aCCidents Occurred and 510 tion of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade filthy mud (24.4 percent) in other people's forests people were kIlled. POlice apprehended viol t _ Control Law has decreased in 1981. It is partly be­ (31.9 percent), farms (29.5 percent) or reclaimed to ~~~nspo~thers of subject material are obligated ~~o I were involved in 1,651 cases for ViOlati:n o~~ cause the law was amended at the end of 1980 and land from the sea (25.4 percent), and unlawful dis­ orm e Prefectural Public Safety Com mis- aws concerned with the control of h'gh restrictions on the international trade were relax­ charging of industrial waste waters into rivers or sure gas and other inflammable sUbstanc~s. pres- ed or eliminated. The law was amended because the sea. there were strong requests from some countries to complete the so-called free trade policies. (2) Complaints Increasing (4) other Economic Offenses In addition to the above, noise problems causea by such people as hot-rodders or the rightists Endless chain scheme died down since it was shouting around with loudspeakers from cars are , made illegal in 1978. But it appeared again in quite conspicuous but the controls on noise are not /i Kyushu island in 1980 and spread over the main­ successful in general. 1 ! land. In 1981 police detected 4 schemes and ar­ 1· rested 28 persons, the total members of which 6. Control of Public Health and Ii were around 23 thousand and the total amount of 11 their investment was about 9 billion yen. Hygiene Offenses I In 1981, police apprehended violators in 231 Ii cases, representing an increase of 92 cases over II J

Graph 5~6 Apprehensions for Poi!uthm (cases) (1972-1981) I ,I~ I (Case) , 6,000 t f: 5,000 Ii~

4,000

3,000 2,000 II jJ 1,000 J ------Ii I' /,'/ 1972 Ii fi 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 11 Classification 791 1,727 2,856 3,572 4,697 4,827 5,383 5,855 5,456 5,374 tI Total 4,542 4,702 The Waste Control Law 420 1,056 1,819 2,417 3,549 3,ffl7 4,596 5,103 l' The Water Pollution Prevention Law 44 134 252 291 272 317 34{) 312 400 315 327 537 785 864 876 633 447 440 514 357 ! { Others [ ,J j r 1 Ii i I 1\;1 - 68- \1 i - 69- n ,I1\ ------~.-,---..------.-~---~I f ' 1

1 cense holders continues to increase. The in­ t creased number of women license holders is par­ (2) Recent situation of traffic accidents Chapter VI Traffic Safety and Police ticularly conspicuous. The increased number of li­ I cense holders during the past five years was A. General situation about 5,570,000 for women, as against 4,260,000 for As in the previous year, 1981 saw a high in­ Activities men. 'fhe rate of increase during this period was cidence of motorcycl€ accidents involving young [ 67.9% for women, as against 15.8% for men. people. There were also numerous traffic acci­ The number of license holders accounts for dents in 1981, including coHisions at intersections, 1 50.7% of the population over age 16, eligible for head-on COllisions on highways, and aCCidents in­ 1. holding a license. Those between ages 25 and 29 volving pedestrians crossing the streets, which 90.8% could have been averted if basic traffic rules had lil·_~ph 6-2 shows the change in the length of paved account for of the above-mentioned popu­ 1. Traffic Situation lation for men and 56.5% for women. been observed. roads over the past 10 years. The number of accidents resulting in injury or (1) Present situation of road traffic B Increased automobile transport t Transport in Japan continues to Shi~t from 'Graph 6-3 shows the change in cargo transpor railwa s to automobiles as a result of the Increas­ b trucks over the past 10 years. The .volll:~e ing nU~ber of automobiles, particularl.y of passe~­ or transport showed a decrease after th~ 011 CriSIS ger cars, and the development of highway ne- . 1973 but began to turn upward after fiscal 1976. Graph 6-3 Change in the Volume of works, including high-speed motorways. . ~s sho~n in Graph 6-4, passenger transport by a~­ Cargo Transport by Mode of Transport Graph 6-4 Change in the Volume of tomobile showed a rising trend even after the oIl Passenger Transport by M~de of Transport A. The number of automobiles and the length of (Fiscal 1971-1980) crisis. (FiscaI1971-1~i{}m roads t As shown in Graph 6-1, the number of au omo- C. The increased number of driver's license biles in Japan is increasing. The rate of own­ (100 million ton kml holders f d' 's Ii (100 million passenger kml ership has reached one in every 2.9 persons. As shown in Graph 6-5, the number 0 river - 2.500 4,500 Alltomohiles ,.' /' I Graph 6-1 Change in the Number of Graph 6-2 Change in the Length of Domestic <;hipping 4.000 I _...... --. 2.000 / Owned Automobiles (1972-1981) Paved Roads {Fiscal 1971-1980) I ,""" . / .-- I IInd.x) ,I "v' AlI(omohiles I JOO / -,..., .l500 .."" ..... ,/' ,.,.,; /,.,. 1.500 Engine bicycles ./ r-- Railways / ~ -...... ",.".--- .1,000 I'/./ ""..." ---" \/ ",,' ,IFour·wheel , passenger C'3r~ .100 200 - 1.000 ,/ -'~- 2.500 ;,', -' TOlol /l //'/ 200 ",' " ,...... -...., ...... -...... ,,,,,"" ,,'" '\ ...... 2.000 ",,/ ---..".""- Four·wheel trucks Domestic air ,/ #- ,...... ' I(]() ...... -..... Railways 100 I--

-70- -,,71- Graph 6-7 Change in .the Numherof Accidents on High-Speed Motorways (1977 -1981) Change in the Number of Driver's License Holders (1972-:1981) tiraph 6-5 (Index) (1977=100) (Index) 140~ Length of motorways \. / /women 240 l 130 /,/,/' 220 // /' , 200 ,/' \ 120 ",...... ~, " 180 /,/,/ Total ,. " Accidents that caused ~ ',. property damage 160 /' 110 ,/' M /~::ideJ1ts that "----~-- Total 140 ,/ _------en ./~' resulted in injury .. / ------\ , ..,--".,.",...."""' ...... : I 120 ."" ------~~~~·~::~-~-:-=------~~--~------.- -- 100~---4~-~·------~~'-~~~=------~~ 100 L__ --.' --- i -~----~---==--:------.::::------l• 80 1977

Iq71 1978 1979 1980 1981 -~- Year 1977 1980 1981 I 1978 1979 1975 ·1976 1977 Total (cases) 11,337 12,791 12,985 11,869 12,186 Year 1972 1973 1974 41,043 43,000 44,973 Accidents that resulted in death 143 136 137 107 135 35,149 37,023 39,174 30,779 32,144 33,483 29,548 30,408 :31,213 Accidents that resulted ill injury 2,375 2,475 2,316 2,045 2,138 Total 0,000 persons) 29,475 26,957 27,770 28,730 24,477 25,339 26,106 11,495 12,592 13,760 \ Accidents that caused property damage 8,819 10,180 10,532 9,717 9,913 23,675 10,444 7,:n6 8,192 9,253 Men 5,800 6,302 6,805 II Length of motorways (km) 2.195 2,414 2,524 2,792 2,937 Women ~ Change in the Number of Traffic Accidents (1970-1981) Il Graph 6-6 death on high-speed motorways per 100 million ity of persons who died in motorcycle accidents in (Index) l{m of run was about one-tenth the number of 1981 were those aged 16 to 19. In 1,274 accidents 100 those on general roads. The rate of deaths (see caused primarily by motorcycles and resulted in \ Notes) on high-speed motorways was about 3.5 death, there were 413 Violations of the speed lim­ 90 times higher than that on general roads. its (32.4%), 123 drunken driving cases (9.6%), 77 Notes. The rate of deaths denotes the ratio of cases of disregarding stop signs (6%), and 55 deaths to all traffic accidents resulting cases of ignqring traffic signals (4.3%). Compared 80 0970=100) in injury or death. with automQ"ile accidents, there were more viola­ Number of accidents tions Of the speed limits (1.5' times), disregarding 70 ...... \ . B. Analysis of accident.s resulting in death of stop signs (twice), and ignofrngof signals 0.5 ~~~--~ ,\ The number of deaths in motorcycle accidents times) in motorcycle accidents. There were also ..... ,.... ~----.------Number ofinjured persons "still continues to rise and has reached about 20% 116 unlicensed driving cases,· 1.9 times higher 60 " ' ... of all deaths in traffic accidents. than those of automobiles. Table 6-3 shows acci­ ~--~--~--~--~ Table 6-2 shows the types of traffic accidents dents caused primarily by· motorcycles and re­ Number of deaths 50 which resulted in deaths over the past five years. sulted in death by the user's occupation and pur­ Of particular note is the increase in collisions at pose of use. Intersections. Of the man v~\' vehicle aCCidents, b) ColliSions at intersections '79 [i970T71 I '72 1. '7J~ =·:~4.~-'7S '7h i -::nT'7R" I I 'RO~J those involving pedestrians crossing the streets , As shown in Table 6-2, the ratio of coUisionsat

... ,-.~.-- - .. .-~--- 1981 still show a high percentage. Of the accidents in­ intersections to all .vehIcle- VS. vehicle accidents __~---~-.------~--.- 19,4 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 .Q_-----:-~-::_:_;;;:~~;;;:;- volving no people, running off the roads and crash­ resulting in death is rising. There were 938 such 460.649 464.037 471.573 476.677 485.578 7i8.0~0 659.28:1~:1 490.452 ~~_4.::7:.:.·I.O::.:4.:..1 __..:.----::;:-- ing into roadside structures account for more cases in 1981. Ta~le 6-4 shows coilisions at inter­ 65 66 66 68 Number of accidents _-----'-:-;:::- 92 SZ---GS' ~6~6 _...;6~6 __::-::::--_;;;-;;-;.;;;:- 64 than 80%. About 50% Of the former and 30% of the sections by type of violation of .traffic rules and 8.783 8.466 8.760 8.719 _ ___----~~~I~nd~e~x----~~I~OO~I!G~98~-~~-V~~~ 14.574 11.4:12 IO,7929.n4- 8.945 latter occurred at curve pOints. by type of road. Many collisions at intersections 16.765 16.271!....~15:.:.:.9-IS--- 52 50 52 52 Number of injured pers~o~ns':------~:_ 87 -- 68 .~6~~_~58~_=_=~_:;;_:~:__;:;;;_;;:;.,_7

-72 - Graph 6-8 Deaths of Motorcyclists by Age in Relation to Table 6-1 Change in the Number of Deaths in Traffic Population Ratio (1981) Accidents by Situation (Population ratio) Number ofdc31h 15 Year 1979 Situation 1977 1978 1980 1981 8,466 - 700 Total (persons) 8,945 fl,783 8,760 8,719 (l00.0) (Wo.o) (100.0) (lOO.O) (l00.0)

In automobiles 3,371 3,242 2,998 3.216 3,251 - 600 (37.7) (36.9) (35.4) (36.7) (37.3) On motorcycles. 1,467 1,502 1,538 1.693 1,762 (16.4) ( 17.1) (18.2) (19.3) (20.2) 10 On bicycles 1,083 1,113 1.005 1,051 990 500 (12.1 ) (12.7) ( 11.9) -(12.0) (lI..4) Pedestrians 2,961 2,871 2,888 2,767 2.679 / Pnpulnlinll rali<, (33.1 ) (32.7) (34.1) (31.6) (30.7) Others 63 55 37 33 37 400 ( 0.7) ( 0.6) ( 0.4) ( 0.4) ( 0.4)

Notes: 1) The above automobiles denote vehicles defined as "automobiles" in the 300 Road Traffic Act, excluding motorcycles. . . 5 2) The above motorcycles denote motorcycles and engine ~lcycles, defmed as " otorcycles" and "engine bicycles" in the Road TraffIC Act. . . 200 3) T: above "Others" are persons killed by light vehicles (excludmg bICY-

4) Figurescles). in parentheses denote composlT IOn ra rosI in1 the respective situa- 100 tions.

nO Table 6-2 Change in the Numbe~ of Death-Causing Traffic Age Under Accidents by Type of ACCident (1977-1981) 16-19 Over 15 20-29 30-39 40-4!:1 50-59 60 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 NUmber of death (persons) 51 721 253 109 150 191 Type of accident Population ratio 0.2 10.8 1.5 0.5 0.9 1.4 287 8,329 Total (casesi' 8.487 8.311 8.048 8.278 0.3 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (l00.0) (100.0) Note: The above population denotes a figure estimated by the Prime Minister's Office as of October 1, 1981. . Vehicle vs. vehicle 3.279 3,412 3.430 Total 3.367 3.442 ( (39.7) (41.4) (40.7) (41.0) (41.4) 729 717 738 897 938 Collisions at intersections ( 8.6) (/1.6) ( !1.1) (10.8) (11.3) Table 6-3 Deaths in Motorcycle-Caused ACCidents by Situation, 1,106 1,139 1.066 1.056 1,093 Rider's Occupation, and Purpose of Use (1981) Head-on collisions (13.0) (13.7) ( 13.3l (12.7) (13.2) 1,532 1,586 1,475 l.459 1,399 Purpose of Others (18.3) <18.1) 09.1) 07.5) (16.9) use Total Others Man vs. vehicle Occupation BUSiness Getting Attending Leisure 2,817 2,741 2,745 2,641 2,559 Occupation (cases) (shopping, Un- Total to work school etc.) (33.1) (33.0) (34.1) (31.7) (30.9) Total (cases) 1,274 known 1,804 1,817 1,861 1,767 1,733 2 58 161 Pedestrians crossing streets High schools 49 408 595 1 (22.2) (23.2) (23.f1 (21.2) (20,9) 303 1,013 924 884 874 826 students 0 5 Others 30 145 121 1 (10.9) ( 9.8) (lUl) (10.5) (10,0) College stUdents 80 0 2 2 11 Vehicle alone Others 911 2 21 24 0 2,033 - 1,884 1,834 2.066 2,Ofl6 55 154 8 242 450 'fotal (24.0) (22.7) (22.8) (24.8) (25.2) 0 677 599 583 634 655 Running off roads ( 8.0) ( 7.2) ( 7.3) ( 7.6)' ( 7.9) C) Accidents at curve points 1,087 1,046 1,017 1,154 1,158 Crashing into structures (12.8) 02.6) (12.6) (13;9) (l4,(j) At curve points, vehicles tend to run off the d) Accidents of pedestrians crossing the roads 269 239 234 278 273 (See Table 6-6) Others roads or collide head-on as a result of speeding ( 3.2) ( 2.9) ( 2.9) ( 3.3) ( 3.3) and other reckless driving manners. Many of e) ACCidents of old people and children 270 244 190 210 03 RaHway crossings f these accid'ents occur between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m The deaths in traffic accidents in 1981 by age ( 3.2) ( 2.9) ( 2.4) ( 2.5) ( 2.5) show that those of old people continued to occur Note: Figures in parentheses ~enote composition ratios in the respective types of acci- dents. - 75- -74- r·'· I I,

\1 Graph 6-9 Change in the Number of Deaths in Traffic Accidents by Age and I !' Population Ratio Per 1009000 Persons (1977-1981) Table 6-4 Types of Violations by Drivers Primarily I"~ Responsible for Death-Caused Collisions at Intersections (1981) (Population ratio) Road condition Intersection \ 40 Violations by drivers Total No signals Signals Single responsible for accidents (cases) Installed Installed road \: Total (cases) 936 637 249 52 Disregarding signals 179 1 178 0 30 Disregarding maximum speed limits 121 84 18 19 Disregarding precedence rules 49 41 7 1 ,j Disregarding safety-passage rules at 97 83 13 1 j intersections I 20 Disregarding go-slow signs 97 96 1 0 I Disregarding stop signs 227 222 4 1 ...... _- ...... Drunken driving 30 18 12 0 l -­ ...... Disregarding safe:driving rules ! -­ ... __ 16-59 Inattentive driving 36 28 3 5 j 10 ...... ------Disregarding safe-speed rules 13 11 0 2 ,i ---.... _------Others 66 43 8 15 I Others 23 10 5 8 Under age 15 (children) II 0 ---- - ~ '70 Table 6-5 ~rypes of Violations by Drivers Primarily "r Responsible for Death-Caused Curve-Point Acci.dents (1981) Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Age Disregarding Safe-driving rules Violations by drivers Disregarding Under age 15 (children) 2,094 2,024 2,O!l7 1,970 1,494 1,5:!5 1.297 1,232 1,220 1,069 985 896 responsible for Total maximum Drunken Over- Disregarding ~ accidents (cases) speed driving wrought Inattentive safe-speed Others Others Population ratio 7.9 7.6 7.6 7.0 5.2 5.3 4.5 4.2 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.1 Type of a~cldent limits driving driving rules ~ Age 16 - 59 10,983 10,611 10,305 9,208 7,301 6,874 6,303 5,713 5,539 5,313 5,646 5,761 Total (cases) 1,408 55:! 219 103 130 80 137 186 I Population ratio 16.6 15.9 15.2 1:1.5 10.6 9.8 8.9 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.8 7.9 Man vs. vehicle Over age 60 (old people) 3,688 3,64:1 3,516 3,396 2,637 2,383 2,134 2,000 2,024 2,804 2,129 2,062 Total 1:!1 26 1:1 5 :!9 10 18 20 During crossing 52 II :! 0 14 4 9 11 Population ratio 3:!.4 31.8 29.5 27.7 20.9 18.1 15.8 14.4 11.2 14.2 14.6 13.3 Others 79 15 \0 5 25 6 9 9 Vehicle vs. vehicle Total 518 158 44 61 44 32 33 146 Head-on collisions 4:14 1:!7 39 55 35 27 17 124 Others 84 21 5 6 9 5 16 22 at a higher rate: 4_3 times those of children and and 30. During these campaigns, the police pro­ Vehicle alone 1. Total 759 369 162 37 47 38 86 20 7 times those in other age brackets. Graph 6-9 moted various safety measures, including secur­ Crashing into structures 374 209 79 24 21 13 21 7 shows the change which has taken place since ing of safe environmental conditions, protection of Running off roads 321 12:1 76 13 22 21 56 10 1970 in the number of deaths in traffic accidents Others 64 37 7 0 4 4 9 3 the aged and children from accidents on the ---~--~, per 100,000 population by age. roads, traffic control, and safe use of bicycles. The use of a seat belt or a helmet is effective in an accident. According to a survey conducted dur­ Table 6-6 Types of Violations by Drivers or PedestI'ians ing the autumn national traffic safety campaign, Primarily Responsible for Death-Caused Accidents During the use of a seat belt continued to remain at a low Crossing (1981) 2. Development of Traffic rate, as shown in Table 6-7. It is necessary to con­ --~- ,i tinue urging drivers to use a seat belt and pro­ Type of accIdent Cross,lng Crossing places othe~ than pedestrian crossIngs Safety Consciousness and Sys­ mote a seat-belt campaign through workshops and Total Crossing near Crossing near ~ pedestrian 1 offices, as well as local government agencies. 'fhe Type of violation by (cases) crOSSings pedestrian pedestrian Others 1 'i tematical Safety Education those responsible for accidents crOSSing crossing bridges rate of those using a helmet was 98.4% for motor­ cycle riders and 54.4% for engine-bicycle riders_ Total (cases) 1,733 324 251 31 1,121 ; Drivers 1 To realize a safe and comfortable society with Total 1,48:! 263 202 33 985 regard to traffic in an age when almost all people (2) Safety education for children and old. people Disregarding signals 20 18 2 0 0 I Disregarding maximum speed limits 271 22 36 11 202 have a driver's license, it is essential to develop Disregarding safe-driving rules at I safety-minded citizens who will respect each oth­ To make children safety-minded in their early 51 9 9 32 I Intersections er's position and act carefully. For this purpose, stages of development, the police have held safety Obstruction of pedestrians 216 163 12 !! 39 1 the police have promoted various traffic safety meetings and classes for safe use of a bicycle for Drunken driving 46 8 10 2 26 f children, taking their behavioral characteristics Disregarding safe-driving rules ! campaigns and provided systematical safety edu­ Inattentive driving 465 18 76 12 359 ! cation to citizens. into consideration. The police have also promoted Disregarding safe-speed rules 84 0 12 1 71 the formation of traffic safety clubs for infants Others 264 19 35 4 206 66 6 10 0 50 I (1) Traffic safety campaigns through kindergartens ;;md nursery schools, as Others Pedestrians ~ II well as the formation of such clubs for school chil­ Total 250 61 49 4 136 Tne 1981 traffic safety campaigns were con­ dren and middle school students in cooperation Disregarding signals 86 60 21 1 4 [I ducted between April 6 and 15, and September 21 with schools and local traffic safe~y associations. Crossing Immediately befOre or after vehicle 76 0 14 2 60 J Rushing oul 55 0 7 0 48 l\ I i Others 3:3 1 7 1 24 I' t ~ :- ( ~ 77- ," -76- ! } !ij I b) Improvement of procedures for renewals Those who have their licenses suspended are ob­ Table 6-7 Use of Seat Belts (1977-1981)' A driver's license needs to be renewed every ligated to attend a safety class. In 1981, about t~ree years, and these renewals total about 13 mU­ 1,300,000 people attended this class, which in­ General roads High-speed motorways lIon a year. This bUSiness involves such a large cl?des Spe?ial courses for hotrodders, motorcy­ Passengers In Passengers in Drivers number of drivers that it is necessary to relieve clIsts, and Juveniles. Drivers front seats front seats them of the burdens concerning renewal pro­ Survey Survey Rate of Survey Rate of Survey Rate of Survey Rate of cedures ~~d give them safety lessons effectively. D. Measures for good drivers (persons) user (%) (persons) user (%) (persons): user (%) (persons) user (%) month and year . In .addltIon to the same-day service for renew­ Administra.tive privileges are granted to drivers 19:1,564 9.3 98,507 6.1 Sept. 1977 27,334 16.2 13.476 13.2 mg . lIcenses, the pOlice are considering adopting ~ho have neIther caused any traffic accident nor Sept. 1978 35,991 20.4 17,659 17.4 238,150 U.6 118,252 8.0 v~rIOus other measures, including opening of ser­ 112.317 8.9 ~IOlated any traffic rules for extended periods of Sept. 1979 32,607 20.9 14,060 17.2 228,667 13.4 VIces for renewal procedures on Saturday after­ Sept. 1980 39,339 22.4 16.333 18.4 299,844 16.0 123,147 10.0 tIme. Commendation is also made to such drivers Sept. 1981 34,872 21.4 14,551 17.1 117,924 20.5 55,603 14.5 noo~s and Sund~ys, opening of services at police by public agencies and organizations. statIOns for accIdent- and violation-free drivers The Automobile Safe Driving Center issues a as well as for those who have finished a speciai "no-accident" certificate and a driving record, as s.afety course, and a mailing service. Prepara­ W~ll as an SD card certifying that the holder of As of the end of September 1981, there were 17,500 fiscal 1981 produced a film as a teaching aid using tIons.. are under way to put these measures into thIS card has been accident- or Violation-free for traffic safety clubs covering 1,830,000 infants and chirology. This film covers the entire 20-unit cur­ praCtIce during 1982. more than one year. About 1,540,000 certificates 1,730,000 parents, and 4,000 such clubs covering riculum. and 1,220,000 SD cards were issued in 1981. 730,000 school children and 130,000 middle school C. Elimination of dangerous drivers 'Ph", noli"o "~ve tak . k I students, throughout the country. As of the end of B. Safety lessons for engine-bicycle users ~ ••~ t'v..... -.- ua ' en qUIC regu atory action (2) Safe driving supervisors system September 1981, there were traffic safety sections For those who have newly acquired an engine­ against aCCident-prone drivers and removed them from the roads i~ an early stage. Graph 6-10 in about 28,000 organizations, and traffic saft~ty su­ bicycle license, the police provide safety lessons Workshops of more than certain scales are obli­ pervisors in about 26,000 organizations, through­ primarily designed to improve their technical ~hows the change m the number of licenses sub­ Ject to regulatory action over the past five years. gat~d to appoint a safe driving supervisor and an out the country. skills. The substance and method of these lessons aSSIstant to ensure safe driving by the employees. were unified in 1981. About 700,000 persons, or (3) Improved education for drivers 74.9% of those who had newly acquired an engine­ bicycle license, took these lessons throughout the The number of drivers has sharply risen. To country. } make safety education for drivers more effective, I. Graph 6·10 Change in the Number of Driver's Licenses Subject to it is necessary to educate them, not on a uniform 11 Reg'watol'Y Action (1977-1981) basis, but in accordance with the characteristics II of each driver. jl (Index) 0977==100) A. Improvement of curriculums in driver's train­ 3. Promotion of Measures for I 120~ Revocation ing schools Drivers a) Improvement of training systems in desig­ / nated driver's training schools As of the end of December 1981, the number of (1) Improvement of license control system 11+ deSignated driver's training schools totaled 1,464 100t---11!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~"""""""_...,.,,e:::::::::=-______throughout the country. The number of graduates A. Improvement of oper;ation for driver's test from these schools totaled about 2,220,000 in 1981, The driver's test is bound to have a decisive in­ " 92.6% of them passed the driver's test sub­ fluence over the curriculums in deSignated driv­ 1 ' 90 " Total sequently. er's schools, as well as over safety lessons for I In 1981, the police instructed these driver's f ,.:~__ _J drivers. It is therefore necessary to examine the ! schools to further improve their training facilities SUbstance and method of the driver's test and im­ 80 ~-~~~~-~-~-~~ and systems, and set up a project team to review prove it from time to time. ------'" their curriculums within the National Police In view of the high incidence of motorcycle acci­ Suspension Agency. dents, the police in 1981 made a partial amend­ 70 b) Revision in standards for motorcyclists' train­ ment to the regulations related to the Road Traf­ f ing hours fic Act and imposed a stricter test regarding the L To deal with the high incidence of motorcycle balanced run of a motorcycle. aCCidents, the police made a partial amendment to the regulations related to the Road Traffic Act B. Improvement of procedures for license is­ regarding the training hours of motorCYClists in suance 1 , \ 1977 1978 1979 1980 deSignated driver's training schools: two addition­ a) Same-day issuance of licenses ,.' al hours in the technical training course con­ The driver's license control system was put on .. / ~ cerning a balanced run which is essential to the a real-time basis in January 1982, and a same-day , operation of a motorcycle, and four- additional service for issuing certain types of licenses was " 1977 1978 1979 " 1980 1981 hours in the study of rules and safe operations. put into practice. They include newly issued li­ .~' Total 1,848,456 1,885,210 c) Production of film for aurally handicapped censes, re-issued licenses, and those with an addi­ 1,572,044 1,541,749 ;-;/ 1,574,290 trainees tional entry. A same-day service will also be ~ Revocation 68,072 68,791 68,070 Suspention 71,(j3~ 76,579 To help aurally handicapped persons study in opened for renewals throughout the country in 1,780,384 . 1,816,419 1,503,974 1,47Q ... 114 1,497,711 deSignated driver's training schools, the police in January 1983. - 79 -,- -78- ,.. - ---- ~ ~------

r~

1 I

As of the end of fiscal 1981, there were about "life zones" and exclusive bus lanes. Since 1974, trol centers, setting of speed limits, and setting up 250,000 safe driving supervisors, as well as about this control system has been put i,nto practice in I of zones closed to large-size vehicles. Since fiscal 1981, fixed-cycle signals have been 30 000 assistants, in about 250,000 workshops cities with more than 100,000 population. In 1979, converted into programmable multistage signals I capable of changing control patterns by the time th~oughout the country. To promote effective anti­ it was expanded to cities with more than 30,000 A. Traffic control on main highways accident measures, the police have given them. population. As of the end of fiscal 1981, this sys­ period of the day and by the day of the week. . To enhance the functions of main highways, var­ c) Improvement of signals courses for safety supervision. In fiscal 1981, a to­ tem was enforced in 658 cities. Table 6-8 shows IOUS control measures have been implemented in­ tal of about 2,400 such courses were given to In fiscal 1981, 4,305 new signals were installed. traffic control measures implemented in cities clu~ing the adjust~ent of traffic flows such a~ by about 270,000 supervisors and their assistants. ~xisting signals are being converted into night­ with more than 30,000 population. up no-passmg zones, the adjustment of s~ttmg push-button signals (see Notes 1) and night­ a) Life zones rIght or left turns at intersections, and the system­ t~me Life zones are demarcated in residential areas tIme semi-sensitive signals (see Notes 2). Table 6- atization of signals. Reasonable speed limits have 11 shows the improvement of signals. or shopping centers. In each life zone, various been set mainly on interCity highways in accord­ Notes 1. The nighttime push-button signal is in­ traffic control measures are combined and imple­ ance with their respective traffic conditions. 4. Improvement of Traffic Condi­ mented, including the establishment of ro~ds for stalled on a single road where there pedestrians only, roads closed to large-sIze ve­ B. Traffic control in small cities are practically no pedestrians at night tions and is designed to change lights when hicles, and one-way courses. In small cities with less than 30,000 population, b) Exclusive bus lanes a pedestrian pushes the button at the police have reexamined the present traffic con­ night. (1) Promotion of traffic control Exclusive bus' lanes have been created to im­ trol measures for areas, routes, and intersections Notes 2. The semi-sensitive signal is installed at prove the functions of regular bus services and to with a high incidence of accidents and imple­ Traffic control is divided into three types: traf­ induce people to switch from private cars to pub­ ~n intersection where there is prac­ mented adequate control measures in accordance tICally no pedestrians' crOSSing at night fic control in large cities, traffic control on main lic transportation, thereby alleviating traffic con­ with their respective conditions. In new reSiden­ highways, and traffic control in small cities. gestion in large cities. The number of signals sen­ and is designed to turn semi-sensitive tial areas, necessary control measures have been only at night. sitive to buses has also been increased to facil­ taken in antiCipation of future traffic conditions. A. Traffic control in large cities itate bus transportation. Furthermore, un the occasion of the Internation­ This type of control is designed to create a safe c) Elimination of public annoyances al Year of Disabled Persons, a speCial device was C. Special measures for places with high. in­ attached to signals to ensure safety for the blind, and smooth traffic environment in each city To reduce noise and vibrations caused by ve­ .cidence of accidents through appropriate control of the traffic flow, as hicular traffic along the main highways, the po­ ~o prevent acc~dents at curve points, colliSions well as of the total volume of vehicular traffic. lice have implemented various measures, includ­ at mtersections, and accidents involving pedestri­ This type of control includes the establishment of ing wide-ranging signal control by the traffic con- ans crOSSing the streets, various control measures Graph 6-11 Change in Jfmprovement of have been combined and implemented in accord­ Signals (Fiscal 1975-1981) ance with the respective types of aCCidents.

Table 6-8 Main Traffic Control Measures in Cities with More (2) Improvement of traffic safety faCilities Than 30,000 Population (Fiscal 1980, 1981) S~~~als, signs, marks, and other traffic safety IIndl.·" facIlIties have heen improved steadily since 1966 Fiscal year (number of 1980 (646) 1981 (658) Rate of ~nder several 3-rear and 5-year programs. The 2!'11 - cities) increase or Improvement of taese facilities is now being made Length Length decrease (%) s'ystematically under the 3rd 5-year program with fIscal 1981 as its initial year. Closed to traffic 9,899.8 10,189.9 2.9 Pedestrian roads A. Signals and traffjc control centers Closed to traffic except for the above 19,302.1 19,376.4 0.4 a) Types of signals' and their functions Privileges to buses Traffic signals divided into the following :?Cn Total 1,496.3 1,729.6 15.7 ar(~ types: the one-point Qontrol type designed to con­ Precedence lanes for buses 498.3 650.7 30.6 Exclusive lanes for buses 876.9 959.1 9.4 trol traffic only at

- 80- - 81- --1

1 j I

)

::: Table 6-10 Development of Traffic Safety Facilities Table 6-9 Types and Funct~ons of Traffic Signals (Fiscal 1981) Type Functions Size of projects Expenses for projects £IIOne-point control signals Type of project Of billion) Fixed-cycle signals This type of signal has three control patterns (see Notes 1) previously Total expenses 76.71 set in accordance with traffic conditions at a given intersection. Special projects These control patterns can be changed with a time switch in different Total 32.46 time periods, such as morning, daytime, and evening. Traffic control centers 9.82 Sensitive signals This type of signal is designed to give the green lights an optimum Signals length of time by measuring the volume of traffic on the main and Subtotal 17.87 sub roads at a given intersection with a vehicle-sensitive device, Newly installed (units) 4,305 7.87 thereby making the vehicles' halting time as short as possible. Improved 7.81 ------~----~-- Systematized (units) 1,170 Bus-sensitive signals This type of signal is designed to set up a bus-sensitive device before 2.19 Road signs (units) 19,132 3.41 an intersection and give signs to buses to ensure their smooth oper- Road marks ations. 0.18 Others 1.19 Push-button signals To ensure pedestrians' safe crossings, this type of signal is installed Independent regional projects (road mainly at pedestrian crossings marked in places other than inter­ signs and marks) 44.24 sections. Although precedence is given to vehicles most of the time, the light on the pedestrian side turns green when a pedestrian pushes Notes: 1. The road marks include lane dividing lines using chatter bars. 2. Oth~rs include center-line shifting systems, power supply systems for signals, the :Jutton eqUIpment for surveys, and research expenses. oRoute control signals Systematic muItipattern This type of signal is designed to change with a time switch three sys­ I signals tematic control lJatterns (see Notes 2) previously set in consideration I of the volume of traffic at the neighboring signal pOints. ',1 .~ er traffic safety facilities always in good condition cidence of bicycle accidents. To solve these prob­ Automatic sensitive This type of signal is designed to give SIgns on the basis of systematic J and improve their systems and functions. lems, the Act Concerning the Safe Use of Bicycles systematic signals control patterns set in accordance with the volume of traffic on a giv­ ..J and Maintenance of Parking Lots for Bicycles en route each time it is measured with a vehicle sensitive device. ~.l, D. P!"ojects to improve traffic safety facilities was enforced on May 20, 1981. In line with the aim These control patterns are determined by a minicomputer installed in i Under the 3rd five-year traffic safety facilities of this Act, the police have taken various mea­ police stations and other places. ~l development program, which was started in fiscal '; sures in cooperation with the organizations con­ 1 1981, special projects (with subsidIes from the gov­ cerned. GlArea control signals This type of signal is designed to ensure a safe and smooth flow of j traffic on the entire road network in a given urban area. All the sig­ I ernment) are being undertaken at a cost of about nals in one area are interrelated and controlled by a computer install­ ¥190 billion, and independent projects (without sub­ A. More spaces for bicycles ed at the Traffic Control Center that covers the area. sidies from the government) at a cost of about The police have cooperated with local govern­ cI ¥305 billion, both 1.3 times larger than those under­ ments to cope with the growing demand for Notes: 1. The control pattern consists of a cycle and a split. The cycle denotes a du­ taken under the 2nd five-year program. Table 6-10 spaces to place bicycles. The pOlice have dis­ ration of time from one green light display to the other. The split denotes I shows the amount of investment in traffic safety .,1 patched officers to the scenes when local govern­ the percentage of a green light display time per cycle. Suppose one cycle facilities in fiscal 1981, the initial year of the cur­ ments remove and keep bicycles left unused for runs 100 seconds and the green light display time on the main road side I ren~. program. . } extended periods . lasts 60 seconds. In this instance, the split on the main road side is 60%. '/ 2. The systematic control pattern consists of a cycle, a split, and an offset. l (3) Development of traffic control technology B. Formation of good traffic networks for bicy­ The offset denotes a difference of time between one green light display J1 cles and that of one of the neighboring signals. To further improve the traffic control system, 1'1 the pOlice have conducted research on methods to The police have taken necessary measures for , ! provide drivers with information about an antici­ safe use of bicycles. As of the end of March 1981, i pated volume of traffic, an optimum course to a there were about 400 exclusive zones for bicycles ! I destination, and an estimated amount of time re­ (about 500 km), about 45,600 crOSSings for cy­ d) Development of traffic control centers overhead-type signs have been installed mainly on I Clists, and about 22,600 zones on the sidewalks The traffic control center is designed to operate highways to improve their visibility. quired to reach a destination, as well as on the uti­ lization of changeable road signs. Research ef­ (about 26,400 km) permitting passage by cyclists. signals and road signs in a certain area exten­ The improvement has been made mainly of "i sively and systematically and create a safe and road marks showing pedestrian 'crossings and pe­ I, J forts have also been made concerning the dura­ JI bility of road signs and marks in snowy regions . C. Promotion of maintenance system for bicy­ smooth vehicular flow in a city by providing nec­ destrian zones on roadsides to ensure safety for .~ .. t,l cles essary information to drivers. In fiscal 1981, these pedestrians. Road marks have also been im­ (4) Various measures for bicycles The bicycle maintenance system is designed to centers were established in five cities. Of the proved for no-passing zones at curve pOints in sub~ 11 keep bicycles in perfect repair and let people use existing centers in 60 cities, those in 53 cities ex­ urban and mountainous areas with a high in­ ,L] The number of owned bicycles exceeded 50 mil­ bicycles in a right way. In August 1981, the 2nd bi­ panded their control areas. cidence of accidents, as well as for the separation lion as of the end of December 1980. Many bicy­ .cycle maintenafice technical test was conducted. Of lanes using chatter bars. . cles are placed on the roads near railway sta­ Lld A total of 48,215 people have passed this test, and B. Road signs and marks j tions. These bicycles block pedestrians' passage, the number of certified bicycle maintenance Since fiscal 1981, changeable road signs have C. Maintenance of traffic safety facilities i I pOSing a serious problem. There is still a high in- ! shops has reached 37,277. been installed. Moreover, large-size overhang-and Efforts have been made to keep signals and oth- {!I , ,1 -83- , I -82 - ] ~"! j 1 d rl! 11 IiI, ··1, d (1) Strengthened street campaigns i clists to act safely through various street cam­ 5. Establishment of Traffic Or­ paigns. (3) Strict action against violations by bUSiness der On highways and places with a high incidence 1 enterprises of accid~jnts, particularly in late-night and ea~ly (2)" Control of major rule violations morning hours, the police urged drivers to d.flve 1 A. Taking employers to task For such violations as overloading, overwrought carefully so as to prevent dangerous. rule VIol1.l­ .I\ Particular emphaSis was place on the control of tions. The police also called on pedestrIans and cy- J vicious and dangerous acts liable to cause serious driving, unlicensed driving, and use of faulty ve­ j aCCidents. Table 6-11 shows the control of major hicles, the drivers have been punished. At the I rule violations in the past five years. same time, the pOlice have taken their employers Table 6-11 Control of Major Violations of Traffic Regulations to task for mismanagement conCerning operation, (1977-1981) Table 6-13 Arrests for Violations of Traffic Laws, Excluding Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Road Traffic Act (1980, 1981)

226,704 228,409 Unlicensed driving (cases) 238,030 230,849 211,726 Year 1980 1981 Index 100 97 89 95 96 Total number (cases) 75,654 Drunken driving 364,598 300,081 175,791 244,685 277,929 Act Concerning Securing of Parking Spaces for Automobiles 85,681 Road Transport Vehicles Act 64,890 75,280 • Index 100 82 48 67 76 ,j Automobile Accident Compensation Act 5,467 . 5,075 Speeding (exceeding limits by 25 km/h or more) 654,773 620,461 617,405 615,127 628,617 Road Transport Act 4,737 4,766 Road Act Index 100 95 94 94 96 531 490 Provisional Act Concerning Rationalization of Taxi Industry 19 53 415,930 458,744 466,304 Disregarding signals 397,611 410,699 Dump Truck Control Act 1 0 Index 100 103 105 115 117 Express BUSiness Act 6 16 High-Speed National Route Act 0 Disregarding pedestrian-protection rules 99,622 100,481 87,563 91,232 98,477 0 3 1 Index 100 101 88 92 99 Disregarding stop signs 761,435 806,129 803,795 857,305 878,872 Table 6-14 ., Hit-And-Run Cases and Arrests (1977-1981) Index 100 106 106 113 115 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 NUmber of cases Table 6-12 Employers' Mismanagement Subject to Regulatory 31,713 Number of arrests (persons) 32,223 29,053 27,566 28,831 27,560 Action (1980, 1981) Rate of arrest (%) 28,952 27,065 24,442 ':, 90.9 24,835 89.8 93.2 88.7 Year 90.1 1980 1981 Y Total number (cases) 14,830 14,418 Table 6-15 Arrests for Transport-Related SpeCial Offenses Orders, tacit approvals Total 1,011:9 774 (1981) Overloading 675 560 Unlicensed, disqualified driving 231 156 Value of money Overwrought driving . . 139 ~ 36 Type of offense Number Number swindled Drunken driving, driving under alcoholIc mfluence of cases 9 21 Total number of persons (¥I,OOO) Others 5 1 2,938 Punishment of both drivers and employers Murders or injuries under disguise of 2,205 1,076,630 traffic aCCidents Total 4,024 3,903 J 24 26 Incidents in which SCienter applied to Overloading . . 3,399 3,337 traffic aCCidents ,. Disregarding employers' oblIgatIOns 299 272 72 79 Driving faulty vehicles 275 240 InCidents in which wilful offenses were committed after traffic aCCidents, such as Others" 51 54 250 Aiding and abetting employing a double 397 Faking of traffic aCCidents Total .. 9,532 9,594 152 Unlicensed, disqualified dflvmg . . 8,605 8,683 SWindling of insurance money 14 25,900 Forgeries of documents 580 Drunken driving, driving under alcoholIc mfluence 585 669 I 245 1,050,730 11 Others ~~ 1,833 1,403 Overloading \\ 127 61 27 Others . 215 181 'l" 41 Note: The number of cases, persons, and value of money swindled include those at~ Letting employees drive faulty vehIcles 215 147 . ,;, tempted but not actually consummated. II -84- {i - 8.5- '~ fal II 1·'1 ~ 1 i Table 6-16 Arrests of Hotrodders by Applied Law (:i977-1981) 6. Traffic Control on High­ speed national routes, the police have endeavored Year to .control traffic on these motorways in a system­ 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Speed Motorways atical way . . In the improvement of safety faCilities, empha­ Total (cases) 19,845 23,851 18,645 42,122 42,948 SIS ha~ been placed on the installation of change­ Road ']'raffic Act 18,519 22,314 16,441 35,794 37,004 able SIgns for speed limits. (1) Systematical control and improvement of Special laws 433 511 734 2,722 3,193 safety faCilities Criminal laws 697 846 1,137 3,194 2,447 (2) Speedy guiding and control activities Act to Punish Violent Acts 196 180 333 412 304 Traffic control measures' for highways now in Note: The number of arrests in the above table includes only those which were made . use. have been reexamined in accordance with HighcmobiHty guiding and control activities on the streets, as well as those which were made subsequently with these ar­ theIr actual conditions. Since the Shu to Hanshin h~ve been C?nducted on high-speed motorways ~Ith emphaSIS on the prevention of violations rests as first steps. and other expressways are connected ~ith high~ lIable to obstruct a smooth traffic flow. labor, and maintenance. Table 6-12 shows mis­ the Road Transport and Vehicles Act, the Automo­ management subject to regulatory action in 1981. bile Accident Compensation Act, and the Road Transport Act. B. Strengthened cooperation with agencies con­ cerned (5) Promotion of investigation of traffic offenses +0 ensur~ right management by employers con­ cerning operation, labor, and maintenance, appro­ The number of arrests made in connection with pr;iate administrative and instructive actions need involuntary manslaughter and injury in 1981 total­ to be taken by the government agencies con­ ed 462,608, and the number of those arrested for cerned. The police have endeavored to strengthen the above totaled 486,481, an increase of 7,271 ar­ cooperation with these agencies by providing rests (1.6%) and 8,750 persons (1.8%) from the them with necessary information obtained previous year. Table 6-15 shows the arrests made through investigative activities. in 1981 for special offenses related to traffiC. Table 6-16 shows arrests of hotrodders. (4) Strengthened control of violations of traffic laws and regulations The police have controlled not only the violation of the Road Traffic Act but also the violation of

Table 6-17 Control of Violations on High-Speed National Routes (1980, 1981)

1980 1981 Rate of I Composition Composition increase or Type of violation I ratio «%) ratio (%) decrease (%) Total number (cases) c-' 407,683 100.0 439,47Q 100.0 7.8 Disregarding maximum speed limits 161,151 39.5 178,969 40.7 11.1 Overloading 37,514 9.2 40,114 9.1 6.9 Disregarding driver's regulations 37,956 9.3 37,483 8.5 - 1.2 Driving faulty vehi

against New Narita International Airport, they at­ tacked government facilities and police facilities 3. Japan Communist Party at the airport, using modified cars equipped with Aims at Establishment of timebombs or flame-throwers. Considering these facts, violent ultra-leftist groups are still' aiming "Democratic Coalition Gov­ Chapter VII M;alntenance of Public at terrorist and guerrilla activities. ernment" in 1980s Safety (2) Guerrilla Activities Centered on Narita (1) Pouring All the Efforts into Expanding Party Struggle Become More Sophisticated Strength considered to be just a tip of the ice~erg of spy .ac­ A total of 11 "guerrilla" incidents against Na­ Japan Communist Party (JCP) sets its goal on 1. . Intensification ofl Espionage tivities flourishing in Japan. pollce a~e ~eter­ rita Airport occurred this year showing a' de­ establishment of "Democratic Coalition Govern­ Activities mined to endeavor to detect spies operatmg m Ja- crease of 12 incidents from the previous year. But ment" and, for the time Q~ing, endeavors to win pan. the nature of the incidents became more well­ regular Upper House election and general elec­ planned and calculated, for example, such as the tions of local parliaments scheduled in 1983. To Espionage activities by Communi.st countries i? I incidents cutting off the railway bridge girders by materialize winning these elections JCP put all its Ja an have been intensified, refllectmg the com?l~­ i acetylene gas torch, setting fire to locomotive of efforts in expanding the party strength, that is, to cared international political situation. ~hose actIvI­ 2. Violent Ultra-Leftist Groups \ 1 the aircraft fuel transporting train after stopping increase the number of party memberships and ties are however, difficult for the polIce ~o. ~ete~t Oriented to Full-Scale Terror­ them and arson by modified car loaded with readers of the "AKAHATA (Red flag)" which is and eve~ grasp over-all outline of the actl~Ities m flame-thrower. the party organ. Japan, because they are conducted by fore!~n gov­ ist and Guerrilla Activities I At the National Meeting of Chairmen of Pre­ ernment deliberately, systematically and se~retly. (3) Heinous Intra-Faction Struggles Still Contin­ fectural Committees held in January 1981, JCP Furthermore, as Japan has no statute to. dIrectly (1) General Trend of Violent Ultra-Leftist ue set up the policy tq restore party strength to the control espionage activities, that makes It ~l~ .the Groups level at the time of 15th Congress of the party more difficult to apprehend those spy-ac~Ivlties. Graph 7-1 shows the number of casualties by in­ which is "440,000 party membership and 3,550,000 Under these circumstances, in 1981 polIce de­ The number of the members of ultra-leftist vio­ trafaction struggles by ultra-leftist violent groups organ readers" by March and April when party tected three spy incidents controlled by. North lent groups is approximately 35,000 and shows no i for the last five yt:(;:lrs. assembly of each prefecture will be held, and Korea and aimed at Republic of usmg Ja- ~or~a decline since 1974. .' . To see the heinous and cruel nature of in­ then to achieve "500,000 party membership and 4 an as a relay base. The investIgation revealed In 1981, they committed hideous murders m m- I cidents, take an example of incidents in 1981. The million organ readers" by July IS, the memorial ihe hideous and well-calculated nature of those es­ tra-faction struggles and in the course of struggle crime was executed, after careful preparatory sur­ day of the establishment of JCP .. pionages. These apprehended cases are, however, I! vey of the victim, in such a way as cutting off tele­ To achieve this goal JCP held many meetings phone lines of the neighborhood of the victims's such as plenums of the central committee mem­ apartment, breaking into the room from door and ters and sent party executives to prefectures to Casualties of Intra-faction Struggle (1977 -1981) window, and murdering the sleeping victim by encourage the effort towards the expansion of par­ Graph 7-1 smashing his head and face with steel pipes. ty strength. Police tried hard to prevent occurrence of intra­ As for the enlargement of the party member­ "" faction struggles and also are determined to con­ (Number of Cases) .:.:..... ship, JCP put emphasis on having members of the .... centrate on the investigation of cases committed . Democratic Youth League take JCP membership .... In 1981, police apprehended 20 suspects of intra­ to increase ratio of young party members in JCP . ~D faction struggle crimes. As for the enlargement of "AKAHATA" read­ Number of Cases ~ ers, party leaders encouraged participation of all (4) Japanese Red Army Still Firmly Keeps 50 Number of Victims Dead party members into enlarging activities and point­ Armed Struggle Policy ed out strongly the problem of disorderly distribu­ Number of Victims Injured -----' tion of "AKAHATA" and collection of "AKA­ Japan Red Army (JRA) has made propaganda HAT A" subscription fees and ordered tackling in and outside Japan to acquire supporters in Ja­ these problems. pan by publishing the serIes of English pamphlets As the result of these activities, on the date of "SOlidarity" since March 1981, and its leader Fu­ 15th July, the membership enlargement activities sako Shlgenobu accepted the interview by there­ resulted in a little increase of youth membership porter of weekly "ASAHI Journal" in early July. but the number of total membership stayed at the In~, "Solidarity", JRA stated "We are trying. to level of "four hundred thousand or so" and "AKA­ unite everyone in the world into one anti-im­ HATA" readers reached 3 million which is 550,000 perialism bloc and execute armed struggle in fewer than the number of readers at the time of practice" and in the interview with ASAHI jour­ 15th party Congress. nal, Shigenobu commented "We always think JCP .held 7th Plenum of the central committee about taking back comrade Kozo Okamoto" and in July and re-emphasized that the party enlarge­ pledged continuation of armed struggle. This 1981 ment is "starting point of revolutionary move­ Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 clearly indicated JRA's ever-lasting inclination to ment" and "starting point of Communist Party" the armed struggle policy. and decided that all members should strive for 9 A'--, 32 22 15 \ -,/' :~, 41 ~ ) I} Number of cases 47 45 32 32 6 Number of victims injured 8. 8 2 - 89 ---. Number of victims dead 10 7

-88- .~-~--~--~~------.----

March, then "Crush the b . . ings, demonstrations m Tt i stage construction of th egl,nmng of the second- street propaganda a~ti/ ~ ary base .watching and I "24th e aIrport" appear d . struggles against opposition ! May Struggle" and finaU" . e. In Japa~~~rs In~l~d~ng ~ ~ation and Destruction of th ~. Intr~~lOn, Occu­ live shell practice by U Sf' . Jom maneuvers, problems from adversely affecting JCP. JCP per­ In September. e lrport appeared Force and Self-Defense' FO~~~e~n and ~elf-Defense the achievement of "500,000 party membership sistently repeated campaigns of criticism against approximately 380 000 . spectlOn parade, and four million readers." Soviet Communist party and tried to strengthen C'dThetre have occurred nine "guerrilla" type . lized nationwide i~ "A~t~OP~~.tIn total were mob i­ its "Self-Reliance and Independence" image. I en s such as Molotov kt. m- Party leaders repeatedly pointed out that in the Thirty-two peop!e were -ml I arK base s~ruggle." "AKAHATA" dated 10 January 1981 published the g~nerated bombing and C~Od~;! ~hrOWings, ~ime- background of the sagging expansion of party WIth flame-thrower I Ie car eqUipped struggles. appre ended m these strength, there is bureaucratism within party article titled "The origin of the Afghanistan prob­ \ flights by balloons. and also obstructions of members including upper echelon of the party, lem _ Intrusion of nation's autonomy by military ment"On the there other w hand ' in ."A nr I-war, Peace move- which made them overlook the disorder of distri­ intervention" to emphasize its stand of criticizing GuardChiba Unit prefectural wa l' polic e, espeCIally. the Airport on e~ch' memo~~~ ~ae;t~ngs t~nd demonstrations bution and collection of subscription fees, and Russia. In June, JCP telegraphed to soviet Com­ past such as "28th Apr·~r t e struggles in the urged that it was an ideological problem. For the munist Party to stop intervention in poland. ~~tfo~:.JOkYO ~~~~~~i~~aih1i:~~~i f~~l~{~n; struggle" "23 dIS ruggle," "15th May JCP relations with Chinese Communist party re­ I e mobIlizatIOn of opposT , r June struggle" and "21 solution of the problem, party leaders put the pol­ ber struggle." Es eciall . " st Octo­ icy of strengthening study and education activities mained basically bad. Although JCP appreciated ~as .scheduled, asked for assistanc~ ~fnthstrug~leS Chinese Communist party's criticism against Mao a flot control units from all over th e reglOn­ struggle," approXim~tel y In 21st ~ctober and reformed "Party enlargement promotion com­ Also, in concert with th e country. were mobilized nationw~ 291,~00 people m total mittee" to "Ideology establishment and Party en­ Zedong which pointed out errors in "cultural Rev­ at Narita, r~spective p:e::~~;;r ~~i:u~~~~aken activity as in 1980. A total ~f ~~ showed as much largement promotion committee," emphasizing olution" appeared in the resolution of 6th Plenum hended in these struggles. people were appre- not only quantitative aspect. but also ideological of Central Committee of Chinese Communist Par­ to the related ty, JCP criticized that it lacks self-reflection of its ~~~~~~tS;~~:~~Y(~Ue~sures ~uard ~~~ aspect of party enlargement. protection, such a~ ~~~:a~~gl~~)' which .required policy on relations with foreign communist par­ ities. IOn securIty facil- (4) "Sayama Struggle" (2) pushing forward Its Own United Front Move­ ties, especially towards JCP. When Chinese Com­ munist party organ people's Daily of September In the course of "Narita Stru " le~ur;:O~~i~~~at~~b~~agdue and ultra-leftist vio- ment 26, 1981 reported the establishment of "Japan La­ ~ere apprehended for violations s~~~ 63 people l'" . I lze apprOXimately 84 000 JCP criticized severely Japan Socialist Party borer's party" which of pro-Chinese mg performance of official d . as obstruct- Peop e m Sayama struggle "I th ' ~onsists cers were injured in perf uty. Eight pOlice vffi- . struggle, pOlice apprehended of the (JSP), which took the policy of Jsp-Komeito coali­ groups expelled from JCP, JCP vehemently de­ ormance of duty. tw~ ~:o~~:.rse tion line since January 1980, saying that JSP com­ nounced the Chinese in "AKAHATA" dated 15th mitted "the conversion to the right" and appealed (2) "Anti-Nuclear Power Plant Struggle" JSP to divorce itself from Komeito and come October.On the other hand, putting stress on active asso- Opposition movements . back to JSP-JCP coalition. JCP asserted that the ciation with foreign communist parties which also nuclear power plants agamst construction of reason of the victory of French socialist party con­ stand "Self-Reliance and Independence" policy, There were public he;~re very act~ve in 1981. 5. Labor Movement Under Se­ didate Mitterand in French presidential election JCP continued stronger solidarity with Italian and nuclear power plant co~s1~u c~.ncerl1:Ing p~anned vere EconomiC Conditions in May 1981 was the cooperation of French social­ Spanish party and also made tlle first formal Hamaoka (in Shizuoka) ,.~ l~ns I~ Shlmane, ist party ana communist party and it clearly meeting with Indian, Swiss, Swedish, Belgian and Kyowa and TomariOn H~ah: (m. Nllgata), and showed the necessity of tne cooperation of JSP Dutch Parties. groups opposing these hea ~kaIdo) l~ .1981. Leftist The spring labor offensive of 1981 . and JCP. However, JCP dema\nded JSP to admit imately 22 500 nl)gs moblllzed approx- out under severe conditions N r ~as ~arrled its own "fault" and to repent\ but JSP naturally 1,200) hold: peo~le (ultra-leftist violent groups fel1:sive Joint Struggle conv~nti~~ona Sprmg Of­ rebutted JCP assertion. .: In th mg meetmgs and demonstrations of mtensive struggle period from la~etFfour terms e course of taking secur·t . f .' The deteriorated relation of JSP and JCP ad- these struggles police a h I Y me~sures for late April and e ebruary to versely influenced mass movement against the for violations of various sr::uet ended mne people Election Law revision, that is JCP asked JSP and es. ~~d d~r~t.~~ :i{~l~~~~dtf~:,o~:!t"~ti;;~~ Sohyo (General council of Unions of Japan) for co­ 4. Mass Movements in Diver­ (3) "Anti-War, Anti-Military Base Struggle" ~~s gnion c~rried o~t its ow~l~~i~eR:~~W;%thW;~~- operation in the struggle but to no avail. The sified Modes orporatIOn Worker's Union (K k - aforesaid struggle was carried out by Jcp-affil­ .Triggered. by the comment made Government Workers' Joint Off . oro yo) and. iated groups only. The central gatherings of "21st Mass movements promoted by leftist and other wm O. Reischauer th t S by Prof. Ed- canceled their scheduled strik:n~~~ Convention Ocboter Struggle (International anti-war d .. v) with nuclear. warhead~ cUam''e navdalan harbored vessels loadedin J spring offensive "No sh'ow d . t ~s made the was held separately by JSP-Sohyo affiliat'ed groups mobilized approximately 7,190,000 people ft. . - own s nke" for th an, 1efhst-groups launched the . a­ Irs 10 17 years since 1954 S r' . e groups and JCP affiliated groups. This is the first in total (including 320,000 ultra-leftist groups). Pthe arrival of U S airc ft ca~palgn against Durmgt~me the labor strife in t p mg OffenSIVe. In the course of movements, police apprehended separation in 13 years since the first "One day Yokosuka port on' 5th JU~~. , 19c8alrnerdan Midwayheld meet- to Sohyo set up struggle head~~a~~:rsa~:r y:::-~i~~t cooperated struggle" was realized in 1969. 363 people for violations of such offences as ob­ Under these circ.umstances, JCP worked on its structing performance of official duty, intrusion own way to establish united front. "Progressive into structures or violating statute penalizing vio- Unity Convention" had bee.n constructed nation­ lent acts, etc. Table 7-1 Police Clearance Status of Labor-R 1"{' d . wide since 1980 and achieved its establishment in (1977-1981) e G .~-e CrImes April 1981 and started the national organization (1) "Narita struggle" "National progressive Convention Forwarding Ultra-leftist groups and others carried on "Na­ Peace, Democracy and Progressive Unity" on rita struggle (Opposition against New Tokyo Inter­ 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 26th May. national Airport in Narita)" as the most impor­ tant campaign for 1981 and mobilized total of Number of cases apprehended 304 352 372 237 187 (3) International Solidarity Activities Aiming at 87,000 people in mass meetings and demonstra- Number of persons apprehended 588 572 780 444 447 Enhancing Image of "Self-Reliance and Inde- pendence" tions.The slogan of struggle in 1981 was "Preventing JCP tried very hard to prevent anti-Soviet pub­ the extension of jet-fuel transportation" until 91- lic opinion triggered by Afghanistan and Poland - 90- ?U Sai) (May, Nara), On-site observation of prov­ time in six years since the 1975 Autumn Offensive. was planning to assassinate former Prime Min­ mces (M~y, Hyogo and June, Gunma) and Nation­ On these occaSions, police dealt with OPPosition Sohyo executed threefold struggles from mid-Oc­ ister Tanaka who is on trial in the Lockheed Scan­ al Athletic Meet au~umn meeting (October, Shiga) mo~ements led by ultra-leftist Violent groups etc tober to mid-November with such slogans as dal case. and went to ImperIal villas in Tochigi, Shizuoka ~gams.t departures of Prime Minister, sent secur~ "Anti-Administration Reform (Gyokaku)" and and Kanaz.awa prefectures. Ity offI~ers to respective country and secured the anti-government employees statutes. During this (2) Strengthened Anti-Soviet Activities in the Up­ safety In cooperation with related organs of each Their Highness Crown Prince and Princess vis country. peI'iod, "Annuity Welfare united strike" was exe­ heaval of Northern Territory Return Move·· ited National Athletic Meet winter meeting (Janu~ cuted for the second time since the 1973 Spring Of­ ment ary, Yamanashi), Kobe Port Island Exposition fensive and Japan Teacher's Union and Japan Au­ B. Security for state guests etc. Right-wing groups got strongly repulsive (~ar~h, Hy?gO) etc. and visited four foreign coun­ tonomy's Worker's Union carried out twofold ille­ trIes I~cI~dmg ~audi Arabia (February) and two Reflecting active international exchanges be­ gal strikes. against the rigid attitude of Soviet in the upheaval tween Ja~an and other countries, many VIPs of Northern Territory Return Movement such as countrIes mcludmg Great Britain (July). Table 7-1 shows police clearance status of labor­ On these occasions, pOlice performed Imperial from. foreIgn countries, who required intenSive related crimes for the last five years. the designation of the "Day of Northern Terri­ escort and secured their safety. secUrIty measures,vjsited Japan as state guests tory" and repeated nation-wide street propaganda T~ey were. President Nyerere of United Republi~ activities protesting against Soviet. Especially, (2) Security Guard Of. Tanzama (March), Queen Margarethe II of they made strong protest against Soviet on the is­ Kmgd?m of Denmark (April), Chairman of the sue of "membership card" to fishermen in Rausu, A. .Securi~y. for government and Party VIPs ~ouncIl of State of the German Democratic Repub­ Hokkaido by Japan-Soviet Goodwill Association PrIme MmIster Suzuki visited ASEAN countries lIc, Honecker (May). Some others were Pope 6. Intensification of the .dightist (March), "Incorporation of Kyushu Islands to So­ (January), seven countries in Europe (June) and John Paul II (February), Chairman of PLO A _ Activities with Crisis-Mind­ viet Territory" remarks by Soviet Ambassador to ~ttended Japan-U.S. summit meeting (May, Wash­ fat (October). ' ra Japan (May) and the opening of "Hakodate Ja­ mgton), Summit meeting of seven countries (July Keepi~g in mind international protocol antj cour­ edness pan-Soviet friendship Hall" (October). Ottawa), International Conference on Cooperatio~ tesy. polIce took security measures for these VIPs and .Development (South-North Summit, October to secure their safety. MeXICO). ' (3) Activation of Confrontation with Leftist (1) Intensified Criticism and Protest Activities Groups and Many Unlawful· Incidents Against the Government and the Ruling Par­ ty Right wings intensified its confrontation attitude toward leftist groups such as JCP and committed Right wing groups, advocating slogans such as the mass violent incidents such as "Obstruction to strengthening of self-reliance of defense, realiza­ anti-North Fuji maneuvers meeting" (24th May) tion of official worship of Yasukuni Shrine and and "Assault on JSP propaganda car on Midway self-made Constitution, actively made protests entry" (5th June). Also, against Nikkyoso (Japan and demands to the government and ruling party. Teacher's Union) they mobilized 156 groups, 1,620 Especially after Japan-U.S. summit meeting in people against National Assembly of Education May, they lost confidence in Government and Study (January, Tokyo), 219 groups, 2,720 people were irritated by the attitudes of government against Regular Convention (July, Kanagawa), such as the "confusion" within government con­ these were record-breaking mobilization and com­ cerning Japan-U.S. jOint statement and the prob­ mitted many violations. lem of bringing-in of nuclear warheads by U.S. Table 7-2 shows police clearance status of right­ vessels, and strengthened criticism and protest ac­ wings-related crimes for the last five years. tivities. Under these circumstances and stimulated by the tendency of international terrorism such as shooting at President Reagan, some right­ 7. Imperial Escort and Security wingers inclined to direct action and committed the Molotov cocktail throwing to the official resi­ Guard Service dence of Prime Minister (6th July), the obstruct­ ion against the motorcade of Ministers (20th Sep­ (1) Imperial Escort tember,Okayama). Also, a member of a right-wing group was ap­ Their Majesty Emperor and Empress visited prehended for the preparation of homicide as he National Tree Planting Festival (Zenkoku Shoku-

Table 7-2 Police Clearance Status of Right Wing Related Crimes (1977-1981)

Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 ~ Number of cases apprehended 258 268 164 ~c~~,242 349 Number of persons apprehended 478 446 364, 349 528

- 92- '\ - 93-

II( j l ! J B. ~~~a~~~~~ ~~~~~ by heavy rains in Kyushu ~ng heavy rain to various parts of the Pacific sea­ Chapter VIII Disasters 9 Accidents, I From late June to early July 1981 th oard. The damage caused by this typhoon cov­ 1 cord heavy rains in Kyushu Ch ' ere were re~ f riku regions, killin 10 ' ug~k~, ~nd Hoku­ e~ed .19 Prefectures, killing 4 and injuring 13 de­ and Police Activities t stroying 64 h " g people and mJurmg 72, de- ~ rOYIng completely or partly or washing aw~y 37 ¥ ing 16,105 h~~:: ~~~le~IYfor partly, and flood­ OUses and inundating 64 485 homes The P abo t 630 re ectures. A total of fectural POlice Headquarte~s concerned mObiliz~~ u. ' 0 pOlice Officers were mobilized for va . ~t.total of about 9,400 police Officers for relief actl'v ous aId activities. rl- lIes. - I:; sion of information about earthquake prediction, 1. Anti-Disaster Activities C D' collection of information, prevention of panics, 'F Isasters caused by heavy rains in Hokkaido traffic control, emergency transport, and rescue 1r (1) Promotion of Measures to Prepare for and aid operations. The Metropolitan Police I' I 2. Crowd Control Activities Large~Scale Earthquakes Board and the Prefectural Police Headquarters conducted anti-panic drills at 12 key terminal ~;~~~~~!~e~ ~~~~:~h~~~r!~'~!~S'~;3~e ! (1) General Crowd Control A. Designation of routes and checkpoints sub­ railway stations where confusion is likely to occur ~~nds.lid:~~ski~l~~~e~ ~i:~;:e t~n~lofn~u~~n!rif4ge~~d ject to wide-ranging traffic control once an earthquake warning is issued. rOYIng completely or partly or washin ' - f dU~~:~e by8-~h!hpOWI~ crowd control activities con­ In the event that a Tokai earthquake warning is i 12~ houses, and inundating 26,457 homes. T~e ~a~ o Ice over the past five issued, wide-ranging traffic control and guiding (2) Promotion of Measures Against Disasters in kaJdo Prefectural Police Headquarters mob '1' ~ 19~~, there were 8 aCCidents caused by t~~a~~~ In measures need to be taken, including restrictions Underground Shopping Centers a total of about 14,000 pOlice officers for I ~ze. on the use of automobiles. For this purpose, the I saster actiVities and rescued about 3 520 anltI-dl- ~~ :~:n~: ;:~~lhe ~t. song shows, festivals and o~~ The Central Liaison Council Concerning Under­ " peop e. , IC Injured 53 persons. National Police Agency in February 1981 desig­ 1r· ground Shopping Centers, which comprises the Na­ r nated 74 high-speed motorways and main national (2) Control Activities at Public Race Courses routes totaling about 14,000 km as roads subject to tional Police Agency and five Ministries and DT Damage by Typhoon No. 15 wide-ranging traffic control, and about 200 places Agencies concerned, in April 1981 revised' part of f yphoon No. 15 crossed eastern and northern Ja There are 117 pubI' its basic policy toward underground shopping cen~ th IC race Courses throughout as checkpoints. r ~an on the early morning of August 23 1981 1 - e country such as for cycle races ters with emphasis on the prevention of disasters j mg extensive damage behind The d ' , , eav­ i by this ty h . amage caused B. Anti-earthquake drills caused by gas leakage. p oon. c~vered 22 Prefectures, kiIlin 43 ~~~~~~tt:i~~~a~~~ ~~~~~:d~~ce~/s decr:~;in~~~~ On and around September 1, which is Disaster i' people, some mIssIng, and injuring 188 dest g. courses, a total of 190 000 l.g people I.n. these Prevention Day, the police conducted anti-earth­ (3) Major Natural Disasters and Police Activi~ I completely or partly or washin awa' rOYIng 1981 for crow d control.,po Ice were mobIlIzed in quake drills in various parts of the country. In the ties 1: and flOOding 27 461 others Th ~ Y 285 homes Tokai and southern Kanto areas, the National Po­ ! . Headquarters In these disasters, a total of about 131,800 pOlice !' , ~oncerned' mO~ili~~~ct~r~~r~lic~ lice Agency, the Regional Police Bureaus, and 10 officers were mobilized throughout the country for Ii ~~~~t 18,000 police Officers for anti-disaster a~tiv~- Prefectural Police Headquarters in and around L various activities, including rescue and aid oper~ I: 3. Various ACCidents and POlice these areas set up their respective anti-earth­ ations for victims and guiding local residents to r \ Activities quake headquarters and conducted anti-disaster safety, for the purpose of preventing damage ti E. Damage by Typhoon No. 24 drills as a part of the training by the Central Di­ 1 : from further spreading. J Typhoon No. 24 headed north along the south saster Prevention Council which was set up under t (1) Accidents at Sea, in Rivers, etc, ~g~~t 2~f ~~;1 Jap~nese Archipelago from octo~~~ the Provisional Act for the Prevention of Large­ A. Damage by heavy snows in Hokkaido, To­ f ,i Scale Earthquakes. A total of about 90,000 police hoku, and Hokuriku , ,an passed through Sanriku, bring- A. Incidence of these aCCidents Table 8-4 shows the inCidence officers and 7,280,000 local residents participated From the middle of December 1980 to early I: of aCCidents at in these drills. The National Police Agency con­ March 1981, the Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Hokuriku 1 I ! ducted drills concerning reception and transmis­ regions were hit by record snows which caused ex­ i I . sion of information about earthquake prediction, tensive damage. The Prefectural Police Headquar­ 1 ' Table 8-2 Control of Crowds (1977-1981) i as well as concerning communications with the ters concerned mobilized a total of about 80,000 po­ ,! Prefectural Police Headquarters which took part lice Officers fol' ? wide range of relief activities, Year 1977 in these drills. including snow-removing operations for the aged 1978 1979 1980 The Prefectural Police Headquarters conducted living alone and mother-children families, and­ NUmber of days 1981 Attendance 0,000 persons) 59,513 various drills, including reception and trans mis- guiding children on their way to and from school. 56,344 55,551 52,624 NUmber of POlice mobilized (1 000 P 620,190 609,190 52,881 , ersons) 620,740 610,490 648,060 705 671 746 666 711 Table 8-1 Damage by Natural Disasters (1981) Table 8-3 Control of Crowds at P bl' __ u IC Race Courses (1977-1981) Division Total number Dead or missing (persons) 251 Year 1977 1978 Injured (persons) 1,269 NUmber of days 1979 1980 1981 Houses totally or partly destroyed or ~ashed away (units) 851 Attendance (1,000 persons) 11,561 11,785 11,796 Houses inundated (units) 162,455 NUmber of pOlice mobilized (1000 136,700 11,832 12,077 , persons) 132,630 131,180 128,720 193 182 124,840 195 198 187 - 94- - 95- sea, in rivers, etc. in 1981. The number of persons copters have been used in rescue operations inre­ who met these accidents but were rescued by po­ cent years for their high mobility. In 1981, a total lice and others totaled 2,001. Graphs 8-1 and 8-2 of 162 police, private and Self-Defense Forces heli­ Table 8·4 . Waterside Accidents (1977-1981) show the composition ratios of drowned, persons copters were used for these purposes and, in coop­ by situation and activity. It is noteworthy that eration with rescue partJes on the ground, rescued Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 while the number of drowned adults has in­ many mountain climbers in distress. 1977 creased, that of drowned children has sharply de­ 3,747 C. Mountaineering accident prevention 4,512 4,174 3,948 3,775 creased. 2,358 Police stations which have major mountain­ Number of accidents (cases) 3,020 2,848 2,644 2,426 • Drowned persons in summer 26,200 eering routes within their districts have, in cooper­ Dead or missing (persons) 30,000 27,000 27,300 28,100 The number of drowned persons in the summer Number of police mobilized (persons) of 1981 (June-August) totaled 1,155, or about half ation with the organizations concerned, organized of the total, an increase of 95 from the previous their own rescue parties and endeavored to grasp year. The number of drowned persons increases the actual conditions of dangerous places and ex­ Graph 8-2 Activities in Which People amined road signs and emergency shelters in the Graph 8-1 Places Where People or decreases depending on the climatic conditions Drowned of the year. mountains. During the mountain-climbing season, Drowned (1981) the police set up temporary police boxes and guid­ B. Waterside accident prevention ance centers at the entrance of mountaineering Others 144 (6.1 %) To prevent waterside accidents, the police have routes to provide mountain-climbers with informa­ Swimming pools I. endeavored to grasp the actual conditions of dan­ tion, or call on them to submit travel plans,or gerous places and have urged the individuals and Lave them check their outfits. The police also pa­ organizations concerned to strengthen their con­ trol their districts and provide visitor§ with ad­ 1 trol over these places. Particularly, to prevent the vice or give them warnings if they had reckless Others accidents of children, the police have conducted plans. active safety campaigns through patrols and meet­ ings with local residents, or have conducted (3) Accidents Resulting froin Leisure Sports Sea checks on potentially dangerous places in coopera­ tion with the organizations concerned. Classes on In addition to these, there is an increasing in- 1,011 , cidence of new-type accidents resulting from lei­ artificial breathing have also been held for sure sports, including the crash of hang-gliders (42.9%) mothers in areas with a high incidence of tbese ac­ cidents.,11 and remote-controlled model planes, as well as motorcycle mishaps. This indicates active and diversified leisure sports have spread among the (2) Mountaineering Accidents people in recent years. To prevent these acci­ dents, the police have endeavored to grasp the"ac­ A. . Incidence of mountaineering accidents tual situation oC these sports, while calling 'on the (See Table 8-7) organizations concerned to cooperate in the pre­ vention Of accidents. Rowing B. Rescue operations for victims 37 (1.6%) (4) Aircraft Accidents In 1981, a total of about 4,900 police were mobi­ lized for rescue purposes, and rescued 414 persons Noticeable in this category were accidents in and recovered 142 bodies in cooperation with pri­ volving helicopters spraying insecticide and small Table 8-5 Drowned Persons by Age (1980, 1981) vate rescue parties. An increaSing number of heli- planes used fIJr news reporting purposes.

1980 1981 Increase or Rate of increase or Composition Composition decrease ratio (%) (persons) decrease (%) ratio (%) i) Age group 2.8 2,358 100.0 68 Total number (persons) 2.426 100.0 -150 -23.4 26.4 490 20.8 Infants 640 - 6 -2.. 1 281 11.6 275 11.6 "" Table 8-7 Mountaineering Accidents (1977-1981) School children 3.3 13 20.0 65 .2.7 78 34.8 Middle school students 89 3.8 23 66 2.7 3.8 Year 1977 1978' ' 1979 1980 1981 High school students 1,426 60.5, ~2 . Others 1,374 56.6 Incidence (cases) 562 562 574 476 475 :::.. Number of Victims (persons) 0 Table 8-6 Change in the Number of Drowned Persons in Total 717 765 726 709 601 Summer (1977-1981) Dead or missing 167 174 210 183 158

'~/ Injured 277 283 294 293 Year 1979 1980 1981 254 1977 1978 Rescued safely and others 273 308 222 233 195 2,426 2,358 Number of police mobilized (persons) 5,200 5,800 5;500 5,500 4,900 3,020 2,848 2,644 Throughout year (persons) 1,430 1,237 " 1,060 1,155, Summertime (June-August) (persons) 1,394 '" 49:0 46.2 50.2 46;8 43.7 Ratio ofsumrnertime (%) - 97-

-96- C:::f ~-----...~-~- ---

Table 8-12 Explosion~ (1977-1981) Table 8-8 Accidents Resulting from·Leisure Sports (1981) Year 1977 Victims (persons) 1978 1979 1980 Incidence Outbreak (cases) 1981 (cases) Total Dead or Rescued 460 388 Type number missing Injured safely, etc. Dead or missing (persons) 452 425 382 Injured (persons) 108 70 77 799 83 52 Total 209 ·396 75 45 276 Number of pOlice mobilized (persons) 710 834 893 On or beneath the surface of· water 8,100 6,100 586 6,700 10,400 6,000 Yachts 42 80 6 1 73 Motorboats 40 129 l7 ,4 108 Skin diving 32 42 29 11 2 (5) Ship ACCidents Wind surfing 24 57 57 fic control in the areas involved, to prevent fur­ Surfing 20 26 2 2 22 There Were many aCCidents involving fishing ther disaster by a secondary explosion. Snorkeling 15 15 12 3 boats and ferry boats· capsized in strong winds. To Others 11 16 4 3 9 prevent these accidents, the pOlice have strength­ (8) Gas Blow-Offs in Coal Mines In the air ened patrol activities by boat. Hang-gliders 10 11 3 7 1 (6) Fires In October 1981, there was a disastrous gas ex­ Remote-controlled model planes 3 3 2 1 plosion in the Yubari coal mine in Hokkaido, trap­ Para"sailing 2 2 2 In 1981, a total of about 265,000 police were mobi­ ping many miners in the pit. In a fire that fol­ On the land lowed, 93 miners and members of a rescue party Motorcycles for cross-country races 6 9 8 1 lized in the outbreak of fires to rescue the people involved or guide nearby reSidents to safety. were killed or left missing. The Hokkaido Pre­ Snow-mobiles 2 4 4 fectural POlice Headquarters immediately dis­ Others 2 2 2 (7) Explosions patched pOlice officers to the coal mine to investi­ gate the cause of the accident and conduct vari­ In th~ case of explosions, the police have con­ ous activities in the initial stage of the disaster, ducted various activities, including rescue and re­ inclUding traffic control, public announcements Table 8-9 Aircraft Accidents (1977-1981) lief operations, guiding people to safety, and traf- for evacuation, vigilance at necessary places, and relief of victims. Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Incidence (cases) 32 25 17 17 27 Dead or missing (persons) 23 37 8 9 28 Injured (persons) 55 15 20 12 24 iYJ Number of police mobilized (persons) 1,800 1,100 , I 500 600 1,400

Table 8-10 Accidents of Vessels (1977-198~) j ,i .1 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Incidence (cases) 103 79 56 113 96 Dead or missing (persons) 6Q 47 33 92 79 Injured (persons) .. 47 31 57 65 56 Number of police mobIlIzed (persons) 800 500 700 700 900

Table 8-11 Fires (1977-1981) Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981.

Outbreak (cases) 24,528 27,017 25,118 24,~88 24,981 Dead or missing (persons) 1,088 1,105 1,105 1,033 1,034 0 Injured (persons) .. 2,147 2,182 2,123 2,048 2,083 c Number of police mobIlized (1,000 persons) 273 288 264 253 265

.\J -99- - 98- -..,.,

. . ~~-- --- "-==" -----~ --~-

____-..P4.....--~------...------

(3) Training and Education In 1981, 18 citizens died and 32 suffered injuries as a result of cooperating with or assisting police offi­ In order to perform their duties, police person­ cers in apprehending criminals flagrante delicto nel are required to have professional knowledge or saving human lives. To these people almost and skills, vigor, physical fitness, humanity and identical compensation and assistance as pro­ support for police Function g?od judgment. Therefore, the police have empha­ vided for officers are granted. SIzed education and training of pOlice personnel. Chapter IX Elementary training for the newly recruited, su­ pervisory training for promoted officers, various types of professional training for experts and oth­ er education and training are provided at police 2. Budget schools, and on the job. Also, detailed individual (2) Recruitment instructions, according to ability and job content ade to secure capable hu- is given, and short required courses are con­ The police budget consists of the budget of the Efforts have been m b·ll·ty and adaptability. ducted. National Police Agency, a part of the central gov­ police personnel ·th both a I . ~o 1. man resources WI t 78 000 applicants 12,300 or :s The highest priority is placed upon elementary ernment, and that of the prefectural police. The are organized on a pre- In 1981 out of abon , Ue e graduates) passed former is partially covered by the National Trea­ cO education and training for freshmen at police The police of Japan 1 fce departments car­ including around. 5,700 . Ofgl"l'cers the ratio of ac- schools. This course, which lasts one year, aims sury and subsidies to the prefectural police. ( . t· n for po lIce '. t The budget of the National Police Agency in fectural basis; pre~ectu[and~o~s under the su~er­ the examlDa 10 . e per 6.3 appl1can s. to help develop the human character of each offi­ ry out actual pollce 1u ublic safety commisSIOn. ceptance being roughly on cer as a sound social being, and impart knowl­ 1981 had the goal of "establishing police of tough vision of a prefe~tura ~nc is set up as a central edge and skills required for the performance of a caliber" and "furthering po~ice activities respond The National POlI~e Ag. Ycoordinate thes~ pre­ patrol officer's duties. The freshmen are obliged ing to the demands of the time," and, for these r, purposes placed great importance on increasing organization to dIrect ::tional vantage pOlDt un­ ational Comparison of to live in Cl dormitory. fectura1 ,police ~r?m a National publiC Safety Graph 9·1 Intern ".~'-' ulation (1981) the number of local pOlice officers, enhancing the der the supervIsIOn of a . the Officer's Burden of 'Pop mobile capability of police forces, pushing com­ commission.* ctural police and NatIOnal (4) Service prehensive traffic safety measures and con­ Working for the prefe lice officers butalso cretizing an emergency program in the event of a A. System large-scale earthquake. The National Police police Agency ~re not don~fh~~ civilian emp~oyees. (person) clerical, techDlcal. an e are engaged lD car­ In the field, for example in patrol service, Agency budget comprises 0.33 percent of the total Together with Offlc~rs, wth IYnen employees such as 600 550 where a 24-hour alert system is required, usually national budget. A breakdown is shown in Graph rylDg. ou t po ll'ce duties. traffic0 polIce,. an.d female . three shifts are rotated, including an unavoidable 9-2. The prefectural police budget is filed based on policewomen, women d uidance of juvemles are night shift once every three days. More than 40 workers for custodY .a~ss g of traffiC safety edu~a­ 500 percent of all police officers are worl<:ing under engaged in th.e buslD . g violationS, protectlDg such a rgtation system. A large portion of other of­ tion, monitOring ~arklD munication, VIP ~ro­ 363 340 ficers ,are also on night duty once every six days Graph 9·2 The Budget of National es 400 321 rolice Agency and guiding juvem.l , c?mr n public relatIOnS 284 or so. In addition, once a sudden criminal case or tection, criminal lDvestlga 10 , incident is reported even off-duty officers are of­ (After revision in FY 1981) and many others. 300 ten called up to deal with the emergency. Such is ~, As for the police organization, see the the pattern - service hours are thus irregular (Uni!: Y hillioll) 200 and service is frequently accompenied by physi­ Note: attached materials. cal risks. Thus, police officers' pay, allowances and other working conditions p.ave been discussed (1) prescribed strength . 100 and abolition of the double-shift system, shorten­ r 1981 the pOlIce per- ing of on-duty hours, the multiple assignment of As of the end of Dece:~:o '377. Abreakdown is officers at chuzai (substations) and other improve­ :>-. sonnel of Japan totale ' 0 <= ments atkoban (police boxes) are being imple­ . Yl E ~ ] ~ tJ,.. the risks of citizens cooperating and aSSisting ing the ratio of ~ollce a~erage. ;::l persons on a na~lO~al m ared to European coun- - police officers When this ratIo IS CO P 'n Graph 9-1, the In 1981, it wasoofficially recognized that 16 offi­ tries and the U.S., aS Sh~:~ti~l very heavy and * Based upon lCPO data cers had died in the line of duty and a large num­ Japanese officers' b~r den ability is required. ber (7,065) were injured. These 'figures show a de­ reinforcement of police cap . crease ofU in deaths and a decrease of 316 in in­ juries compared to the levels of the previous year, probably due to the implementation of vari­ ngth of police Pers.o_n~n_e_l_( 1_9_81-:)--:-:-:=::;-~;;:;- __- ous preventive· measures. These officers are com­ Table 9-1 stre - p l' e pensated by the publiC service casualties com­ __ pensation scheme and are proportionately assi~t­ _ ------==~~~~~~~~~~==~===c,.------!p~r~ef~e~ct~u~ra=l~o~I~C~~~--National police ~~=~n::::..:c:::.y__ -----"--:"", police Civilian ed in various ways i\1 order to stabilize their lives. Uce Imperial Civilian Total officer employee po employee 29 769 officel' guard 212.778 . , Total Total 66 242,747 101- (persons) 1,108 906 5,;' 7,630 250,377 _100 ------~ ~-~~---~------.---

____ - .-----..-- _ ~ ______-- -r------

4. Computer Operations ~he front line of poltce servIce, is the fundamental mformation delivery method that permits the smooth administration of police activities. In 1981, Graph 9-4 Breakdowns of Police Vehicles (1) Immediate Processing Service for Urgent 9~ percent of the telephone service at police sta­ Grapb 9-3 . The Budget of Prefectural Reference Requests ~IOns w.as automated. The mobile police telephone Police by Purposes of Use (1981) IS. specIally designed fol' loading on a vehicle that ?~mputers at the National Police Agency con­ (After final revision i~ FY 1981) dl~ectly connects, for example, the scene of a taI~mg r~cords on wanted criminals, runaways, crIme, through the police telephone network with varIOUS kmds of stolen articles and others are al­ any other location in the country. In 1981, alt~geth­ ways available for immediate response to any ref­ er 20 prefectural police headquarters have come e~ence request from the. front line of police ser­ to be able to take advantage of the mobile police Others. VIC~. The total reference number was 31,61"1300 or te!ep~one service. The direct telepnone system .1.455 so m 1981." WIll, III the case of sUdden, serious incidents such .!J7.0"\') Criminal investi~rition. as a large-scale disastel', immediately serve as a (2) Driver's Licensing Streamlined "hot line" betwe~n prefe~tural police headquar­ !i"l60 (2tdol.) ter~·and the NatIOnal PolIce Agency or regional The National Police Agency replaced its old polIce bureaus, and permit reports by patrol cars. computers with latest-model, ,large-scale com­ Th~ system has been introduced at 42 prefectural TIlt"\ puters and started immediate operation in the polIce headquarters. Both facsimile service and 20 ..155 area of drivers' licensing in January, 1981. phototelegraphy are used to send documents fin­ As a result, the process of registration and noti­ gerprints, montages and others. The form~r is fi~ation whiCh, used to take at least three days is used for .electrical transmission of documents (at now ac~~mphshed almost instantaneously. The each polIce headquarters and police station); the st~ea~lmmg TralliccnforccOlcnl. of the process of driver licensing per­ latter for telephoto service (at each police head­ mlt.s lIcenses to be issued on the day of appli­ ~uart.ers). Facsimile apparatus at pOlice stations .l.H7.l 5.0(,9 catIon and simplifies the renewal process at the (19.O"J.) (24,901.) IS bemg renovated according to schedule and a prefectural police level. . new model which can transmit not only docu­ ments but also photos was put into use in 1980. In (3) Introduction of an Automatic Fingerprint 1981, such eqUipment at all stations of the Tokyo (Unit: Y hilli:ispa~ching communication system and mo­ sum total of all the prefectural budgets for the loc'a! areas and for contingencies such as various country. The contents are shown in Graph 9-3. bIle WIreless eqUipment disasters. A dispatching communication center at pre­ 5. Communication fectural police headquarters, the core of front-line perfo~mance, is being developed and improved in (2) Boats functIOn. An innovative system, using computer police boats range from 8 meters to 20 meters (1) Policing and Communication technol~gy, tha.t .can distribute congested emergen­ 3. EquipII!~nt in length and some are easily portable for exclu­ cy calls from cltIzens to appropriate receiving con­ sive use in enforcing environmental regulations. The National Police Agency has tried to devel­ soles and furthermore displays automatically in­ In 1981, 16-meter boats and speCial vessels for con­ o~, ~mong other systemg, a natiomil commu­ formation and locations on a map relating to a (1) Vehicles trolling environmental violations were reinforced mcatIOn network, a, dispatching communication call, demo~~trates a remarkable improvement. system which forms. the core of front-line services The capabIlIty bas been improved in terms of Police vehicles are used for criminal investiga­ and some old boats were replaced. At the end of , \ as well as amohUe wireless communtcation unit speed and the accuracy of information transmis- FY 1981 the number of police boats totaled 198. \ tion, consisting of cars for investigation, identi­ system. ' c· ~\ SIOns between an emergency call reception con­ ficfltion, headquarters use and others. Traffic po­ '/sole and a dispatching wireless '. communication lice vehicles consist of traffic patrol cars, white bi­ (3) AiI:craft A. National communication network console. A car locater system which automati­ cycles,accident disposal cars and . others. T.he comn:uni~atio~. network which connects all cally displays at a dispatching communication Vehicles for patrol and watch consist of patrol· Pollce aircraft (helicopters) are employed to pol~ce orgamzatIons III the country is made up of center the location of patrnl cars and their move­ cars, mobile Koban and others, transportation ve­ survey sites and to rescue victims in case of disas­ polICe telephones, mobile police telephones, 'direct ~ents was set up at the Tokyo Metropolitan Po­ hicles for different duties. In addition to these spe­ ters, to, pursue offenders, to search for and save telephones, facsimHe service, phototelegraphy lIce Dep~rtmell.t, and Osaka Police Headquarters. cial types of vehicles for specialized objectives alpinists, to monitor and process environmental and dat~ communication. A police telephone net­ The moblle polIce telephone service consists of a are used. In 1981, vehicles which enhance the mo­ violations, and to control traffic floW and enforce wor~ whIch connects,. all police units including the portable wireless communication system and c~n bility of investigation, vehicles for traffic enforce­ traffic regulations, as they have the merits of NatIOnal Police Agency, and Koban and Chilzai at connect, at any time, a pOlice station with radio ment on speedways, mini-sized patrol cars at re­ high speed and a wide-range view. In 1981, alto­ mote local Chuzai, vehicles for juvenile delin­ gether 33 police aircraft were deployed at bases quency prevention activities at street-corners, -103 - etc., were increased. As of the end of FY 1981 po- in 21 prefectures.

-102 -

c ------~---~ r-' , -- .------..----~ - -~- ;''"1 ------.-~- -~- - , j 1

\ I 1j , I ,

vidual, a new method was developed to ex­ and Discrepancy among Social Categories on Per­ 6. Management of police Jail tract inheritable protein specific to human ceptions of Juvenile Delinquency" (comparison of cars or officers on foot patrol by means of a radio urine from a small amount of body fluid left norm consciousness among the strata concerned as well as the scene of an incident. System behind at the scene of a crime. of a SOCiety), "A Proposal for the Enhancement \1 (Study Example 2) Studies on Identification of of Traffic Culture from the StandpOint of Traffic (2) Disasters and Communication Press-Printed Letters Culture" (psychological examination as a mea­ (1) Present State of Police Jail System \J A comparative method using transformed pure for drivers) were reported and new results of A project to double the trunk ro~te of wirel~ss Ii letters and base letters was examined by stUdies in the field of police science were provided As of the end of December, 1981, there ~~re classifying characteristics of shapes of trans­ on respective study areas, the Scientific Police In­ multiplex circuits which originated In 1976 was .Im­ 1 228 police jails accommodating some 2.5 mIllIon Ll plemented in 1981, finishing up work ~n the. fm~l ! formation specific to letters from the same stitute gives, as requested by prefectural police, dtan-days of arresters, detainees and others a i source. prosecutor's offices, courts etc., expert opinions section. Now that the commu~icatlOn cIrc~lt fl which connects the National polIce Ag~ncy w~th year. " (Study Example 3) Studies on Power Supply Hum and conducts examination requiring the use of each Regional Police Bureau and Hokk~IdO polIce Canceling high technology. The number of such cases total­ headquarters has been doubled along Its length, (2) Measures to Improve police Jail System A digital filter which erases power supply ed to 1,055 in 1981, consisting of 75 in forenSic sci­ communication has come to be secure.d b~ w,ay of A The Service in the administration divi~ion .. hum from a recording of voice signals with ence, 592 in physics and chemistry, and 398 in a detour route even when a direct circUI~ IS cut in April, 1980, responsibility for the polIce JaIl such noise was designed. documentation and forged currencies. In addition, off by a disaster, etc. As a part of the Tokal earth­ system was transferred from the CID to the Ad­ (Study Example 4) Measurements of the Propaga­ in order to enhance and develop forensic science quake project, communication channels b.etwe~n ministrative Division. To carry out properly the tion of Detonation by Shock Initiation at the prefectural level, a conference to report police headquarters and key police statIons In system's tasks, measures have b.een taken to .es­ Sensitivity of hand-made gun powder or studies on forensic science covering four sub-divi­ Shizuoka Prefecture have been .con~ert~d to self­ tablish a new organizational U~lt and to aSSIgn dangerous explosive· materials exploding sions (forensic mediCine, chemistry, machinery supporting wireless multiplex cIrCUIts sIn~e 1980. a full-time senior officer to the Job both at head­ with a shock and propagation of the explo­ and physics) was held with 400 or so partiCipants As well',1 Kobans and Chuzais covering ?eslgnat~d quarters and police stations. sion were measured, and a way to evaluate' on technical staffs working in forensic science. areas in preparation for earthquake dIsasters In explosion risk was discussed. One hundred and seventeen stUdies were reported Kanagawa and Shizuoka prefe~tures were p~o­ B. Improvement of jail facilities 1 (Study Example 5) Signal Control Strategies at and among them "Blood Group Identification of vided and equipped with powerful portable radIOS New standards, revised in November, 1979, ~o Congested, Critical Intersections Blood Stains Mixed with Saliva," "a New Device for emergency communication. There a~e altoge.th­ protect more carefully the .p~ivacy' of the adm~t­ As one way to solve traffic congestion at Using a Rolling Glass Tube for the Morphological er six emergency communication vehIcles WhICh ted have been applied to JaIls bUilt after AprIl, main crossings, a real time control method Observation of Hair Samples," "Gaf.;chromato­ can open up many telephone circuits. in a sh~rt which enables delicate, automatic adjust­ graphie Analysis of Be,nzethonium Chloride" and 1980. time at the scene of a disaster or the lI~e. ~obile ment of the signal time of a traffic signal re­ "Analysis of wheel Bolts for Trucks that Failed in communication squads which are organIz~d In ~ll C. substantial orientation and training of the of- sponding to second-by-second shifts of traffic Service" were among substantial stUdies based parts of the country are ready to open .qUI~klY, .In ficers in the service . flow was studied. upon actual identification. For technical employ­ any unusual case, temporary communIcab?n CIr­ In addition to professional orientation and traIn­ At international conferences held in 1981, the fol­ ees in forenSic science at the prefectural level, cuits with equipment and materials readIed for ing of officers in jail service conducted at the c~n­ lowing studies were made public: "Application of classes in documentation and polygraph use were emergency use. tral police Academy and prefectura.l polIce Electron Probe Microanalysis to ForenSic Sci­ held, and long-term courses for forenSic science schools, necessary information was supplled to all ence" (in May, at the 66th Annual Conference of experts in the fields of forensic medicine, chem­ (3) International Technology Exchange the International Association for Identifications, istry and engineering were held. personnel. U.S.A.)," Application of Oxygen Plasma In­ Recently many requests have co,?e froJ? South­ cineration Method to the EDX Analysis of Human (2) Studies at the Research Division of the Po­ east Asian, and Middle East count~Ies ~or Informa­ Scalp Hairs" (the 9th International Congress of lice Communication School tion on Japan's police commUnICatIOn system, ForenSic Science, Norway) and others which ex­ communication equipment, technolog~ a~d such. plain new ways and means of applying analyzing 1981 saw the practical utilization of an electron­ Thus in 1981 the first' 'police CommUnICa.tIOn Sem­ Scient~fi~ equipmeht in the field of identification science. At ic switchboard of small size and high capability inar" was held with invited representatIves fro~ 7. Studies to Introduce. domestic conferences, stUdies were presented on for police stations, facsimile development of high 10 countries in the Asian region. The 15-.day. seI~ll­ Technology into pollee ACtiVI- "Microanalysis of Methamphetamine in Biological speed and high resolvability, the development of nar covered the field of police commUnICatIOn m­ Materials by Mass Fragmentography" (a mea­ photo telegraph which unables transmiSSion ,of cluding such topics as organization, networw str~~­ ties sure to identify stimulants), "Speaker Veri­ even fine fingerprints and study on a digital mo­ ture, facilities and operation, and gave the par~IcI­ fication of Disguised Speech" (comparison of bile radio which is highly secure and fit for data pants deeper knowledge of .our ~olIce (1) Research at the Scientific police Institute voice prints from the same person). "Similarity communication. communication system, to serve in ImprOVIng ,Po­ lice communication technology in these countrIes. At the Scientific police Instit~te ~tudies and ~x­ At . the - "Carnahan Conferenc~ on Measu~es to periments on scientifiC investIga~IOn, preventIOn Counter Crimes"" held tn Lexmgt?n, .U .S.1'\. the of juvenile delinquency and crImes, and pre­ state of the art of satellite commUnICatIOn ~as ~x­ vention of traffic accidents are conducted, and plained on the theme of "Satellite CommUnICat.IOn identification and examiItation based. upon the re­ System for police." Several papers on the faCSim­ sults of the above-mentioned, st~dIes are. c?n­ ile system, television system, etc. were pres~nted dueted. In 1981 there were 86 proJects c.onsIstmg and highly appreciated. To promote further Inter­ of 53 projects carried over from the prevIOUS year national technology exchange, del~gates we~e and 33 new ones. The projects include: sent to the 47th annual general ~ess~on of ~PCO (Association of Public CommUnICatIOn OffIcers) (Study Example 1) Serological. Studies on Pro- in Atlanta. teins SpecifiC to Human UrIn~. ., To use as a new index to IdentIfy an IndI- I' it -105- -104 - f\,

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Graph 5-1 A h . Graph 5-2 Appprehens~on for Methamphetamine Offences (1972-1981) pre enSlons of Gangste ti Sf ...... " 60 List of Graphs and Tables (1972-1981) rs or Imulant (Methamphetamine) Offences Graph 5-3 0980,1981)...... 86 Table 3-2 40 1 1977 to 1981...... II Table 7-1 Pol~ce Oearance Status of Labor-Related Crimes (1977-1980...... 91 Contents of Trouble Counsellings in 1981 ...... •...... 40 Table 3-3 Table 7-2 Poltce Oearance Status of Right Wing Related Crimes 0977-1981) .... " 92 Yearly Changes ofthe Persons Protected by Police (1977-1981) ...... 41 Table 3-4 Table 8-1 Damage by Natural Disasters (981)...... 94 Yearly Changes of SearchingRequests of Runaways (1977-1981) ...... 41 Control of Crowds 0977-1981) ...... " 95 Table 3-5 42 Table 8-2 Causes and Motives ofRunawa~s in 1981 ...... I' Table 3-6 Table 8-3 Control of Crowds at Public Ra~~ Co'u~~~s'{'1977~1'98'1): : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: 95 Period Taken to Discover Runaways in 1982 ...... ' ...... 42 Ii, Table 3-7 Table 8-4 Waterside Accidents 0977-1981). 96 Methods of Discovery in 1981 ...... 43 Table 3-8 ,1 Table 8-5 Drowned Persons by Age (1980, 19Si)' : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: 96 State of Suicides by Sex and Age in J981...... 43 Table 3-9 Table 8-6 Change in the Num bel' of Drowned Persons in Summer (1977 -1981) .... " 96 Causes and Motives of Suicides in 1981 ...... 44 Table 3-10 44 I Table 8-7 Mountaineering Accidents 0977-1981) ...... 97 State of Crime Prevention Bodies at Work-places (as of Dec. 1981) ...... Table 3-11 Table 8-8 Accidents Resulting from Leisure Sports (1981) ...... ' 98 Crime Prevention Devices Installed at Financial Institutions (as of Oct. }1 Table 8-9 Aircraft Accidents 0977-1980 . 98 Table 3-12 45 J 1981) ...... } Table 8-10 A.ccidents of Vessels 0977-198i)' : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: 98 45 I Yearly Changes of Security Firms and Guardmen During 1977-1981 .... . I Table 3-13 " Table 8-11 FIres 0917-1980 ...... " 98 4S { N urn ber of Cooperations Given 'by Security Guards During 1977-1981 . '.' . f! Table 8-12 Table 3-14 46 Explosions 0977-1981) ...... " 99 State of Application and Approval (1981) ...... j Table 9-1 Strength of Police Personnel (t 981)...... " 100 Table 3-15 47 ! Red uction of Comp~nsation in 1981 ...... ~ Table 3-16 Status of Arrest and Protection by Water Police Activities During 1977- Table 3-17 47 I j'.i_? 1981 ...... •...... j i\ -109 - \ -108 - :j ~ .' ~" f , " 1 ~ !, t r-r

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